Answer:
Grignard reagents are made through the addition of magnesium metal to alkyl or alkenyl halides. The halide can be Cl, Br, or I (not F). It’s slightly easier to make Grignards from the iodides and bromides, however. Note what’s happening here – the magnesium is “inserting” itself between the carbon and the halide. This halide the “X” referred to when we refer to Grignard reagents as “RMgX”.
formation-of-grignard-reagents-from-alkyl-or-alkenyl-halides
Reaction Of Grignard Reagents With Aldehydes To Give Secondary Alcohols
One of the most common uses of Grignard reagents is in their reaction with aldehydes and ketones to form alcohols. In the first step, the Grignard forms the carbon-carbon bond. This results in an alkoxide (the conjugate base of an alcohol). To form the alcohol, it’s necessary to add acid at the end of the reaction (in what’s called the “workup” step). This is shown here as “H3O+” (the “X” is just the counter-ion, a spectator here)
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-aldehydes-to-give-secondary-alcohols
Reaction Of Grignard Reagents With Ketones To Give Tertiary Alcohols
The reaction behaves similarly with ketones. Again, there’s nothing special about the Cl here – it all depends on how you made the Grignard in the first place.
eaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-ketones-to-give-tertiary-alcohols
Grignards Add Twice To Esters And Acid Halides
Grignard reagents will also add to esters. What makes these reactions a little more complicated is that they add twice. The net result (after addition of acid) is a tertiary alcohol. This is also the case for acid halides (acyl halides) and anhydrides. One notable exception is carboxylic acids (more on that below).
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-esters-to-give-tertiary-alcohols-double-addition
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-acid-halides-to-give-tertiary-alcohols-double-addition
Addition Of Grignard Reagents To Epoxides
Another important reaction of Grignard reagents is that they will add to epoxides to form carbon-carbon bonds. One thing to keep in mind here is that the tendency is for them to add to the less substituted end of the epoxide – that is, the less sterically hindered end. You can think of this reaction as being essentially similar to an SN2 reaction. After addition of acid, an alcohol is obtained.
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-epoxides-to-give-alcohols
Reaction Of Grignard Reagents With Carbon Dioxide To Give Carboxylic Acids
Grignard reagents also add to carbon dioxide (CO2) to form carboxylates, in a reaction similar to their reactions with ketones and aldehydes. The carboxylates are converted to carboxylic acids after addition of acid (such as our trusty H3O(+) ).
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-co2-carbon-dioxide-to-give-carboxylic-acids
Grignard Reagents Are Strong Bases – Protonation (And Deuteration)
Finally, since Grignard reagents are essentially the conjugate bases of alkanes, they’re also extremely strong bases. This means that sometimes acid-base reactions can compete with their nucleophilic addition reactions. One common situation where this crops up is when Grignard reagents are added to carboxylic acids. It’s easy to forget that carboxylic acids… are acids. This means that instead of adding to the carbonyl, they react with the proton instead and form the carboxylate salt.
reaction-of-grignard-reagents-with-acidic-hydrogens-acids-to-incorporate-h-and-deuterium
This can also be used to convert alkyl halides to alkanes. First you treat it with magnesium, and then you treat the Grignard with a strong acid. This gives you the alkane. You can also use this to introduce deuterium (D) into molecules! The first step is to make the Grignard reagent. The second is to treat that Grignard with a deuterated acid such as D2O. This gives you the deuterated alkane!
Mechanism: Addition Of Grignard Reagents To Aldehydes And Ketones
So how does it work? The key to the Grignard reagent is actually very simple. When you think about the relative electronegativities of carbon (2.5) and magnesium (1.1), the bond between carbon and magnesium is polarized toward carbon. That means that carbon is more electron rich than magnesium and is actually nucleophilic! Here’s a closer look.
mechanism-for-addition-of-grignard-reagents-to-aldehydes-or-ketones
In the reaction of Grignards with aldehydes, the carbon attacks the carbonyl carbon and performs a 1,2-addition to give an alkoxide. In the second step, acid is added to give you the alcohol.
12.Put this equation into word form.
Rb + P + Rb3P
rubidium and phosphorus react to form rubidium phosphide
rubidium and potassium react to form rubidium potasside
rubidium plus potassium forms rubidium potasside
rubidium combined with potassium forms rubidium phosphide
Answer:
A. Rubidium and phosphorus react to form rubidium phosphide
Explanation:
P is not potassuim. It is phosporous. So A is the only correct choice.
if the concentration of H+ ions in a solution is 3.16 x 10^-4 mol/L then what is the concentration of OH- ions
Answer:
10-4mol/l
[H+]=10-7 , which we call a pH of 7.
This means, for example, that a hydrogen-ion concentration of a solution with a pH of 4 is 10-4mol/l, meaning it contains 0.0001 mol of hydrogen ions in a solution of 1 liter.
Explanation:
3.12×10⁻¹⁰M is the concentration of OH⁻ ions. Concentration in chemistry refers to the quantity of a material in a certain area.
What is concentration?
Concentration in chemistry refers to the quantity of a material in a certain area. The ratio of the solvent in the solution to the solvent or whole solution is another way to define concentration. In order to express concentration, mass every unit volume is typically used. The solute concentration can, however, alternatively be stated in moles or volumetric units.
If a formula describing a shape's boundary is known, it is possible to use integral calculus to determine the volumes of more complex shapes. No object in the dimensions of zero, one, or two has volume; in the dimensions of four and above, the hypervolume is a concept similar to the standard volume.
[H⁺] [OH⁻] = 10 ⁻¹⁴
3.16 x 10⁻⁴ × [OH⁻] = 10 ⁻¹⁴
[OH⁻] = 3.12×10⁻¹⁰M
Therefore, 3.12×10⁻¹⁰M is the concentration of OH⁻ ions.
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If a bottle of nail polish remover contains 174 mL of acetone, how much heat would be released by its complete combustion? The density of acetone is 0.788 g/mL .
Answer:
liberates 1790 kJ of heat.
Explanation:
Which of the following correctly describes what happens to the kinetic energy of water when it changes from the liquic
state to the solid state?
• There is no change in the kinetic energy of the molecules.
O The kinetic of energy of the molecules increases.
• The kinetic energy of the molecules increases then decreases.
of O The kinetic energy of the molecules decreases.
Answer:
The kinetic energy decreases
Explanation:
When water freezes, it is losing heat. Heat and energy are interchangeable, meaning it loses energy.
Answer:
The kinetic energy of the molecules decreases.
Explanation:
because when temperature decreases the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules decreases as well.
What is the phase label on H3O+?
Answer:
I think it’s aq but your choice.
Explanation:
A sample 0.5 mole sample of NO2 gas occupies a 0.620 L container at 25 °C. What is the pressure of this gas?
The pressure of the sample of the gas in the container at 25 °C occupying 0.62 L is 19.73 atm
Data obtained from the question Volume (V) = 0.62 L Temperature (T) = 25 °C = 25 + 273 = 298 KGas constant (R) = 0.0821 atm.L/Kmol Number of mole (n) = 0.5 mole Pressure (P) = ?Using the ideal gas equation, the pressure of the gas can be obtained as follow:
PV = nRT
Divide both side by V
P = nRT / V
P = (0.5 × 0.0821 × 298) / 0.62
P = 19.73 atm
Thus, the pressure of the gas is 19.73 atm
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1.) Explain the difference between weather and climate.
2.) Why is latitude a factor in the uneven heating of Earth's surface?
3.) A particular air mass contains extremely cold, dry air. Based on this information, how would this air mass most likely be classified?
4.) What's the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)?
5.) How do polar jet streams differ from tropical jet streams?
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Answers::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
1.) Weather refers to temporary atmospheric conditions that are occurring at a given point and time. Climate refers to the average weather conditions that occur in an area over an extended period.
2.) Regions nearer the equator receive sunlight more directly than regions located farther from the equator. As a result, regions near the equator experience warm temperatures all year. Regions located farther from the equator experience more temperature fluctuations.
3.) An air mass containing extremely cold, dry air would likely be classified as a continental arctic (cA) air mass.
4.) The ITCZ is the point at which trade winds from the Northern Hemisphere converge with trade winds from the Southern Hemisphere. This area typically experiences calm weather.
5.) Polar jet streams occur at higher latitudes. They separate the polar easterlies from the prevailing westerlies. Tropical jet streams occur at lower latitudes. They separate the trade winds from the prevailing westerlies.
why did u gave answer before
Explanation:
1) Weather refers to temporary atmospheric conditions that are occurring at a given point and time. Climate refers to the average weather conditions that occur in an area over an extended period.
2) Regions nearer the equator receives sunlight more directly than regions located farther from the equator. As a result, regions near the equator experience warm temperatures all year. Regions located farther from the equator experience more temperature fluctuations.
3) An air mass containing extremely cold, dry air would likely be classified as a continental arctic air mass.
4) The ITCZ is the point at which trade winds from the Northern Hemisphere converge with trade winds from the Southern Hemisphere. This area typically experiences calm weather.
5) Polar jet streams occur at higher latitudes. They separate the polar easterlies from the prevailing westerlies. Tropical jet streams occur at lower latitudes. They separate the trade winds from the prevailing westerlies.
In which pair do both compounds exhibit predominantly ionic bonding?
A. RbCl and CaO
B. Kl and O3
C. Na2SO3 and BH3
D. NaF and H2O
E. PCl5 and HF
Answer:
In pair NaF and H2O both compounds exibit predominantly ionic bonding.
NaF and H[tex]_2[/tex]O exhibit predominantly ionic bonding. Therefore, the correct option is option D among all the given options.
What is ionic bond?Ionic bonding produces ionic, or electrovalent, combinations, which are best represented by compounds created between nonmetals and alkali as well as alkaline-earth metals.
The electrostatic attraction forces among opposing charges as well as repulsion between comparable charges position the ions in such a way that every positive charge is surround by negative ions as well as vice versa within ionic crystal structures of such a type.
In summary, the ions are organized in such a way that negative and positive charges alternate constantly balance one another, resulting in a total charge of zero for the entire material. NaF and H[tex]_2[/tex]O exhibit predominantly ionic bonding.
Therefore, the correct option is option D.
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The first excited state of Ca is reached by absorption of 422.7 nm light. Find the energy difference (kJ/mole) between the ground and first excited state. Watch your units. A. 2.83 x 10-7 B. 4.70 x 10-22 C. 283 D. 4.70 x 10-19 E. 457
For the excited state of Ca at the absorption of 422.7 nm light,the energy difference is mathematically given as
E= 4.70x10-22 kJ/mol
What is the energy difference (kJ/mole) between the ground and the first excited state?Generally, the equation for the Energy is mathematically given as
E = nhc / λ
Where
h= plank's constant
h= 6.625x 10-34 Js
c = speed of light
c= 3x 108 m/s
Therefore
E = 1*(6.625x 10-34 Js)( 3x 10^8 m/s) / ( 422.7x10^-9)
E= 4.70x10-22 kJ/mol
In conclusion, Energy
E= 4.70x10-22 kJ/mol
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100.0 grams of water at 4.0°C is heated until its temperature is 37°C. If the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g°C, calculate the amount of heat energy needed to cause this rise in temperature.
The amount of heat energy needed to cause the rise in temperature of the water initially at 4 degreess Celsius is 13,794 J.
Heat required to raise the temperature of the water
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of the water is calculated as follows;
Q = mcΔθ
where;
m is mass of the waterc is heat capacityΔθ is change in temperatureQ = 100 x 4.18 x (37 - 4)
Q = 13,794 J
Thus, the amount of heat energy needed to cause the rise in temperature of the water initially at 4 degreess Celsius is 13,794 J.
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A firework is fired from the ground straight up on a planet with an acceleration due to gravity of 6.82 m/s/s. The firework will not explode until the moment where it would have started to move back down again. The initial speed of the firework is 69.5 m/s. Use this information to find the height at which the firework explodes and the time it will be traveling upward.
Answer:
h = 384.4 m
t = 8.5 s
Explanation:
The firework will explode at the highest point. Because it would start to move downward at the highest point. Using 3rd equation of motion:
2ah = Vf² - Vi²
where,
a = acceleration due to gravity at that planet = -10.56 m/s²
h = maximum height = ?
Vf = Final velocity = 0 m/s (since, firework stops at highest point)
Vi = Initial Velocity = 90.1 m/s
Therefore,
2(-10.56 m/s²)(h) = (0 m/s)² - (90.1 m/s)²
h = 384.4 m
Now, we use 1st equation of motion:
Vf = Vi + at
0 m/s = 90.1 m/s + (-10.56 m/s²)(t)
t = 8.5 ss
Which of the following states is NOT true with regards to the expansion of slavery into the western territories?
1The Wilmot Proviso aimed at prohibiting slavery in any territory that would be won from Mexico. It was not passed by Congress, but it wc
territories for the next fifteen years.
2The idea of letting white settlers decide if the territories they moved to would be free or slave was known as popular sovereignty.
3The whig candidate for president in 1848, war hero Zachary Taylor, had no party affiliation and had never himself voted in a presidential ele
4 The Free Soil party, which
nominated former president Martin Van Burn in 1848, wanted to abolish slavery in the USA, to make the countr
Answer:
what I don't understand anymore JJ is the best thing I think it's help with that I hope it's a pako I will be there in about a
1) Complete the equation triangles or write out the equation. Annotate them with the units for each value.
(a) The equation linking frequency, wave speed and wavelength (Vampires Frighten Waves)
Help me pls
A) wave speed = frequency x wave length
B) Time period = 1/frequency
C) Power = work done/ time taken
D) Kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x velocity^2
E) Ep = mass x gravitational field x height
F) Ee = 0.5 x spring constant x extension^2
Hope this helps!
What must happen for a nuclear reactor to make electricity
Answer:
They contain and control nuclear chain reactions that produce heat through a physical process called fission. That heat is used to make steam that spins a turbine to create electricity
Explanation:
5. Which equation represents a balanced chemical equation?
O CF4 + 2Br2 → CBr4 + 2F2
O N2 + 3F2 + NF3
OPA+ O2 + 2P203
O K+ Cl2 + 2KCI
Answer:
Cf4 + 2Br2 gives CBr4 +2F2
Explanation:
b/c there are balanced
HelpHelpHelpHelpHelpHelp
The motion of gas particles is described by straight line motion, followed by a collision and a change in direction. This is know as
Answer:
It is called the Random Walk, where the next move (as seen through the motion of gas particles) depends on chance.
Explanation:
What mass, in grams, of sodium sulfate is needed to make 230.5 g of a 3.5 % (m/m) aqueous solution of sodium sulfate?
The percent concentration of a solution can be calculated from; mass of solute /mass of solution * 100. The mass of the solute here is 8.1 g.
What is concentration?The term concentration refers to the amount of solute presnt in a solution. There are many ways of expressing concentration such as molarity, molality and percentage.
Here;
mass of solution = 230.5 g
Percent of solute = 3.5 %
3.5 = x/ 230.5 * 100
3.5 = 100x/230.5
230.5(3.5) = 100x
x = 230.5(3.5) /100
x = 8.1 g
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When the color changes is it a chemical change or a physical change
physical
It can be chemical but it's usually physical as the molecular structure doesn't change
Moles to mass
HELP PLEASE
15 pts
Explanation:
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When potassium and chlorine form a chemical compound, the atoms
a. become less stable, and covalent bonds are
formed
b. become more stable, and covalent bonds are
formed
c. become less stable, and ionic bonds are
formed
d. become more stable, and ionic bonds are
formed
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Potassium metal and chlorine gas combine to form potassium chloride. The balanced equation is 2K (s) + Cl2 (g)→2KCl (s) There are two chlorine atoms on the left-hand side (LHS) and one chlorine atom on the right-hand side (RHS).
Which of the following will oxygen react with to cause combustion?
O A. A hydrocarbon
O B. Heat
O C. Carbon dioxide
O D. Water
HELP
Answer:
hydrocarbon
Explanation:
it reacts with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide.
hope this helps.
Which of the following sets of quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) cannot occur within an atom of gallium?
A. 4, 0, 0, ½
b. 4, 2, 1, ½
c. 4, 1, 1, ½
d. 4, 1, 2, ½
e. 4, 3,1, 1/2
The following sets of quantum numbers ( n, I, ml, ms ) that cannot occur within an atom of gallium are :
4, 2, 1, ½ ( B ) 4, 1, 2, ½ ( D ) 4, 3,1, 1/2 ( E )Determine the sets of quantum numbers that cannot occur within an atom of gallium
Given that
Ga ( 31 ) = 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p¹
[ 4r ] 3d¹⁰ 4s²4p¹
where : n = principal quantum numbers, l = azimuthal quantum numbers, ml = magnetic quantum numbers, ms = spin quantum numbers.
For option B
Given that 4d shell is absent for Gallium the set cannot occur within the atom of Gallium
For Option D and E
All quantum number cannot occur here because the value of l = 2 for option D while for option E the value of l = 3
Hence we can conclude that sets of quantum numbers ( n, I, ml, ms ) that cannot occur within an atom of gallium are as listed above.
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A 50g of ethanol alcohol is cooled. if the amount of heat released is 4880 J, find the change in temperature if the specific heat of ethanol is 2.44 J/g.K?
Answer:
∆ in temperature= 40K
Explanation:
H = mc∆€
m= 50g
c = 2.44 J/g.K
∆€= ?
H= 4880
∆€= 4880/(50×2.44)
∆€= 40K
Which is stronger, the C=O bond in an ester (1735 cm–1) or the C=O bond in a saturated ketone (1715 cm–1)? Explain
A coarse particle has a diameter of 1x10-6m. a nanoparticle has a diameter of 1.6 x 10-9m. Calculate how many times bigger the diameter of the coarse particle is than the diameter of the nanoparticle
A coarse particle has a diameter of 1x10-6m. a nanoparticle has a diameter of 1.6 x 10-9m. Calculate how many times bigger the diameter of the coarse particle is than the diameter of the nanoparticle
What is the mass of 3.011 x 1023 atoms of Ca ?
Answer:
2g is the answer
Explanation:
based on google
13. Subtract 0.291 from 0.4
I need a breakdown of the answer?
-0.109 is the answer :)
You could basically just do column subtraction
Why is the r.a.m. value used?
A. The r.a.m. value is used to determine how many isotopes an element has.
B. None of these
C. Atoms are too small for their masses to be measured directly.
D. A single atom cannot be isolated, so only the average size of a group of atoms can be measured.
Answer:
I think the answer is going to be d A single atom cannot be isolated, so only the average size of a group of atoms can be measured. :)
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Answer: A. The r.a.m. value is used to determine how many isotopes an element has.
Explanation: Founders Educere Answer
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Aqueous lead (II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 undergoes a double displacement reaction with aqueous sodium chloride, NaCl, in which a precipitate forms. If the precipitate contains lead, write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Be sure to include the states of each of the reactants and products.
Answer:
Explanation:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) ==> PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
NO3- mixes with everything at beginning levels.
PbCl2 doesn't mix at all in water. It becomes a ppte, which means it is solid form. Your teacher might prefer using PbCl2(ppte). I think I'd ask to make sure.