Management theories are ideas that accompany suggested management tactics, which may include implementable tools like frameworks and guidelines in contemporary businesses.
What are the theories of business management?
Classical management theory, behavioral management theory, and modern management theory are the three primary divisions of management theory (1940s).
Which management theory is the greatest, and why?
Consider scientific management, also referred to as Taylorism, which is likely the most well-established management theory ever. It implies that a manager's responsibility is to boost a production system's efficiency.
What is the current management theory?
The application of statistical techniques supports administrative decision-making in this contemporary philosophy of organization. However, to effectively manage an organization, this current management concept is insufficient. To utilize the workforce to its fullest potential, a humanistic perspective and a grasp of human motivation are also necessary.
According to the systems theory of management, every organization is made up of a number of interconnected pieces or subsystems that function as a single, cohesive system. Each component of the overall system depends on the others and is unable to operate to its full potential on its own.
According to the systems theory of management, every company is an interconnected system that functions like a live creature with a variety of factors at play to keep things running smoothly.
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a stock just paid a $2 dividend. if the dividend is expected to grow at a 5% annual rate, what is the stock worth today if investors require an 11% return?
The stock is worth $35 if the investors require 11 percent return.
Write a brief account on dividends.A dividend may be regarded as a payment that is made from a company's profits. Companies have the option to regularly reward their shareholders by disbursing dividends, which are often made in cash but occasionally in shares. Companies frequently decide to start paying dividends when their profits are regularly higher than what management can profitably reinvest in the company.
Three different types of dividends are frequently paid by businesses:
The most typical dividend type is the regular dividend. Companies that continuously pay dividends do so in part by determining a payout amount that is sustainable in both prosperous and difficult years. Regular dividends can be paid monthly, biannually, or annually, but they are typically paid quarterly.A one-time payout constitutes a special dividend. A corporation may decide to issue a special dividend if it has had a run of very lucrative quarters or if it sold an asset and won't be using the proceeds right away. Companies frequently make public announcements about special dividends to inform the market that they intend to pay cash to shareholders but that they shouldn't anticipate future payments.Variable dividends may be paid by businesses that produce goods like oil and gas, lumber, and mined materials. Variable dividends are usually paid at regular intervals, but their amounts can change based on how much money a company made the previous quarter or year.To solve the question :
P = D × (1 + g) / (R – g)
Price of stock as of today :
P = D (1 + g) / (R – g) = $2 (1+0.05) / (0.11 – 0.05)
= $35
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which tax benefit for education is partially refundable?
A. american opportunity tax credit
B. distribution from a qualified tuition program
C. lifetime learning credit
D. student loan interest deduction
Answer:
American opportunity tax credit
Explanation:
I took the test
a lower price elasticity of demand coefficient occurs when: group of answer choices the market is broadly defined. many substitutes exist. the quantity demanded is more responsive. few substitutes exist.
A lower price elasticity of demand coefficient occurs when a.many substitutes exist.
What is the Price elasticity of demand ?Price elasticity of demand can be described as the tools that is been use by the economist to find the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded which can be attributed top the product of the percentage change in price.
It should be noted that the Economists do make use of this price elasticity of demand coefficient so that they can have the understanding of how supply as well as the demand change as a result of the product's price changes.
In conclusion, the lower price elasticity of demand coefficient can be seen to become lower when there is the presence of many substitutes because these substitutes can be used in the replacement of the products in the market and these substitutes can be using by the customer without actually concern about the products.
Therefore, the first option is correct.
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what advantages do corporations receive when operating in favorable areas within a given country? b. labor specific c. capital specific d. location specific g
Personal liability protection, business continuity and security, and easier access to capital are all advantages of a corporation. A corporation has strict formalities and protocols to adhere to in addition to being time-consuming and subject to double taxation.
What advantages do economies of scale provide?Profits rise as a result of economies of scale, which also provide businesses with a platform for expansion and a higher return on investment. Scale of a larger company: As a company grows in size, it becomes more stable and less susceptible to external threats like hostile takeover bids.
What are the most significant benefits of a corporation?Limited liability, the ability to raise money for investments, perpetual existence, employee benefits, and tax advantages are all advantages of a corporation. The disadvantages include higher profits taxes and higher setup costs.
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it is important for a sales person to understand the specific wants and needs of prospective customers and then be able to create and communicate value to them. this is known as a
Customer strategy, Customer strategy, according to Merkle, is "a data-driven approach to maximizing the financial value of customers, by combining a profound understanding of customer needs
What is customer strategy ?
Customer strategy, according to Merkle, is "a data-driven approach to maximizing the financial value of customers, by combining a profound understanding of customer needs, behaviors, and value with the ability to engage specific customers in the best possible way at various touchpoints across the entire relationship with those customers."
The articulation of the unique value and experience your business will provide to a predetermined group of customers over the course of three to five years, along with the offerings, channels, operating model, and competencies you will need to achieve it, is what we mean by customer strategy.
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a firm's strategic profile based on value creation and cost is called its ______.
A firm's strategic profile based on value creation and cost is called its strategic control. Value drivers fall into three categories: growth drivers, efficiency drivers, and financial drivers. As seen in Figure 1, businesses often manage these value drivers in four different ways.
The exact tasks that will have the biggest impact on performance in each area can be given top priority by management by focusing on value drivers. Business-level strategies look at how companies contend in a certain sector. The executives of companies decide whether to base their competitive advantage on pricing or differentiation, and whether to focus their activities on a wide or the confined market. These decisions determine the firms' resulting strategy.
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Which statement is true regarding monopolistic competition?
Answer:
AR>MR
--------------------------------------
WHERE ARE THE OPTIONS.
Question 19
Which of the following business trends affects HR management:
O Costs of business going down
O Globalization
O Lack of new technology
O No restructuring
Globalization out of the following business trends affects HR management. The correct option is B.
What is the globalization trend in HRM?Globalization has far-reaching implications for the practice of human resource management in general. Globalization, for some, increases demands to take the best, transferrable set of HRM practices that may expand globally. It is a force that affects individuals all across the planet.
Because of globalization, an organization's scale increases its chances of attracting the attention of people from all over the world. To that end, an increase in their current employees will come from all over the world, each with their own culture and habits.
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What is a reason to pay more than the minimum payment due on your
credit statement each month?
Your credit utilization rate stays the same.
It takes more time to pay off a balance.
You save money on interest.
It hurts your creditworthiness.
Your credit utilization rate stays the same is a reason to pay more than the minimum payment due on your credit statement each month. The use of your credit card throughout a billing period is summarized in your credit card statement.
A credit card provider, such as Discover or American Express, will credit money to your account as a statement credit. Although it is taken out of your card balance, it won't contribute to your minimum payment. By login into your online credit card account and going to the statement information, you can access your credit card statement at any time.
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If an investment grew to $13,500 in 2 years and the interest amount earned was $1,150, calculate the nominal interest rate compounded quarterly.
Based on the investment amount after 2 years, and the interest amount that was earned, the nominal interest rate when compounded quarterly is 5.82%.
How to find the interest?First, find the annual interest on the investment that would have enabled it to grow to $13,500 in 2 years.
The amount invested was:
= 13,500 - 1,150
= $12,350
The nominal interest rate annually is:
13,500 = 12,350 x ( 1 + rate) ^ 2 years
Rate = 5.7%
The nominal interest rate compounded quarterly is:
= (1 + Annual rate / Number of compounding periods in year) ^ number of compounding periods in year - 1
= (1 + 5.7%/ 4)⁴ - 1
= 5.82%
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suppose that pandastan has a gdp of $5 billion and a population of 2 million, while tigerstan has a gdp of $3 billion and a population of 1 million. which country has a higher gdp per capita, and what is that value?
Tigerstan has higher GDP of $3000
What does a country's GDP mean?The most widely used indicator of an economy's size is its gross domestic product (GDP). The standard measurement of the value added produced via the production of goods and services in a nation over a specific time period is the gross domestic product (GDP). As a result, it accounts for the revenue generated by that manufacturing, or the total amount spent on finished goods and services (fewer imports).
Formula for GDP per capita = GDP/ population
GDP per capita of Pandastan = 5000000000/2000000 = $2500
GDP per capita of Tigerstan = 3000000000/1000000 = $3000
Hence, Tigerstan has hogher GDP of $3000
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you run a nail salon. fixed monthly cost is $5,806.00 for rent and utilities, $5,924.00 is spent in salaries and $1,174.00 in insurance. also every customer requires approximately $3.00 in supplies. you charge $125.00 on average for each service. you are considering moving the salon to an upscale neighborhood where the rent and utilities will increase to $10,627.00, salaries to $6,295.00 and insurance to $2,022.00 per month. cost of supplies will increase to $8.00 per service. however you can now charge $146.00 per service. at what point will you be indifferent between your current location and the new location?
It makes no difference where the nail salon is located with 378 clients.
Describe insurance.Insurance is a legal agreement, evidenced by a policy, under which a policyholder receives financial security or compensation from an insurance provider against losses. The company pools the risks of its clients in order to make payments to the insured more manageable.
Calculation:
Giving the following information:
The fixed monthly cost is $5,806.00 for rent and utilities
$5,924.00 is spent on salaries.
$1,174.00 in insurance.
Every customer requires approximately $3.00 in supplies.
You charge $125.00.
New location:
Fixed costs in rent and utilities= $10,627
Salaries= $6,295.00
Insurance to $2,022.00 per month.
The cost of supplies will increase to $8.00 per service.
The selling price = $146.00 per service.
Old location gross profit equals contribution margin*Q minus fixed costs
Gross profit old location= (125-3)*Q - 12904
Gross profit at new locations is equal to contribution margin*Q minus fixed costs.
Gross profit new location= (146-8)*Q - 18944
122*Q-12904 = 138*Q - 18944
6040 = 16*Q
Q = 377.5
= 378 costumers.
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a threshold capability is difficult to imitate. true or false?
A threshold capability is difficult to imitate: true.
What is a threshold capability?A threshold capability can be defined as the minimum resources and competences that are needed by a business organization (company or firm) in order to enable it meet the unending and necessary minimum requirements of its customers, as well as competing with the competitors (rivals) in a given market and achieve parity.
In Economics, there are different examples of threshold capabilities and these include the following:
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Business partners Melinda and Joseph are discussing which legal structure to choose for their business. They are leaning toward creating a corporation. What is one advantage of a corporation for these partners?
A. They would have lower setup costs.
B. They would follow fewer government regulations.
C. They would have protection from personal liability.
D. They could set the business up without assistance from a lawyer.
The main advantage of a corporation for these partners is that they would have protection from personal liability.
What is a corporation?Some people known a corporation as a legal person. It is defined as a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners which possess many of the same rights and responsibilities as individuals. This means that a corporation can enter contracts, loan, borrow money, sue and be sued, hire employees, own assets, pay taxes etc.
A very important element of a corporation is its limited liability which means that its shareholders are not personally responsible for the company's debts.
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5. Due to a recession, expected inflation this year is 3%, and 3.25% in year 2. However, the inflation rate in year 3 and thereafter is expected to be constant. Assume the expectations theory holds and the real risk-free rate is 2.5%. If the yield on 4-year T-bond equals 1-year bond plus 2%, what is the inflation rate after year 2?
The expected inflation, and the bond yields for the 4 year treasury bonds as well as the risk free rate mean that the inflation rate after year 2 is 6.88%.
What is the inflation rate?The inflation rate refers to the rate by which the prices of goods and services are increasing in an economy.
When given the bond yields in various years, you can be able to find the inflation rate if the expectations theory holds.
In this case, find the Yield on the 1 year treasury bond first. This can be found as:
= Risk free rate + Inflation premium
= 2.50% + 3.00%
= 5.5%
The inflation premium for the 4 year treasury bond needs to be found as:
= Yield on 4 year T-bond - Risk free rate
= 7.50% - 2.5%
= 5%
The inflation for the years after year 2 and onwards is therefore:
= (20% - 6.25%) / 2
= 13.75% / 2
= 6.88%
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A sample of 40 observations is selected from a normal population. The sample mean is 64, and the population standard deviation is 8. Conduct the following test of hypothesis using the 0.01 significance level.
H0: μ = 65
H1: μ ≠ 65
a. Is this a one- or two-tailed test?
multiple choice 1
One-tailed test
Two-tailed test
b. What is the decision rule?
multiple choice 2
Reject H0 if −2.576 < z < 2.576
Reject H0 if z < −2.576 or z > 2.576
c. What is the value of the test statistic?
d. What is your decision regarding H0?
multiple choice 3
Reject H0
Fail to reject H0
e-1. What is the p-value? (Round your z value to 2 decimal places and final answer to 4 decimal places.)
e-2. Interpret the p-value? (Round your z value to 2 decimal places and final answer to 2 decimal places.)
The test that we have here is a two tailed test. b The decision rule for the question is Reject H0 if z < −2.576 or z > 2.576. The test statistic is -0.791. we have to fail to reject the null hypothesis
How to carry out the calculationThe hypothesis for the test
we have the null hypothesis as
H0: μ = 65
The alternate hypothesis is
H1: μ ≠ 65
a. The test that we have here is a two tailed test for which the population standard deviation is already known.
b. The decision rule would be to Reject H0 if z < −2.576 or z > 2.576
The critical value calculation would be from the z test
64 - 65 / 8 / √40
= -1 / 1.2658
= -0.7900
d. 0,791 ≤ 2.576 therefore the null hypothesis would not have to be rejected.
fail to reject null
e. using the statistic software, p value is .429528
e2. .429528 > 0.01 hence we have to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
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Josh Alcazar, CFO of 888 Corp is analyzing two investments Investment A and Investment B. Fast
year, the investment & had a market value of $130,000, and Investment 8 of $180,000. During the
year investment A generated actual income of $6,000 and Investment 8 of $8,500. Today, the actuall
market values for the investments are, respectively, for A, $130,000 and for B, $182,000.
A. Calculate the expected rate of return on investments A and B for the year. (6 pts.)
The rate of return on Investment A is 4.6153% and the rate of return on Investment B is 5.8333%.
How to calculate the rate of return?Today actual market value of Investment A 130,000
Today actual market value of Investment B 182,000
Formula to calculate the expected rate of return on investment is:
Rate of Return in % = [((Current Value - Initial Value) + Actual return) / Initial Value] × 100
Rate of Return Investment A =
[((130,000-130,000)+6,000)/130,000]×100
= 4.6153%
Rate of Return Investment B =
Rate of Return in % = [((Current Value - Initial Value) + Actual return) / Initial Value] × 100
[(182,000-180,000)+8500)/180,000]×100
= 5.8333%
Return on Investment B is 5.8333%.
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the listing price of a property is established by: select one: a. the multiple listing service b. the owner c. the appraiser d. the listing salesperson and his broker
A property's listing price is determined by the listing salesperson and his broker.
What is the listing price of a property?In the real estate business, the list price is the proposed gross sale price of real estate property when it is placed on the market.
Breaking Down List Price
A listing agreement is a legally binding agreement between the property owner and the real estate broker. The sort of listing agreement dictates the nature of the connection between the two and what the real estate broker is expected to do. The listing agreement will also specify how the property will be promoted as well as the pay for the real estate broker. The list price is one of the problems addressed in the listing contract.
In some cases, a comparative market analysis may be the most effective approach for calculating a competitive list price. This sort of study is typically performed by real estate agents while researching the prices of comparable houses sold in the area. Because no two homes are precisely comparable, agents will make appropriate changes to account for variances among houses sold in a certain region in order to arrive at a reasonable list price.
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How is a job analysis used in the process of job evaluation?
To give accurate information about the jobs under consideration, job evaluation involves some fundamental job analysis. The job analysis and the job evaluation that results are frequently the starting point. On the basis of this, the job is assessed.
The job's added value to the organization is one of the main evaluation criteria. Job analysis is the process of researching a job to ascertain what tasks and duties it entails, how important it is in comparison to other jobs, the skills accurate to do the job, and the working environment. A job evaluation is frequently described as the procedure used to determine the duties, responsibilities, abilities, goals, and working conditions for a particular position.
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Julio emailed a contract to his vendor’s supply chain manager. Even though Julio sent the contract, the contract is not valid until the supply chain manager receives and executes the contract. What key principle about contracts does this scenario describe?
A. Legal capacity
B. Exchange of value
C. Legal purpose
D. Offer and acceptance
The key principle about contracts that this scenario describes is Offer and acceptance. The appropriate response is option D.
What is Offer and acceptance?The foundation of a contract is what is meant by offer and acceptance. The formation of a contract requires that one party make an offer, which another party must accept, and that the two parties subsequently exchange products and/or services.
The acceptance of an offer by the offeree marks the start of the second stage of contract formation. A person who makes an offer is known as an offeror, while a person who accepts an offer is known as an offeree.
The contract won't exist if one party makes an offer and the other party doesn't accept it. This is because a contract cannot be made unless both parties agree to it, and for that to happen, an offer must be.
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Question 19
Which of the following business trends affects HR management:
O Costs of business going down
O Globalization
O Lack of new technology
O No restructuring
The business trend that often affects Human Resource Management is Globalization.
How does Globalization affect Human Resource Management?Human Resource Management refers to everything that has to do with the employees of an organization. This includes advertising job posts, recruiting new people, hiring them officially, training them to some extend, and then placing them in various departments in an company.
As a result of this, there are several trends in business which can affect human resource management. Chief amongst them is Globalization. As a result of Globalization, companies are now present in different countries and can also hire people from those countries.
This means that Human Resource Management now has to be broader in scope to incorporate the different employment practices across the globe. They will also have to advertise to other people around the world as they aim to search for better quality employees who can be paid less.
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Amy is buying a new laptop. She is interested in what her peers have to say about laptops. Amy reached out to her friends because the use of a laptop is
Amy is buying a new laptop. She is interested in what her peers have to say about laptops. Amy reached out to her friends because the use of a laptop is situation decision to make. Thus the correct option is Last.
What is the laptop?A laptop is referred to as an electronic device that is the latest technology having similar features to a computer. The laptop is easy to carry and can be used in traveling or in motion due to its portability.
In order to avoid using a strategy, situational decision-making entails making sensible, practical decisions or choices while taking into account the unique scenario or context.
In order to make a decision about buying a new laptop Amy is looking for feedback from her peers and friends about the laptops to make the best possible use of a laptop for work purposes based on the evaluation of their responses.
Therefore, the last option is appropriate.
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using an existing brand name to introduce a product that is new to the company into a totally new, unfamiliar market seems like a good idea. several years ago, disposable pen, lighter, and razor maker bic introduced perfume under the bic brand name and it failed quickly. this innovation strategy is known as a
This innovation strategy is known as brand extension.
What is brand extension?
Brand extension is the process through which a manufacturer uses the name or trademark of a well-known company on a new product in an effort to boost sales.
In these situations, the company providing the trade mark or brand name typically receives a cut of the profits in the form of royalties. Therefore, the technique employed by Bic in the aforementioned scenario to introduce perfume with an already-existing brand name is an example of brand extension.
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Neema is a manager for a television manufacturer. She manages the logistics, quality, and productivity of the service
department. Thus, Neema is a?
MRP determines the necessary materials and when they will be needed during the manufacturing process using data from the bill of materials (BOM), inventory data, and the master production schedule.
When businesses divide the transformation process into departments that group related processes, what is the term used?
Process-layout-using businesses. The transformation process is divided into departments that group related processes in a process layout. A metal fabrication facility, for instance, might comprise divisions for cutting, drilling, and polishing. A hospital might have an obstetrics unit, an X-ray unit, and so forth.
What distinguishes a business as a manufacturer or a service provider?
The five key distinctions between service and manufacturing organizations are the tangible nature of their output, production on demand or for inventory, production tailored to the needs of a specific customer, labor-intensive or automated operations, and the requirement for a physical production location.
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the history of the development of operations research
The history of the development of operations research may have originated in the efforts of military planners during the World War I.
Operations research is known to be an analytical method of problem-solving and as well as the decision-making which is thus useful in the management of the organizations. Here, the problems are broken down into basic components and then they are solved in defined steps by some mathematical analysis.
Operations research is said to originate in the efforts of military planners during World War I. Percy Bridgman is said to bring the operational research to bear on problems in physics in the 1920s and would later attempt to extend these to the social sciences.
Hence, operations research is a discipline which helps to make better decisions.
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Imagine that you are a school counselor and a student comes
to see you confused about what clubs or organizations to join.
They say that they have NO IDEA what they want to do when they grow up. What are some questions you would ask them in order to help guide their selection? Come up with at least three questions.
Three questions that you can ask the student as a school counselor to guide their selection of what they want to do when they grow up are:
What are your current skills?How would you like your work and personal life to be balanced?What are your interests?What questions help decide career path?One question that help a person decide what they want to do when they grow up is what their current skills are. These skills can help decide their future career path because it is very advantageous to pick a career that you are already good at and have a better chance of progressing in.
Another question relates to the student's interests. A lot of people get burnout in their current career because they are doing things that they are not interested in. If you were interested in what you did, it would make work so much easier. So asking the student what they are interested in, can direct them to their preferred career path.
A great question that can also help would be what the student wants their work-life balance to be like. There are careers like law that will require more work as opposed to a personal life. If the student likes working, then they can pick such a career.
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Your manager is very concerned about the cost of hiring the three new employees needed for your unit. As a result, she doesn’t want to post the advertisement in a variety of places; she thinks it’s best to just use a “refer a friend” recruitment strategy. When she moves forward with this strategy, ten people turn in résumés. Upon looking further, it appears all applicants went to the same private religious college and graduated around the same time. You are concerned that this method of recruitment lacks diversity.
1. How would you handle this matter with your manager?
By using a “refer a friend” recruitment strategy, the recruitment lacks diversity, so I would suggest my manager to try both the ways - external recruitment and employee referrals.
The manager can place the recruitment application on job search websites which offers free of cost services to hire people. He can use social media of the organization and can advertise about the open positions. Open positions can also be posted on the company's website.
External recruitment helps in adding perspectives, enhancing diversity and finding a specialized candidate.
Employee referrals recruitment lacks diversity, may develop an "us versus them" mentality and the strongest candidate may not be selected.
Both the methods have their own pros and cons, so they should be used judicially while recruitment.
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Choose the response that correctly states the maximum penalty the IRS can assess against a paid tax return preparer who fails to satisfy the due diligence requirements when preparing a return for an individual claiming the following tax benefits: • Head of household filing status. . Earned Income Tax Credit. . Child Tax Credit/ Additional Child Tax Credit / Other Dependent Credit. • American Opportunity Tax Credit. $2,180 per return. $1,635 per return.
A. $2,180 per return
B. $1,635 per return
C. $545 per return
D. $0, although penalties may be assessed against the taxpayer
$2,180 per return is the American Opportunity Tax Credit. $2,180 per return. $1,635 per return. Hence, option A is correct.
What is Tax Credit?The term "refundable" refers to tax credits that, if you are eligible for them and their value exceeds the tax you must pay, you will be given a refund for the difference. For instance, if your tax debt is $800 and you are eligible for a $1,000 refundable credit, you will get a $200 refund.
Any legal credit or deduction that lowers your tax obligation is a good thing. Financial experts concur that tax credits, however, are superior than tax deductions due to the amount of money they can help you save.
In general, tax credits are viewed as benefits, but unlike other social security benefits, they are computed as an annual amount and paid in installments throughout the course of the tax year (beginning on April 6 in each year).
Thus, option A is correct.
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Janet and Evelyn are seeking legal counsel regarding questionable behavior by a rival ad agency. They don’t know if the rival is guilty of intentional or unintentional civilly wrongful actions. What type of law covers such actions?
A. Administrative law
B. Community law
C. Environmental law
D. Tort law
The type of law that covers such actions against a particular company is letter D. Tort law.
What is the tort law?Corresponds to a law that will determine whether an act can be judged as unlawful or not, that is, it can be defined as a law that covers civil wrongs and makes legal responsibility and reparation for such wrongful wrong.
Therefore, the law of tort can be related to the need to ascertain whether questionable behavior is subject to correction and legal accountability.
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Please help me is about economics
Prices and consumer demand are inversely related. This is referred to as the Law of Demand.
If video game prices fall, how will they impact demand?According to the law of supply, a price drop will cause a drop in the number of video games available. However, if video games are made more accessible, demand will rise. Price and demand are inversely related. The Law of Demand is what is used to describe this. Demand decreases as the price rises (but demand itself stays the same). Demand rises proportionately as prices decline.
What happens if the substitution effect causes the price of ice cream to increase?According to the substitution effect, as prices rise or incomes drop, individuals choose less expensive options. The replacement impact monitors the adjustments in consumer purchasing patterns brought on by price changes. More popsicles than ice cream will be purchased in the aforementioned scenario. Ice cream consumption will fall, while popsicles will rise in popularity.
What will happen to the price of coffee when people stop buying tea?If the price of coffee goes up, people stop buying tea and just buy coffee. Tea consumption declines while coffee consumption rises. The term "income effect" refers to the change in consumer spending that depends on income. This suggests that if their income increases, people will generally increase their spending. They might spend less if their income drops. The outcome has little bearing on what goods buyers will buy.
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