Bacterial disease is caused by the multiplication of bacteria in a patient. How do pathogenic bacteria harm a patient?
Answer:
Host Susceptibility
Resistance to bacterial infections is enhanced by phagocytic cells and an intact immune system. Initial resistance is due to nonspecific mechanisms. Specific immunity develops over time. Susceptibility to some infections is higher in the very young and the very old and in immunosuppressed patients.
Bacterial Infectivity
Bacterial infectivity results from a disturbance in the balance between bacterial virulence and host resistance. The “objective” of bacteria is to multiply rather than to cause disease; it is in the best interest of the bacteria not to kill the host.
Host Resistance
Numerous physical and chemical attributes of the host protect against bacterial infection. These defenses include the antibacterial factors in secretions covering mucosal surfaces and rapid rate of replacement of skin and mucosal epithelial cells. Once the surface of the body is penetrated, bacteria encounter an environment virtually devoid of free iron needed for growth, which requires many of them to scavenge for this essential element. Bacteria invading tissues encounter phagocytic cells that recognize them as foreign, and through a complex signaling mechanism involving interleukins, eicosanoids, and complement, mediate an inflammatory response in which many lymphoid cells participate.
Genetic and Molecular Basis for Virulence
Bacterial virulence factors may be encoded on chromosomal, plasmid, transposon, or temperate bacteriophage DNA; virulence factor genes on transposons or temperate bacteriophage DNA may integrate into the bacterial chromosome.
Host-mediated Pathogenesis
In certain infections (e.g., tuberculosis), tissue damage results from the toxic mediators released by lymphoid cells rather than from bacterial toxins.
Intracellular Growth
Some bacteria (e.g., Rickettsia species) can grow only within eukaryotic cells, whereas others (e.g., Salmonella species) invade cells but do not require them for growth. Most pathogenic bacteria multiply in tissue fluids and not in host cells.
Virulence Factors
Virulence factors help bacteria to (1) invade the host, (2) cause disease, and (3) evade host defenses. The following are types of virulence factors:
Adherence Factors: Many pathogenic bacteria colonize mucosal sites by using pili (fimbriae) to adhere to cells.
Invasion Factors: Surface components that allow the bacterium to invade host cells can be encoded on plasmids, but more often are on the chromosome.
Capsules: Many bacteria are surrounded by capsules that protect them from opsonization and phagocytosis.
Endotoxins: The lipopolysaccharide endotoxins on Gram-negative bacteria cause fever, changes in blood pressure, inflammation, lethal shock, and many other toxic events.
Exotoxins: Exotoxins include several types of protein toxins and enzymes produced and/or secreted from pathogenic bacteria. Major categories include cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins.
Siderophores: Siderophores are iron-binding factors that allow some bacteria to compete with the host for iron, which is bound to hemoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin.
Explanation:
Which biomes would contain animals that migrate?
a- savanna
b-tundra
c-temperate deciduous forest
d-all of the above
Answer:
the forest
Explanation:
Where are instructions for making cell parts found in a cell?
Answer:
The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules in a cell
Hope it's help ^_^
Which of the following is NOT a property of water?
O A) It is a good solvent.
OB) It is denser when frozen than when liquid.
OC) It resists temperature changes.
OD) it is cohesive.
O El It can be found as a solid. liquid. or gas.
Answer:
It is denser when frozen than when liquid.
Explanation:
Ice is actually less dense than water. The lattice arrangement of ice allows water molecules to be more spread out than in a liquid, making ice less dense than water.
Hope that helps.
How do parachutes work?
5-10 sentences
Use all these terms in your paragraph: Gravity, Acceleration, terminal velocity, force, air resistance.
Help plssss
Answer:
A parachute works by forcing air into the front of it and creating a structured 'wing' under which the canopy pilot can fly. Parachutes are controlled by pulling down on steering lines which change the shape of the wing, cause it to turn, or to increase or decrease its rate of descent.
If you are building a dichotomous key and you have 10 species to identify, how many couplets should your key have?
A) 04
B) 05
C) O9
D) 10
Answer:
10
Explanation:
easch couplet presents the user with 2 alternatives and exclusive sets of character's.
10 couplets should your key have. If you are building a dichotomous key, and you have 10 species to identify. Hence, option D is correct.
What is dichotomous key?A dichotomous key, a crucial piece of scientific gear, is used to discriminate between diverse species according to their visible traits. Users must choose one of two possibilities to answer a series of questions that make up dichotomous keys.
A dichotomous key in the identification of trees, for instance, would ask whether the tree has leaves or needles. The key then leads the user down one set of questions if the tree has leaves; if the tree has needles, a different set of questions is shown.
The three most prevalent types of dichotomous keys are nested, connected, and branched. Each sentence has the appropriate response written next to it in nested type.
Thus, option D is correct.
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food is important for growing amd repairing in the body. ny which process is food broken down into nutrient molecules
Answer:
Digestion proper, which is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into particles/molecules small enough to pass into the blood. Absorption is the passage of food monomers into the blood stream. Assimilation is the passage of the food molecules into body cells.
Give the mRNA and amino acid sequence of the DNA code below.
DNA Code: TAC AAA ACC ATG ACT
mRNA Codon: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
amino acid: ___ ___
___ ___ ___
What would happen to a cell if its cytoplasm contains 97% water and 3% solute and it is placed into a container that has a solution of 92% water and 8% solute?
A cell if its cytoplasm contains 97% water and 3% solute and it is placed into a container that has a solution of 92% water and 8% solute - cell will lose water and shrink.
A hypertonic solution, the solution has a lower water concentration than the cell cytosol, and water moves out of the cell until both solutions are isotonic
if you place a cell in a hypertonic solution, the cell shrinksit loses water as due to osmosis water moves from a higher concentration inside the cell to a lower concentration outsideThe water will move out of the cell to try to equalize.Thus, A cell if its cytoplasm contains 97% water and 3% solute and it is placed into a container that has a solution of 92% water and 8% solute - cell will lose water and shrink.
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What two items are the products of photosynthesis?
Answer:
Summary. The photosynthesis chemical equation states that the reactants (carbon dioxide, water and sunlight), yield two products, glucose and oxygen gas. The single chemical equation represents the overall process of photosynthesis.
If f(x) = 3x - 1 and g(x) = x + 2, find (f- g)(x).
Rrgggggg
Answer:
(f - g)(x) = 2x - 3
General Formulas and Concepts:
Pre-Algebra
Distributive PropertyAlgebra I
Combining Like TermsExplanation:
Step 1: Define
f(x) = 3x - 1
g(x) = x + 2
(f - g)(x) is f(x) - g(x)
Step 2: Evaluate
Substitute: (f - g)(x) = 3x - 1 - (x + 2)Distribute -1: (f - g)(x) = 3x - 1 - x - 2Combine like terms: (f - g)(x) = 2x - 3does osmosis need energy? NEED TO KNOW ASAP!
Answer:
Osmosis don't require the cell to expend any of its own energy, as they are passive processes.
Explanation:
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What is the name of the process that plant cells use chloroplast to create their own food?. Single choice.
how larvae of fish get nutrition
Answer:
The larval period of fish development is certainly the most complex from the aspect of nutrition. During this period, the digestive tract is not fully phisiologicaly developed.
Explanation:
The nutrition of larvae is largely based on the consumption of zooplankton. Such food must be distributed to larvae 10-24 times a day.
Which of the following pair of codons both code for serine?
a
ACA and AUC
b
UCG and GCU
c
GCC and UGG
d
AGC and UCC
Answer: The answer would be D.
Explanation: I took the test and i got D. Sorry if that’s wrong
The opening and closing of _____________in your heart create the lub-dub sound and prevent the backflow of blood.
What goes in the blank?
Answer:
Heart valves or the closure of the mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular (AV) valves at the beginning of ventricular systole and the closure of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve at the end of ventricular systole.
Explanation:
The heart tone “lub,” or S1, is caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular (AV) valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.
The heart tone “dub,” or S2 ( a combination of A2 and P2), is caused by the closure of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve at the end of ventricular systole.
What are the Complementary DNA base pairs: GGGCCATATAG. What are the Complementary DNA base pairs: ATTGGCCTAGC
Answer:
CCCGGTATATC
TAACCGGATCG
Explanation:
G and C are complimentary; T and A are complimentary
Just swap each letter following that rule :)
Which of the following is a molecule?
A. Argon
B. Water
C. Nitrogen
D. Uranium
Answer:
Argon- a chemical element
Water- polar molecule
Nitrogen- chemical compound
Uranium- chemical element
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Explanation:
In conclusion B. water is a molecule
Which of the following factors most likely triggers arousal from hibernation?
A) the sun rising in the morning B)snow falling onto the ground
C) the environmental temperature dropping below 0 °C
D) a significant decrease in the animal's respiration rate
Answer:
A) the sun rising in the morning
Explanation:
In biology, hibernation refers to a physiological state where a plant or animal is metabolically inactive in the winter period (characterized by extreme cold). As far as the animal or plant is concerned, the cold weather during winter is an adverse condition, hence, they undergo hibernation in order to conserve their energy.
According to this question, arousal or wakening from hibernation would be triggered in the presence of heat source, which in this case is the SUN RISING IN THE MORNING.
What was John snows original hypothesis and how did it conflict with prevailing models of Heath and disease
Answer:
Explanation:Snow's hypothesis was that contaminated water was the source of the disease, but the challenge was how to prove this to others who were skeptical. ... It is now known that cholera is a waterborne disease, spread when water used for drinking or washing food has been contaminated with feces from infected individuals.
Urinary Journey
Name:
For your journey through the urinary system you must be made small enough to be filtered through the filtration
membrane from the bloodstream Into the renal You will be injected into the subclavian vein and must
pass through the heart before entering the arterial circulation. As you travel through the systemic circulation you have
a least 2 minutes to relax before reaching the ___(2).__artery, feeding the kidney. You see the kidney looming
brownish red through the artery wall. Once inside, the blood vessels of the kidney become increasingly smaller until
finally you reach the _3_ arteriole, feeding into the filtering device, or ____.Once in the filter, you
maneuver yourself so that you are directly in front of a pore. Within a fraction of a second, you are swept across the
filtration membrane into the (5)_ part of the nephron. Drifting along, you lower the specimen cup to gather
your first filtrate sample for testing. You study the readout from the sample and note it is very similar in composition to
_66) with one exception. There are essentially no ____. Your next sample doesn't have to be taken
until you reach the "hairpin" or using proper terminology the_8__. As you continue your journey, you notice
that the tubule cells have dense fingerlike projections extending from there surface into the lumen of the tubule.
These are which increase the absorptive surface area because this part of the tubule is very active in the
process of __(10)_ . While in the "hairpin" you collect your second sample. The readout verifies that the
concentration of the filtrate is much ___(11) and there are few nutrients such as ____(12)__and
(13)__.There is a much higher concentration of _(14) wastes here and the color is yellow, indicating
the presence of the pigment_(15)_ Gradually, you make your way up from the "hairpin and enter into an area
where large molecules are being moved into the filtrate you know you have arrived in the (16) and are
witnessing the process of_(12)_ You continue along and realize that the water level has dropped and the
stream have become more turbulent. You remember the role of the hormone_(18)__and think it must have
been released to conserve water in the body. You take an abrupt right and then drop straight downward into a tube
that has other tubes and fluid entering into it. You realize you are in the_(19)_ headed for the rinor calyx. You
enter into a much calmer are and flow very tranquilly Into a tube on the opposite shore. Upon entrance into this tube
you realize you are being squeezed rhythmically downward and you know you are in the _(20) _ Suddenly you
free-fall and splash into a large sea of urine, you know you have arrived at the _(21)
_There appears to be a lot
of fluld as the celling is getting closer and closer to you and suddenly the walls begin to gyrate and in a moment you are
being propelled out and into your hosts__ _(22) to exit the body.
Answer:for your journey through the urinary system you must be made small enough to be filtered through the filtration
membrane from the bloodstream Into the renal You will be injected into the subclavian vein and must
pass through the heart before entering the arterial circulation. As you travel through the systemic circulation you have
Explanation:
The urinary system, sometimes referred to as the renal system, manages fluid and electrolyte balance as well as filters and eliminates waste items from the body.
How does the urinary system work?You must be reduced in size to pass through the filtration membrane and into the renal system on your voyage via the urinary system. The subclavian vein will be used as the injection site, and you must first pass through the heart to reach the arterial circulation. You have at least two minutes to unwind as you move through the systemic circulation before you arrive at the renal artery, which supplies the kidney.
Through the artery wall, you can make out the towering, brownish-red kidney. Once within, the kidney's blood arteries get progressively smaller until you reach the afferent arteriole, which feeds into the glomerulus, the filtering organ. Once inside the filter, you position yourself such that you are facing a pore directly. You are quickly carried across the filtration membrane and into the Bowman's capsule region of the nephron. You lower the specimen cup as you proceed to collect your first test sample of filtrate.
You examine the reading from the sample and discover that, with one exception, its chemical makeup is very identical to that of blood. Practically no blood cells exist. You can wait to take your next sample until you get to the Henle loop, or the "hairpin" in correct language. You observe the tubule cells as you proceed along your path because they have numerous thick fingerlike projections that protrude into the tubule lumen from their surface.
This portion of the tubule is relatively small, therefore these microvilli improve the absorptive surface area. You gather your second sample while in the "hairpin". The readout confirms that the filtrate's content is significantly lower and that few nutrients, including glucose and amino acids, are present.
Here, metabolic wastes are substantially more concentrated, and the area is yellow, which denotes the presence of the urochrome pigment. You know you have arrived in the distal convoluted tubule and are seeing the process of secretion when you gradually work your way up from the 'hairpin' and enter into an area where big molecules are being transported into the filtrate.
As you proceed, you notice that the streams are now more agitated and the water level has plummeted. You recall the function of the hormone ADH and assume that the body must have secreted it to save water. You make a sharp right and then plunge straight down into a tube that is being filled with fluid and other tubes. You become aware that you are moving towards the minor calyx in the collecting duct.
You move very calmly into a tube on the other coast after entering a much calmer area. You become aware that you are experiencing a rhythmic downward squeeze as soon as you enter this tube, indicating that you are in the ureter. You know you have arrived to the urinary bladder when you suddenly drop and splash into a sizable sea of urine. As you can see, there is a lot of fluid as the ceiling gets closer to you and the walls start to pull. Suddenly, you are propelled out of the body and into your host's urethra to leave the body.
Therefore, the urinary system, sometimes referred to as the renal system, manages fluid and electrolyte balance as well as filters and eliminates waste items from the body.
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dy÷dx=(x-1)(x+3) at x=2
Answer:
[tex]\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{4}{25}[/tex]
Explanation:
The given expression is :
[tex]y=\dfrac{(x-1)}{(x+3)}[/tex]
We need to find dy/dx at x = 2
[tex]\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{d}{dx}(\dfrac{x-1}{x+3})\\\\=\dfrac{(x+3)\dfrac{d}{dx}(x-1)-(x-1)\dfrac{d}{dx}(x+3)}{(x+3)^2}\\\\=\dfrac{x+3-(x-1)}{(x+3)^2}\\\\=\dfrac{x+3-x+1}{(x+3)^2}\\\\\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{4}{(x+3)^2}[/tex]
Put x = 2 in above expression
[tex]\dfrac{dy}{dx}|x=2=\dfrac{4}{(2+3)^2}\\\\=\dfrac{4}{25}[/tex]
Hence, the value at dy/dx is [tex]\dfrac{4}{25}[/tex]
HELP, 100 POINTS!
Identify one source of carbon that can be found in each of these four spheres: atmosphere (air), geosphere (land), biosphere (living organisms) and hydrosphere (water).
The mitochondria has been described as the engine of the cell. Why is this a fitting nickname? How is this organelle involved in the process of cellular respiration?
Describe the process of photosynthesis in plants. Why is this process important to animals and humans?
How are the processes of cellular respiration, photosynthesis and carbon cycle related to each other?
Explain how one of the processes discussed in this module (photosynthesis, cellular respiration or the carbon cycle) apply to both the Law of Conservation of Matter and Law of Conservation of Energy.
Answer:
1.Mitochondria is considered as the power house of the cell as it helps in producing large amount of energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) that is used in driving various cellular activities.
2.Through a process called photosynthesis, plants use energy in sunlight to turn a gas called carbon dioxide and water into sugar. Plants then use this sugar to grow. At the same time, plants produce a gas called oxygen as a waste product, which is lucky for us and other animals because we need oxygen to breathe!
3.Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are important parts of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the pathways through which carbon is recycled in the biosphere. While cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide into the environment, photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
4.Cellular respiration uses oxygen and has it's waste product of carbon dioxide (CO2). How does photosynthesis demonstrate the law of conservation? ... The AMOUNT of carbon-dioxide atoms released by respiration are EXACTLY EQUAL to the atoms of these materials contained in the oxygen and carbon converted.The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. The carbon cycle is an example of the Law because the same carbon atoms are being recycled through the carbon cycle. ... Carbon is used for energy, and some is stored for growth.
What type of speciation results in hybrids of the 2 species?
Answer:
Alloploidy results when two species mate to produce viable offspring. In the example shown, a normal gamete from one species fuses with a polyploidy gamete from another. Two matings are necessary to produce viable offspring. The cultivated forms of wheat, cotton, and tobacco plants are all allopolyploids.
Explanation:
Which of these layers is the deepest?
Answer:
the answer is B. C horizon
Explanation:
AP3X
What is symbiosis meaning?
Answer:
interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
Explanation:
Hope this helps :D
Answer:
It is the interaction between two different organisms that typically has an o advantage to each other.
Explanation:
An example could be the relationship between an anemone (Heteractis magnifica) and a clownfish (Amphiron ocellaris). It's example of two organisms benefiting the other- the anemone provides the clownfish with protection and shelter, while the clownfish provides the anemone nutrients in the form of waste.
State the function of red blood cells.
Answer:
Red blood cells carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies. Then they make the return trip, taking carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled.
Explanation:
They transport oxygen
Explanation:
1)It carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies.
2)It attracts bacteria
identify the type of mutation shown in the diagram, with respect to chromosome 20
HELP PLSSS
Fossils are very likely to form from the remains of an animal.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
T
F
Answer:
true
because because because
how are we able to hear
Answer:
Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through a narrow passageway called the ear canal, which leads to the eardrum. The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear.
Hope this helps!