the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) uses rna, rather than dna, to encode genetic information. during infection, however, hiv uses an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase to generate double-stranded dna. generally speaking, how would the enzyme generate a double strand of dna from a single strand of rna?
In order to create a second strand of DNA that is complementary to the first one, reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA.
What is DNA?Single-stranded RNA is transformed into DNA by the DNA polymerase enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT), also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This enzyme can produce a double helix DNA after the RNA has been reverse transcribed in a first step into a single-strand DNA.Transcription is the first step in gene expression. The DNA sequence of a gene needs to be duplicated in order to produce an RNA molecule. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerases, which combine nucleotides to form an RNA strand.The process of producing RNA from the genetic material found in DNA is called transcription. RNA polymerases, which combine nucleotides to make an RNA strand, carry out transcription.In order to create a second strand of DNA that is complementary to the first one, reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral RNA.To learn more about DNA refer to:
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Which stage is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again, such as a muscle or nerve cell?.
[tex]G_{0}[/tex] phase is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again.
Some cells enter a phase in which they neither divide nor prepare to divide after differentiation because they lost the ability to divide again.
A cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle is referred to as the [tex]G_{0}[/tex] phase. Environmental factors like nutrient deprivation, which restricted the resources required for proliferation, caused cells to enter [tex]G_{0}[/tex]. As a result, it was regarded as a phase of rest. It is now known that [tex]G_{0}[/tex] can manifest in a variety of ways and for a variety of reasons. The majority of adult nerve cells, for instance, are fully differentiated and in the terminal [tex]G_{0}[/tex] phase, making them one of the most metabolically active cells in the body. Neurons are in this state as part of their developmental plan, not because of random or limited nutrients.
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The layer of the Earth
where all life exists is
called the
a. Mantle
b. Crust
c. Inner Core
d. Outer Core
Answer:
b. Crust
Explanation:
The correct Answer is b. crust
compare and contrast the energy of moving water and the energy of water that is stored.
I need to get it done right now.. it is pass due
The energy of the moving can be transferred from one object to another while the energy of a stored water can't be transferred.
What is Potential energy?This is referred to as the type of energy which is possessed by a body by virtue of its position while on the other hand, kinetic energy is the type of energy which is possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. The formula for potential energy is mgh while that of kinetic energy is 1/2mv² .
The energy of moving water is kinetic and the energy of water that is stored is potential. Parameters such as the height are common with stored energy in the object or body
Kinetic energy has parameters such as velocity which makes it to be transferred from one body to another and helps to denote the movement thereby making it the correct choice.
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in England approximately 250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on.
Answer:
Thats correct as dark places (like the darkened trees ) attract the moths..
Which type(s) of genetic material can viruses have? Check all that * 5 points apply. [4 answers]
How can a balanced reciprocal translocation that does not cause the person to have an abnormal phenotype cause that person’s offspring to have an abnormal phenotype?.
Chromosomes can balance the reciprocal translocation that does not cause the person to have an abnormal phenotype cause that person’s offspring to have an abnormal phenotype.
The chromosomes are positioned in a balanced reciprocal translocation so that neither more nor less chromosome material is obtained or lost during the operation. Unless they give birth to a kid, a person who has balanced translocation is frequently unaware that they are experiencing this kind of issue. A child may inherit an unbalanced translocation if one parent has a balanced translocation if this is the case. When chromosomal material is exchanged in an imbalanced translocation, genes that should be present are either added or removed. The parent does not always have to pass on balanced translocation to the child if they have it.
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Which term describes the process of sister chromatids not separating at the centromere during cell division?.
The term nondisjunction describes the process of sister chromatids not separating at the centromere during cell division.
during the metaphase time of cell division, the chromatids are aligned at the center of a cell known as the centromere. The mitotic spindle present on each end of the cell pulls these chromosomes so that each cell receives half the number of chromosomes after cell division.
However, if the chromosomes do not separate to their sides at that time then this is referred to as non-disjunction.
The process of nondisjunction might occur because the chromosomes were unable to separate themselves during the anaphase of cell division.
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Which part of a cell is the fluid environment where molecules are broken down and new molecules made?
mitochondria
cell membrane
cytoplasm
cytosol
you perform an experiment like that performed by fraenkel-conrat and singer on tmv. however, in the first step when the viruses are reconstituted, you decide to add rnase to your hr rna and wild-type proteins. what will be the content of the newly made viral proteins after the reconstituted virus is placed on leaves?
The protein will contain histidine and methionine will be the content of the newly made viral proteins after the reconstituted virus is placed on leaves.
What does protein do in the body?Protein is present in every human cell. The amino acid chain makes up the basic building block of proteins. In order for the body to repair damaged cells and create new ones, you require protein in your food. Children, teenagers, and expectant women all need proteins for healthy development and growth.
Can you live without protein?However, since we cannot store protein, we can only go up to 70 days without any protein. Protein is indeed the sole nutrient that we must consume consistently in order to flourish since we can't produce this from scratch and we can't store extra.
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HURRRRRY
Identify the structures in the cell pictured on the right.
Label A
Label B
Label C
Label D
A prokaryotic cell is labeled. Part A is the outside of the cell. Part B is the inside of the cell. Part C are the small dots inside the cell. Part D is the large swirly structure inside of the cell.
Explanation:
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Explain how stem cells differ from other kinds of cells. Give an example using plantsor animals.
Stem cells are a special kind of cells due to their ability to duplicate and differentiate in different kinds of cells.
there are different kinds of stem cells. The main diference betwen them is the kind of cells they can differentiate into.
for example, when an embrioyo is develoment, the firs cell that is form after the coito is a totipotent stem cell, because it has the ability to diferenciate in every kind of cell in the body. Afer a few weeks, in bovines it would be aroun 8 days, the cells become pluripotent, because they can generate every cell in the body, but the placent. and when we become adults this cells are know as mesechymal (multipotent), that are cells that can diferenciate in certain kind of tissue
Identify and describe an impact commercialization of farms will have on another
biogeochemical cycle.
The process through which a chemical substance circulates through Earth's biotic and abiotic compartments is known as a biogeochemical cycle. The biosphere is the biotic compartment, whereas the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere are the abiotic divisions.
What are the environmental effects of farming practises?The main cause of pollution in many nations is agriculture. Pesticides, fertilisers, and other hazardous agriculture chemicals can contaminate fresh water, marine habitats, the air, and the soil. They may also persist for many generations in the environment.
In an agricultural system, carbon is cycled via the soil, plants, and animals as well as the atmosphere. The removal of carbon from the agricultural system via the harvesting of plant and animal products has an impact on the quantity of carbon in the soil.
The ozone layer in the stratosphere is affected and the temperature is warmed by the N2O emissions from agricultural operations. The use of manure and synthetic fertilisers results in the deposition of nitrogen, which has a significant influence on the atmospheric carbon cycle.
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A student conducted an original, well-designed experiment, carefully following proper scientific procedure. In order for the conclusions to become generally accepted, the experiment must
For the experiment to have an accepted conclusion it must be repeated so as to verify reliability of the data.
Any important results must be more than a one-off finding and be naturally repeatable, according to the reliability theory. It must be possible for other researchers to conduct the exact same experiment, under the identical circumstances, and produce the same outcomes. The experiment and research may have not met all testability requirements without this replication of statistically significant results. This condition must be met for a hypothesis to become a recognized scientific truth. In general, it is acceptable to anticipate that the instruments will continue to be precise and truthful.
The scientific community is more likely to accept your conclusion if you built your experiment with validity and reliability in mind.
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Your question is incomplete, for the full question please refer:
A student carried out a unique, well-planned experiment while meticulously adhering to the rules of science. The experiment has to be the following for the conclusions to be widely accepted:
contains the several experimental variablessupport original hypothesisbe repeated to verify reliability of databe conducted by any scientist.the writing says “in science, a few experiments are total failures”. what is meant by this statement
“There is no such thing as a failed experiment, because learning what doesn't work is a necessary step to learning what does.” - Jonas Salk. John Markels, Ph. D.
What are failed experiments?A failed experiment is one that was either poorly executed, poorly controlled, or simply failed due to technical reasons. If an experiment is well-controlled and carried out to the best of current knowledge, techniques, and research abilities, it is not considered a failure.Researchers claim that scientific findings are frequently not replicated. More than half of the studies fail to replicate, according to a massive effort to test the validity of 100 psychology experiments.Failure can take many forms, but the most important in science is the failure to observe an expected outcome. This is what scientists usually mean when they talk about a failed experiment.To learn more about : Scientific experiment.
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Should be a consequence of excessive greenhouse gases?
Answer:
They cause climate change by trapping heat, and they also contribute to respiratory disease from smog and air pollution. Extreme weather, food supply disruptions, and increased wildfires are other effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gases
Explanation:
Suppose you are studying a fruit fly's DNA (drosophila melanogaster) and you discover a gene for antenna length on chromosome # 2. What word describes its location, and where would it be found in other fruit flies DNA?
The word that describes the location of the gene for antenna length on chromosome #2 of the fruit fly is called locus. In the DNA of other fruit flies, the gene will be found at the exact same locus.
Antenna is the sensory organ present on the head of many insects. They are present in a pair. The antennae can be sensitive to touch, smell or any other senses. Due to their ability to sense or feel, they are also called feelers.
Locus is defined as the location or the physical place on the chromosome where a gene is present. The word locus is used to define the address of any particular gene. The loci are fixed for a gene in all the chromosomes of any organism.
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Which principle states that processes that occurred in the past are no
different than the processes in the present?
Answer:
uniformitarianism or the uniformitarian principle
Explanation:
how might the cost of medical technology influence the choices to people?
Answer: so how might the cost of medical technology influence the choices of people? Well that would depend on how exexpensive what was needed how much was needed how bad in ininflation
Explanation:
Researchers generally agree that medical technology has contributed to rising health care costs (1-3). Health insurance removes financial barriers to consumers, thus raising demand for technology and inducing providers to offer a more expensive mix of services.
In a neuron, the long process extending from the neurosoma that carries output signals to other cells is the?.
The long process extending from the neurosoma that carries output signals to other cells is the axon of a neuron.
A neuron is in charge of processing and relaying the electrical signals involved in absorbing sensory input, providing motor instructions to our muscles, and controlling movement.
Axons, which are extremely thin nerve fibers, are responsible for transporting nerve impulses or output signals from one neuron (nerve cell) to another neuron. One axon connects each neuron to other neurons, muscle cells, or glandular cells. Axons are found at the specialized location on a neuron called the axon hillock.
Therefore, the long process extending from the neurosoma of neurons is the axon.
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what characterizes all ecdysozoans? ecdysozoans practice suspension feeding. ecdysozoans reproduce clonally (asexually). ecdysozoans are sessile (don't move) in the adult stage. ecdysozoans grow by molting.
All ecdysozoans grow by molting. This characteristic applies to all ecdysozoans.
The epidermis then secretes a new exoskeleton, which is soft until the remnants of the old cuticle that was laying on top are shed during ecdysis. The fresh cuticle then grows and becomes harder. Only because ecdysozoans are adept at molting does this procedure in nature appear to be straightforward.
What are some features of ecdysozoans?
Ecdysozoans are most known for their cuticle, a thick yet flexible exoskeleton that shields these creatures from predators, water loss, and other elements of their environment. As they develop, every member of this superphylum molts or sheds its cuticle on occasion.
Therefore, All ecdysozoans grow by molting.
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the lemurs of madagascar are a highly diverse group of wet-nosed primates. there are several specialist groups of lemurs, such as the aye-aye that exploit ecological niches that are unavailable in other areas of the world. the reason for their diversity is most likely:
Lemurs, according to biologists, must have descended from primates on the continent of Africa. These mammals may have survived among powerful like dinosaurs because they were small and nocturnal.
Describe lemurs.Active, arboreal primates with whiskers and a snout resembling that of cats; their soft fur ranges in color from reddish brown through gray to black. Prosimians is another name for them and it means "before apes." Lemurs continue to display characteristics of early primates, such as a tiny brain casing and a large nose.
Are lemurs monkeys or cats?Lemurs belong to the order of primates, which also includes monkeys, apes, and humans. Currently, there are about 32 different varieties of lemurs, each of which is native to Madagascar, a single island nation off of the southeastern coast of Africa.
principal predator of Lemurs inhabit the fossa, but they are vulnerable to exotic species, big boas, hawks, and other predators.
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In eukaryotes, the components of citric acid cycling and the electron transport chain are located in the ____.
In eukaryotes, the components of citric acid cycling and the electron transport chain are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are the three stages of cellular respiration through which a cell produces ATP.
In the process of cellular respiration, glucose that is derived from food and oxygen is used to produce carbon dioxide and water along with the release of energy in the form of ATP.
The process of glycolysis for a cell happens in the cytoplasm of a cell. The process of citric acid cycle as well as the electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria. Hence, the components for both these cycles will be present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Put the following in order from simplest to most complex: nucleus, butterfly, heart, circulatory system, cardiac cell, cardiac tissue
Answer: Nucleus, Cardiac Cell, Cardiac Tissue, Heart, Circulatory System, Butterfly
Explanation:
This is the order from the smallest organism to the largest.
The Nucleus of a cell contains genetic material called DNA, making it the smallest and simplest object on this list. Next is a Cardiac cell that contains the Nucleus and several other organelles. Next is Cardiac tissue, made up of millions of cardiac cells. After is a Heart, made up of cardiac tissue. Following the heart is the Circulatory system; multiple organs with different functions make up an organ system. Last is a Butterfly, a complex organism containing multiple organ systems.
If you found the same gene in all organisms you test, what does this suggest about the evolution of this gene in the history of life on earth
Answer:
This suggests that the gene has probably not evolved in the history of life on earth and probably has been present for many generations.
Based on your observations, which way does earth rotate—from east to west, or west to east? Explain your answer.
Based on my observations, the earth rotates from west to east about the axis of rotation. The counter-clockwise rotation of the earth is as viewed from the North Pole star Polaris.
My observations supporting the counter-clockwise rotation of the earth are:
The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.All celestial objects including the stars and the moon rise in the east and set in the west.The rotation is the result of the strong geomagnetic field of the earth. It is also responsible for the formation of day and night on the planet.
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what does it mean for two codons to be synonymous?group of answer choicesthey share two of the same nucleotides in their codon sequence.they encode the same amino acid.they share one of the same nucleotides in their codon sequence.they occur in equal abundance in an mrna sequence.they are adjacent on the mrna.
Synonymous codons are different codons that encode the same amino acid.It has been demonstrated for all creatures that the distribution of these codons in a genome is not random, despite the fact that synonymous codons encode the same amino acid.
What does it mean for two codons to be synonymous?
The ratio of the observed codon frequency to the anticipated frequency, assuming that all synonymous codons for the same amino acid are used equally, is known as relative synonymous codon usage, or RSCU. Previously, it was believed that synonymous variants, which are codon substitutions that do not modify the encoded amino acid, had no impact on the characteristics of the protein that was made. The mRNA is then dragged into the ribosome, where it is translated into an amino acid sequence utilizing the tRNAs as adaptors to add each amino acid in the proper order to the end of the expanding polypeptide chain when its codons come into contact with the ribosome's active site. The entire collection of codons is referred to as the genetic code. Each codon stands for a single amino acid (or stop signal).There are 64 different three-letter nucleotide sequences that can be created from the four nucleotides, or permutations, that make up the genetic code. Each codon gives the cell instructions on whether to begin building a protein chain, add a particular amino acid to the expanding protein chain, or stop building a protein chain altogether.For instance, the messenger RNA codon GCA indicates that alanine will be added to the protein chain. Synonyms are codons that both encode the same amino acid.The redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic codon is the term used to describe this particular characteristic of genetic code.Only twenty amino acids can be linked to the 64 potential codons in an organism. Protein sequences are altered by nonsynonymous mutations, which are commonly exposed to natural selection.The same is true for nonsense mutations that cause CDSs to contain premature stop codons (coding sequences).However, synonymous mutations are intuitively believed to be neutral in terms of evolution and functional silenceSynonymous mutations occur when the DNA sequence that codes for the amino acids in a protein sequence is altered without altering the amino acid that is encoded.These modifications typically take place in the third position of a codon because of the genetic code's redundancy (many codons represent the same amino acid).To learn more about amino acid refer
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Magma that forms subduction zones is high in which volatile substance? 20 points
Answer:
The most abundant volatile in magma is water (H 2 O), followed typically by carbon dioxide (CO 2), and then by sulphur dioxide (SO 2)
Explanation:
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Which is the graph of the linear inequality 2*-3y<12
For the graph of the linear inequality 2*-3y<12, Based on the graph, Option 3 is the one that should be chosen.
This is further explained below.
What is graph?Generally, The graph of the
Inequality 2 x-3 y<12
Solve for y,
2 x-12<3 y
[tex]y > \frac{2}{3} x-4[/tex]
Now that we have the x-intercept and the y-intercept, we can draw the graph of the equation.
The x-intercept is when y equals zero,
2/3x-4=0
2/3 x=4
x=6
the y-intercept is when x=0
2/3(0)-4=y
y=-4
Therefore, the graph must pass between points (0,-4) and (6,0).
Now, we can determine that the area of the graph is
In conclusion,
Put x=0 and y=0
2(0)-3(0)<12
0<12
This is correct. Therefore, the area is moving toward its source.
The line is not continuous since the inequality does not contain an equal sign.
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6. If a hippo is represented by a 2cm x 4cm x 4cm block, what would its surface area to volume ratio be? Show your calculations.
The surface area to volume ratio of the Hippo is 1.
What is the surface area to volume ratio of an organism?The surface area to volume ratio of an organism is the ratio of the total surface area of the organism to the volume of the organism.
The surface area to volume ratio of an organism is critical to its development. This is because organisms need to exchange substances with their environment. The organisms take in food nutrients and water, and then remove waste products of metabolism.
For small, simple unicellular organisms, simple diffusion is sufficient for the exchange of materials with the environment due to their greater surface area to volume ratio.
However, for larger and more complex organisms, simple diffusion cannot suffice for the exchange of materials because of their smaller surface area-to-volume ratio.
The surface area of the hippo = 2 cm * 4 cm + 2 cm * 4 cm + 4 cm * 4 cm
The surface area of the hippo = 32 cm²
The volume of the hippo = 2 cm * 4 cm * 4cm
The volume of the hippo = 32 cm³
The surface area-to-volume ratio = 32 / 32
The surface area to volume ratio = 1
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