Helmholtz took the Empiricist approach in investigating how the nervous system works.
In the late 1800s, a German scientist named Hermann von Helmholtz took the empiricist approach in investigating how the nervous system works. He did this by creating detailed models and theories based on observations and experiments.
Helmholtz's work was extremely influential in the development of modern neuroscience. His theories helped to explain how information is transmitted between neurons, how sensory information is processed, and how motor commands are generated.
Despite the advances that have been made since Helmholtz's time, his approach remains an important part of neuroscience today. By constantly observing and experimenting, we can continue to learn more about how the nervous system works and how to optimize its function.
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Scientific knowledge is ?
answer:
general body of laws and theories to explain an experiment's result acquired using the scientific method.
The typical multipolar neuron receives input via the _____, processes information in the _____, and sends output via the _____
The typical multipolar neuron receives input via the dendrites processes information in the soma and sends output via the axon.
Axons are tiny, threadlike projections that emerge from the soma. It transmits impulses from the stoma to the other neuron It transports impulses from the stoma to the other neuron.
Dendrites are tiny projections that emerge from the soma. They take an impulse from another neuron's axon and send it to the soma.
Neurons are made up of axons and dendrites. The neurons' long, thin projections are known as axons. The projections of neurons that receive messages from other neurons are known as dendrites. Electrochemical impulses are used as the signaling mechanism.
Through synapse, the axon of the other neuron sends impulses to its dendrites. It is a structure that permits the axon to communicate with the dendrites. It functions by releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Explain why a proton pump inhibitor, such as the drug Prilosec, relieves the symptoms of acid reflux.
The most frequently recommended family of drugs for the treatment of acid-related illnesses like heartburn and indigestion is called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). They function by obstructing the parietal cell of the stomach's acid producing site.
What is proton pump inhibitor?Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are medications that reduce the amount of stomach acid produced by glands in the stomach lining.
Proton pump inhibitors have the following uses:
reduce the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease or acid reflux (GERD). Due to this condition, food or liquids can pass from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to the stomach).Treat a duodenal or gastric ulcer.Take steps to repair lower esophageal damage caused by acid reflux.Learn more about the proton pump inhibitor with the help of the given link:
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Which statement best describes the purpose of nucleic acids?
O broken down as a source of energy
a structural component of hair and nails
O forms the structure of your genes
O forms the membrane around all cells
The answer among the given statements is B. Forms the structure of your genes. This statement best describes the purpose of nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids contain data needed to erect and maintain structures. Genetic information is carried by nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are read by cells to create the RNA and proteins that allow living organisms to function. This information may be duplicated and transmitted to the following generation thanks to the DNA double helix, which is a well-known structure. Gene expression, cellular activity regulation, storage and transfer of genetic information are the three primary roles of nucleic acids.
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when blood glucose levels rise, the pancreatic islets are stimulated to release insulin, which acts on target cells to uptake glucose from the blood. thus, the islets serve as the in the feedback loop. a. effectors b. integrating center c. sensors d. all of the choices are correct
The pancreatic islets serve as the effector in the feedback loop of uptake glucose from the blood.
What is a feedback loop?A feedback loop refers to a system where a product of the system acts as an input in that system, producing a effect in the system.
The metabolic pathways of the body usually involve a feedback loop, where a product or an an intermediate in the pathway acts on the pathway either to increase its activity or to decrease the activity.
In the uptake of glucose from the blood into the cells, a feedback loop is involved.
When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreatic islets are stimulated to release insulin, which acts on target cells to uptake glucose from the blood. thus, the islets serve as the effector in the feedback loop.
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Prokaryotic mrna may code for more than one protein and are called polycistronic whereas eukaryotic mrna are ________________.
Prokaryotic mRNA may code for more than one protein and are called polycistronic whereas eukaryotic mRNA are monocistronic.
Proteins are made when information from the DNA is transferred to mRNA which in turn makes the proteins.
In the case of prokaryotes, a single mRNA protein can code for multiple proteins. Such a phenomenon in which a single mRNA transcript codes for multiple proteins is referred to as polycistronic.
In the case of eukaryotes, a single mRNA transcript codes for only one protein. Such a in which a single mRNA transcript is involved in the formation of a single protein is referred to as monocistronic. It is due to the formation of monocistronic mRNA that different cells in eukaryotes have the ability to express different genes.
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If auxin transport proteins were equally distributed at both ends of the cells, would polar auxin transport stiu be possible? Explain.
If auxin transport proteins were equally distributed at both ends of the cells, polar transport of auxin is not possible.
The polar transport of auxin is predominantly caused by directed IAA efflux out of the basal side of cells and is governed by chemical and electrical gradients across the cell membrane. It enters the cell via two different ways i.e. active uptake and diffusion. IAA that penetrates cells deprotonates in the cytoplasm's neutral environment and therefore can no longer diffuse across the plasma membrane because it is a charged molecule. IAA can travel down the electrochemical gradient and out of the cell thanks to efflux carriers that are concentrated on the basal side of the cell. Auxin travels along a file of cells in a single direction as a result of this polar efflux and therefore if the proteins are equally distributed at both the ends of the cells this polar transport is not possible.
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How does the reduced genetic diversity of small populations make them more vulnerable to extinction?
Reduced genetic variation decreases the capacity of a population to evolve in the face of change. the reduced genetic diversity of small populations makes them more vulnerable to extinction.
If genetic variety receives too low, species can pass extinct and be misplaced forever. that is because of the mixed consequences of inbreeding depression and failure to conform to trade. In such instances, the creation of recent alleles can store a population. Inbreeding, genetic drift, constrained gene waft, and small population size all contribute to a reduction in genetic diversity.
Populations with low genetic variety might not be capable of adapting to demanding situations including converting environmental conditions, shrinking habitats, or new diseases, that may position them at risk of disappearing. this is because some variations of a gene may be misplaced because of random threats, and that is more likely to occur while populations are small.
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Hydrogen has 1 proton, 1 electron, and 0 neutrons. what is the level of organization?
There is one proton and no neutrons.
The hydrogen atom is the only of all atoms it consists of a single proton and a single electron. further to the maximum commonplace shape of the hydrogen atom this is referred to as protium other isotopes of hydrogen exist as deuterium and tritium. Atomic structure of protium. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen this is composed of 1 proton one neutron, and one electron. The nucleus of deuterium is composed of a proton and a neutron. The symbol for deuterium is given as 2H.
Hydrogen is the smallest chemical element. It has one proton and one electron, making it impartial. but, the ions of the hydrogen atoms are charged species. Hydrogen is the detail that's having handiest 1 protons and 1 electron and no neutrons as a result there is no repulsive force within the nucleus hence it's miles strong. The nucleus middle of the atom consists of the protons undoubtedly charged and the neutrons no fee. The outermost areas of the atom are known as electron shells and incorporate the electrons negatively charged.
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Plant cells do not contain contractile vacuoles, and watering plants causes their cytoplasm to become more dilute. what happens when a plant is watered?
Watering plants causes their cytoplasm to become more dilute, the cell swells and the plant becomes turgid.
What are the mechanism by which plants store excess water?When plants are placed in water, the plants cell absorb water into them selves through the process of osmosis.
The cell membrane of plants cells are able to allow water to pass through as they are semipermeable.
However, unlike some unicellular aquatic organisms which have contractile vacuoles which they use to expel excess water, plants cells lack contractile vacuoles.
Plants cells do have vacuole which store that excess water making the cell to swell and the plant becomes turgid as absorbed water pushes against the cell wall.
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Describe the basic pathway of information flow through neurons that causes you to turn your head when someone calls your name.
Neuromuscular system is involved in the flow of information to the brain. Combination of nervous system and muscles together is known as Neuromuscular system.
What is Neuromuscular System?The neuromuscular system includes all the nerves and muscles of the body. This system maintains body posture and control of movements. The synaptic connection between brain and is required for the movement of muscles. This system includes all the voluntary movements.
Motor pathways are involved in the conduction of messages from the brain to muscles which causes muscle contraction. Sensory pathways detect light and sound and carry information to the brain.
A chemical synapse acts as a signal causes muscle contraction. Acetylcholine is a major chemical synapse involved in the conduction of nerve impulses to muscle fibers.
Motor pathways and Sensory pathways together responsible for the voluntary movements.
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Which statement describes carbons unique bonding ability?
The statement that describes carbon's unique bonding ability is that carbon can easily form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms (option B).
What makes carbon unique?Carbon is a chemical element in group 4 of the periodic table with an atomic number of 6 and has a chemical symbol C.
Carbon has 4 valence electrons, meaning it can share them will four atoms. However, carbon is the only element that can form so many different compounds because each carbon atom can form four chemical bonds to other atoms.
This characteristics makes carbon so unique among other atoms of elements.
Therefore, it can be said that the statement that describes carbon's unique bonding ability is that carbon can easily form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.
The options to the incomplete question are as follows:
Carbon can easily form 2 covalent bonds with other atoms.Carbon can easily form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.Carbon can only bond with other carbon atoms.Carbon can bond with all other atoms.Learn more https carbon's unique abilities at: https://brainly.com/question/28551185
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The researchers found that the Neanderthal fossil had approximately 0.0078 as much ¹⁴C as found originally in the atmosphere.
(b) Using your ¹⁴C calibration on the x -axis, what is the approximate age of the Neanderthal fossil in years (round off to the nearest thousand)?
The researchers found that the Neanderthal fossil had approximately 0.0078 as much ¹⁴C as found originally in the atmosphere.
The researchers cite evidence that modern humans (H. sapiens) became established in the same region as the last Neanderthals approximately 39,000 - 42,000 years ago.
Using your ¹⁴C calibration on the x -axis, 14,110 years is the approximate age of the Neanderthal fossil in years.
What does the name neanderthal mean?
Homo is a Latin word meaning "man" or "man". The word neanderthalensis is based on the place where the first large specimen was discovered in 1856 - Neander Valley in Germany. The German word for the valley is "Tal", although in the 1800s it was spelled "Thal". Homo neanderthalensis therefore means 'Neander Valley Man'.
Some people refer to the species as Neanderthal (without the 'h') to reflect the modern German spelling rather than the original spelling, Neanderthal, used to define the species.
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Difference between living things and non-living things. (Atleast 2 differences)
Answer:
1. Living things, unlike non living things can grow
2. Living things, unlike non living things can also reproduce
Explanation:
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Answer:
The term living thing refers to things that are now or once were alive. A non-living thing is anything that was never alive. In order for something to be classified as living, it must grow and develop, use energy, reproduce, be made of cells, respond to its environment, and adapt.
Explanation:
In order for something to be classified as living, it must grow and develop, use energy, reproduce, be made of cells, respond to its environment, and adapt. While many things meet one or more of these criteria, a living thing must meet all of the criteria. Living and non-living things interact with each other all the time.
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If decomposers usually grow faster and decompose material more quickly in warmer ecosystems, why is decomposition in hot deserts so slow?
The process of decomposition in hot deserts is so slow because different environmental conditions such as temperature and hydric stress hamper it.
What is the decomposition rate?The decomposition rate is the value at which decomposer organisms that eat dead plants and dead animals can breakdown the organic material in natural environments.
In conclusion, the process of decomposition in hot deserts is so slow because different environmental conditions such as temperature and hydric stress hamper it.
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The valve between the left ventricle and the opening of the blood vessel attached to its is?
Three leaflets make up the aortic valve. They open to allow blood to move from the left ventricle of your heart to the aorta. The largest blood vessel in your body is the aorta.
What are aortic valve?Although there is some confusion in their designation, the aortic valve typically has three cusps.
They might be referred to as the non-coronary, left, and right coronary cusps. Additionally, some publications suggest calling them the left, right, and posterior cusps.
The aortic valve is the biggest of the four heart valves. This crucial valve regulates the flow of blood into the aorta, the major artery of the heart, from the left ventricle.
Therefore, aortic valve between the left ventricle and the opening of the blood vessel.
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Distinguish the overall structure of a gastrovascular cavity from that of an alimentary canal.
The gastrovascular cavity is the area where food is both ingested and expelled. Different structures, such as the mouth and anus, are included in an elementary canal for the purposes of ingesting and expelling food.
The gastrovascular cavity refers to the highly branching digestive tract found in coelenterates and flatworms. The mouth is there, but the anus is lacking, indicating that this digestive system isn't complete. Additionally, chemicals are expelled by the mouth. The majority of coelenterates have tentacles around their mouths to collect prey, and they digest their food in a blind sac or gastrovascular cavity. Diffusion is the method used to exchange nutrients. Higher organisms have an alimentary canal. In annelids, the entire digestive system or alimentary canal has formed. Food should be consumed through the mouth, and waste should be expelled through the anus. The mouth, stomach, pancreas, and intestines are all parts of an animal's digestive tract, including those of humans. Digestive juice is produced by the intestinal glands, liver, pancreas, and other organs.Learn more about the gastrovascular cavity with the help of the given link:
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structure of az-dna with two different backbone chain conformations. stabiliza-tion of the decadeoxyoligonucleotide d(cgtacgtacg) by [co-(nh3)6]3 binding to the guanine.
The space group P65 and unit cell constants a = b = 17.93A and c = 43.41A are used to describe the crystallization of the complex between cobalt hexammine and decadeoxyoligomer d(CGTACGTACG).
The helical axis of the molecules is parallel to the crystal c-axis. The decamers form a nearly continuous helix when they stack on top of one another. The architecture is disorganized. A dimer (pPyr-pPur)2 with each base pair being a C-G 60% of the time and a T-A 40% of the time is the asymmetric unit. An R-factor of 25.5% was obtained for 506 observed reflections above the two-sigma threshold using restrained least-squares refining. One strand of the structure was discovered to be in the ZI-conformation, while the other was in the ZII-conformation. Two symmetrically connected ZII-chains of molecules are bound by the cobalt hexammine.An "external" binding mode is created on one ZII chain when two ammonia molecules of the cobalt hexammine bind to the N7 nitrogen and 06 oxygen atoms of the guanine bases while a third ammonia molecule binds to the phosphate anionic oxygen atom of the preceding pyrimidine base. One cobalt hexammine ammonia molecule attaches exclusively to the anionic oxygens of the phosphate group of the guanine bases on the opposite ZII chain, resulting in a "internal" binding mode. Therefore, [Co(NH3)6]3 ability +'s to bind to exclusively guanine nucleotides is the basis for its ability to stabilize Z-DNA.It is hypothesized that the length of the oligomer affects the statistical disordering of deoxyoligonucleotide complexes that adopt a Z shape. In other words, tetramers and hexamers produce well-ordered structures but octamers and decamers, which are unable to use an integral number of molecules for a 12 base pair repeat, do not.To learn more about chain backbone visit:
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A ______ is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information along a pathway to a control center.
A receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information along a pathway to a control center.
In the field of biology, a receptor can be described as the part of the body that detects a change in the external environment. Receptors are usually nerve endings present in the sensory organs of the body. For example, when your hand touches something hot, the nerve endings of the skin of your hand detect it.
The sensory receptors, after detecting changes in the external environment, send signals to the control center of the body. The control center is the central nervous system of which the brain and spinal cord are a part.
The control center interprets this information and sends a response through the effector motor neurons.
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Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? a. the set of antibodies produced b. the set of MHC molecules produced c. the set of T cell antigen receptors produced d. the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive
The set of MHC molecules will be same in identical twins.
What is the difference between MZ twins and DZ twins?
Monzygotic twins arise from a single zygote, and have always been thought to inherit identical genomic sequence whereas dizygotic twins arise from two different zygotes and just like siblings share on average 50% identity in their genomic sequence.
In identical twins MHC molecules are exactly same , the cell mediated branch responsible for eliminating infected cells .
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Why do you think the cornstarch did not move into the ziplock bag?
(A.) The pressure from the outside water prevented the cornstarch from moving.
B. The cornstarch molecules were too big to move into the ziplock bag.
C. Cornstarch is hydrophobic (latin for fear of water).
D. Water and cornstarch are opposites, like water and oil.
The cornstarch molecules were too big to move into the ziplock bag.
What is the size of the cornstarch molecules?We know that molecules are of differing sizes. A molecule is may be large or small in size. If a molecule is small in size, the molecule may be able to pass through many barriers as a result of its small size.
On the other hand, if the molecule is big, then it may not be able to pass through a small aperture because the molecule would have to force itself through the aperture.
Hence, the reason why the cornstarch did not move into the ziplock bag is that the cornstarch molecules were too big to move into the ziplock bag.
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how does the nervous system influence the raspatory system
Answer:
Breathing is an automatic and rhythmic act produced by networks of neurons in the hindbrain (the pons and medulla). The neural networks direct muscles that form the walls of the thorax and abdomen and produce pressure gradients that move air into and out of the lungs.
Explanation:
Answer:The neural networks direct muscles that form the walls of the thorax and abdomen and produce pressure gradients that move air into and out of the lungs.
Explanation:
Breathing is an automatic and rhythmic act produced by networks of neurons in the hindbrain (the pons and medulla). The neural networks direct muscles that form the walls of the thorax and abdomen and produce pressure gradients that move air into and out of the lungs.
What would be the clearest demonstration of the flooding of jesse's potassium ions (k ) into the axions?
The clearest demonstration of the flooding of Jesse's potassium ions (K+) into the axons would be that Jesse stops running for a moment.
What is membrane potential?The expression membrane potential refers to differences in the electrical charges in and out of the nerve cell (in this case, the neuron) in order to transmit information through prolongations called axons.
This difference is due to the presence of specialized ion channels in the membrane that allows the selective passage of ions to the interior of the cell or out it, thereby the movement of the potassium ions through axons is fundamental during the membrane potential.
In this case, stopping running would be caused by the K+ ions that flood the interior of the nerve cells, becoming them positive and leading to membrane depolarization.
In conclusion, the clearest demonstration of the flooding of Jesse's potassium ions (K+) into the axons would be that Jesse stops running for a moment.
Complete Question:
What would be the clearest demonstration of the flooding of Jesse's potassium ions (k ) into the axons?
A) Jesse is sleeping. B) Jesse is stretching before a run. C) Jesse is running as fast as he can. D) Jesse stops running for a moment.
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What is the MEAN of the following numbers?
12, 32, 72, 38, 75, 38, 10
33.62
39.57
44.51
100.52
Answer:
39.57
Explanation:
Round to the nearest thousandth
Organisms that thrive in extremely cold climates often produce proteins that act as "antifreeze. " given that all proteins bind to other molecules, how might such antifreeze proteins work?.
Given that all protein bind to certain other molecules, these antifreeze proteins attach to tiny ice crystals via their sheets to stop them from growing. The cell can avoid rupturing if ice crystal formation and expansion are prevented.
What is an antifreeze proteins?Different organisms produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs), which are particular proteins, glycopeptides, and peptides that enable cells to endure subzero temperatures. AFPs work by lowering the freezing point of water and preventing the formation of ice crystals during the frozen stage.
Where are proteins for antifreeze produced?Insects produce the most potent antifreeze proteins, which reduce the freezing point by roughly 6 degrees. Even antifreeze proteins from plants and microorganisms, which have less of an impact on freezing point, are helpful in another context.
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________________________________________ (posterior pituitary hormone) also aids in the stress response by promoting water retention and at high levels it is also a potent.
Vasopressin (posterior pituitary hormone) also aids in the stress response by promoting water retention and at high levels it is also a potent.
Vasopressin is concept to modify blood strain, blood osmolality, and blood amount. The effects of V1a and V2 receptors can be amplified while vasopressin is secreted in excessive quantities, and this situation may be skilled with the resource of patients undergoing a sickness or stress.
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide synthesized within the hypothalamus. technology has identified it to play important roles in the manipulate of the body's osmotic balance, blood stress law, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning.
The most crucial action of vasopressin is its antidiuretic movement at the amassing ducts of the kidney. Vasopressin binds to V2 receptors on the mobile floor of tubular cells, starting up an intracellular cascade which results within the technology of the water channel, aquaporin-2.
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Briefly describe hershey and chase experiment. how would the results of this experiment be different if protein were the genetic material?
Two biologists, Hershey and Chase, contributed to the understanding of the cellular element that served as the genetic material.
A colony of bacteria-infecting bacteriophages that had been radioactively marked was part of the experimental setup used to find the genetic material. The radioactive form of sulfur was used to indicate the proteinaceous coat of one set of bacteriophages, while radioactive phosphorus molecules were used to mark the DNA's nucleic acid content in the other group. These were permitted to infect two different bacterial strains, and radioactive materials were found. It was found that whereas sulfur was not transported inside the bacteria, radioactive phosphorus particles were. The Hershey and Chase experiment would have revealed the passage of radioactive sulfur within the bodies of infected bacteria if the protein had been the genetic material.Learn more about the Harshey and chase experiment with the help of the given link:
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Which type of molecule forms channels through the cell membrane? protein carbohydrate cholesterol phospholipid
Phospholipid refers to the type of molecule which forms channels through the cell membrane and is denoted as option D.
What is Phospholipid?This refers to a type of lipid which contains a hydrophilic head containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic tails formed from fatty acids and attached by an alcohol residue and have various types of functions.
It forms lipid bilayers in the cell membrane and forms signaling molecules and channels though which different types of substances enters and leaves the cell through selective permeability.
This is therefore the reason why phospholipids was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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Using the nerve signals to the hamstring and quadriceps in this reflex as an example, propose a model for regulation of smooth muscle activity in the esophagus during the swallowing reflex (see Figure 41.10).
As you swallow, the esophageal muscles simultaneously contract and relax, creating peristalsis. One explanation for this alternation is that each portion of muscle gets nerve signals that alternate between excitement and inhibition.
What is peristalsis?Food is moved through the digestive system by a sequence of wave-like muscular contractions called peristalsis. The process starts in the esophagus, where powerful waves of smooth muscle transport balls of ingested food to the stomach. The meal is then broken down into a liquid substance called chyme there, where peristalsis proceeds.
It may be simpler to notice the wave-like action if you stretch out a segment of the intestine. The chyme is mixed and shifted back and forth by the action. As a result, nutrients can be absorbed by the bloodstream through the small intestine's walls.
Peristalsis in the large intestine aids in the absorption of water from the indigestible fiber into the bloodstream. The leftover waste is then expelled through the rectum and anus.
Therefore, peristalsis helps in swallowing in the esophageal muscles.
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why are the fossil records not complete
Answer:
the conditions required to create fossils have been rare ever since life began on Earth
Explanation: