Answer:
As we move into the new millennium it is becoming increasingly clear that the biomedical sciences are entering the most exciting phase of their development. Paradoxically, medical practice is also passing through a phase of increasing uncertainty, in both industrial and developing countries. Industrial countries have not been able to solve the problem of the spiraling costs of health care resulting from technological development, public expectations, and—in particular—the rapidly increasing size of their elderly populations. The people of many developing countries are still living in dire poverty with dysfunctional health care systems and extremely limited access to basic medical care.
Against this complex background, this chapter examines the role of science and technology for disease control in the past and present and assesses the potential of the remarkable developments in the basic biomedical sciences for global health care.
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Medicine Before the 20th Century
From the earliest documentary evidence surviving from the ancient civilizations of Babylonia, China, Egypt, and India, it is clear that longevity, disease, and death are among humanity's oldest preoccupations. From ancient times to the Renaissance, knowledge of the living world changed little, the distinction between animate and inanimate objects was blurred, and speculations about living things were based on prevailing ideas about the nature of matter.
Advances in science and philosophy throughout the 16th and 17th centuries led to equally momentous changes in medical sciences. The elegant anatomical dissections of Andreas Vesalius swept away centuries of misconceptions about the relationship between structure and function of the human body; the work of Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, and Robert Hooke disposed of the basic Aristotelian elements of earth, air, fire, and water; and Hooke, through his development of the microscope, showed a hitherto invisible world to explore. In 1628, William Harvey described the circulation of the blood, a discovery that, because it was based on careful experiments and measurement, signaled the beginnings of modern scientific medicine.
After steady progress during the 18th century, the biological and medical sciences began to advance at a remarkable rate during the 19th century, which saw the genuine beginnings of modern scientific medicine. Charles Darwin changed the whole course of biological thinking, and Gregor Mendel laid the ground for the new science of genetics, which was used later to describe how Darwinian evolution came about. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch founded modern microbiology, and Claude Bernard and his followers enunciated the seminal principle of the constancy of the internal environment of the body, a notion that profoundly influenced the development of physiology and biochemistry. With the birth of cell theory, modern pathology was established. These advances in the biological sciences were accompanied by practical developments at the bedside, including the invention of the stethoscope and an instrument for measuring blood pressure, the first use of x-rays, the development of anesthesia, and early attempts at the classification of psychiatric disease as well as a more humane approach to its management. The early development of the use of statistics for analyzing data obtained in medical practice also occurred in the 19th century, and the slow evolution of public health and preventive medicine began.
Significant advances in public health occurred on both sides of the Atlantic. After the cholera epidemics of the mid 19th century, public health boards were established in many European and American cities. The Public Health Act, passed in the United Kingdom in 1848, provided for the improvement of streets, construction of drains and sewers, collection of refuse, and procurement of clean domestic water supplies. Equally important, the first attempts were made to record basic health statistics. For example, the first recorded figures for the United States showed that life expectancy at birth for those who lived in Massachusetts in 1870 was 43 years; the number of deaths per 1,000 live births in the same population was 188. At the same time, because it was becoming increasingly clear that communicable diseases were greatly depleting the workforce required to generate the potential rewards of colonization, considerable efforts were channeled into controlling infectious diseases, particularly hookworm and malaria, in many countries under colonial domination.
Explanation:
Where was the treaty of Paris 1783 located
Answer:
Hotel d'York
Explanation:
What was the MOST significant impact of the Committees of Correspondence in the late colonial period?
a.They allowed colonial governors and legislatures to communicate with each other quickly in order to avert crises following the passage of new laws.
b.They presented an alternative to violent resistance to the laws so that colonists could claim the moral advantage in their disputes with Britain.
c.They controlled the newspapers and therefore how acts of resistance and the British response to such acts were reported to the public.
d.They organized many colonists who were unhappy with the political situation into more effective groups of resistance.
Answer: They organized many colonists who were unhappy with the political situation into more effective groups of resistance. So, the answer is D
Explanation:
How was Marie's lack of concern for the people of France sign of weak leadership?
Help plz (50 points)
1: how do you define foreign policy?
2: Explain how foreign policy is determined, how foreign policy varies between developed and developing nations.
Answer:
in foreign policy general objectives that guide the activities and relationships of on state in its interactions with other states.
Explanation:
the development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic considerations the policies or behaviors of other states or plans to advance specific geopolitical design:)
1. In what modern-day state is this James town region located?
Answer:
In Virginia i hope this helped!
¿Cuál es tu percepción sobre el consumo o consumismo en nuestro país?
What effect did European migration have on the indigenous people of the americas?
Answer:
It brought them diseases such as small pox, measles chicken pox etc.
comparisons between the grievances of Prince Feroze Shah in India and the Chinese
Answer:
Larger states wanted congressional representation based on population, while smaller states wanted equal representation. they met in the middle. larger states wanted congressional representation based on population, while smaller states wanted equal representation.” i hope this information you.
Explanation:
I hope it helps btw please follow me!! tysm
Which conclusion can you draw from this excerpt about President Wilson's changing thoughts toward war?
A.
Wilson thinks the war in Europe poses no threat to US neutrality.
B.
Wilson becomes more open to making compromises with Germany.
C.
Wilson believes that Germany is preparing to invade Belgium.
D.
Wilson moves away from a position of neutrality in the war.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Answer:
see image
Explanation:
edmedtum
What was Ivan IV (the Terrible) known for?
expanding the Russian Empire, building magnificent colored domes, and ruling through cruelty
creating a new code of law for Russia, building many churches, but allowing serfs to starve because of high taxes
building a new capital at Kiev, defeating the Mongols with enormous violence, and converting to Christianity
building the Russian army, introducing a new religion, and restoring the Kremlin at great cost to his people
Answer:
expanding the Russian Empire, building magnificent colored domes, and ruling through cruelty
Explanation:
I believe this is the answer
What year was the first computer game introduced and what was it called?
Answer:Spacewar, 1962
Explanation:
The first computer game was developed in the year 1962 and the name of the game was Spacewar.
Describe the advent of the Spacewar game.The first computer game was developed in 1962, which became a watershed in the History of the world of gaming. It was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was named the Spacewar.
The game was one of a kind and the first game to be played at multiple installations. the game was a space combatting war. The game is suited to the PDP processor. The Programmed Data Processors. These processors could then only be found at Universities. The Processors which are being used are one of the finest in the world and exuberantly comes to the post.
The game at that time was made by one of the stalwarts of the Institute known as Steve Rusell. Steve Rusell's innovation, later on, helped a lot in building different games.
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what were the philosophical roots of the declaration of independence
Answer:
The philosophical roots come from the restated contract theory of John Locke. Life, Liberty,
Explanation:
property were used by Jefferson, He replaced property with the pursuit of happiness. This declaration later helped liberation and reform movements and encouraged patriots.
why did the indigenous persons cross the beringia bridge?
Answer:
More than 10,000 years ago, people crossed from East Asia through the Bering Land Bridge into North America not to follow their dreams, but to survive.
Explanation:
Which text in this excerpt from Twenty Years at Hull House by Jane Addams demonstrates the lack of concern for poor immigrant communities that was frequently shown by politicians and others with influence?
[-One of the striking features of our neighborhood twenty years ago, and one to which we never became reconciled, was the presence of huge wooden garbage boxes-] fastened to the street pavement in which the undisturbed refuse accumulated day by day. The system of garbage collecting was inadequate throughout the city, but it became the greatest menace in a ward such as ours, where the normal amount of waste was much increased by the decayed fruit and vegetables discarded by the Italian and Greek fruit peddlers, and by the residuum left over from the piles of filthy rags which were fished out of the city dumps and brought to the homes of the rag pickers for further sorting and washing...
[-It is easy for even the most conscientious citizen of Chicago to forget the foul smells of the stockyards and the garbage dumps-], when he is living so far from them that he is only occasionally made conscious of their existence, but the residents of a Settlement are perforce constantly surrounded by them. During our first three years on Halsted Street, we had established a small incinerator at Hull-House, and [-we had many times reported the untoward conditions of the ward to the city hall.-] We had also arranged many talks for the immigrants, pointing out that although a woman may sweep her own doorway in her native village and allow the reuse to innocently decay in the open air and sunshine, [-in a crowded city quarter, if the garbage is not properly collected and destroyed, a tenement-house mother may see her children sicken and die-], and that the immigrants must therefore not only keep their own houses clean, but must also help the authorities to keep the city clean.
[- -] means those are one of the answers
The text in this passage that mostly shows a lack of concern was the refuse dump that was left in the neighborhood
According to the passage there were inadequacies in the method through which refuse was collected.
In this particular area, it was a big problem. The people that lived in the area were made to stay in such pitiable and foul environment.
The area was so bad that there was a fear of sickness and death from this issue. But although the problem was constantly reported to the politicians, nothing was done about it.
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Answer:
[-we had many times reported the untoward conditions of the ward to the city hall.-]
Explanation:
This is what i got, none of the other answers refer directly politicians or people with influence as well as the problems of bad living conditions.
Great Britain increased taxes on its American colonies to pay for wars against France. True or False
Answer:
That sure is true, and thats the reason why they wanted to break away from Britain!
Explanation:
How did Black Hoosier leaders promote the 28th regiment?
Answer:
On November 30, 1863, Indiana Governor Oliver P. Morton was authorized by letter from the U.S. War Department to raise one regiment of infantry composed of colored men.
Explanation:
HELP ASAP
What were Civilian Conservation Corp camps used for?
Answer:
to house people working on new deal projects
Explanation:
the ccc was apart of the new deal legislation combating unemployment and putting thousands of young men to work on environmental conservation projects
What natural resources did the Erie people have?
Answer:
They used natural resources
Explanation such as rock, twine, bark, and oyster shell to farm, hunt, and fish. Hunting/Fishing/Farming: Indian men had the primary tasks of fishing and hunting. Each winter men from different tribes would join together for hunting expeditions.
How did the encomienda system function in the Spanish colonies?
It was a slavery system that did not allow the enslaved to be sold off the land.
It made noble attempts to care for the indigenous people.
It established a system that distributed land to the indigenous people.
It served as a model for the medieval system to be developed in Spain.
The encomienda system that the Spanish practiced in the colonies was a slavery system that did not allow the enslaved to be sold off the land.
The Encomienda system:
Involved granting lands to Spanish conquerors The native inhabitants of those lands would have to work for the Spanish conqueror in question as quasi-enslaved people The Natives would be provided with some sort of benefitsThe system ensured that the people who became enslaved would have to work on their own land which meant that they would not be sold off the land by the conqueror they worked for.
In conclusion, the encomienda system ensured that enslaved people stayed on their land.
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Answer:aaa
Explanation:
What are the advantages of ordering artillery to stop firing just before the soldiers attack
1. Who were the opposing sides in the
American Revolution?
Answer:
The Revolutionary War split the people of the American colonies into two groups: the loyalists and the patriots.
Explanation:
Which of the regions had the lowest population density?
What is mexico Economy like?
Answer:
The economy of Mexico is a developing market economy. It is the 15th largest in the world in nominal GDP terms and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity, according to the International Monetary Fund. Since the 1994 crisis, administrations have improved the country's macroeconomic fundamentals
What cultural element was not shared by all Greek city-states?
Answer:
Government
Because i guess wink wink
what did the Incas sacrifice more often
Answer:
The Inca Empire, the largest empire in pre-Colombian America, ritually sacrificed children and teenagers to appease the gods and to provide servants for its deceased emperors. The Incas sacrificed even the babies. This ancient ritual of child sacrifice was called capacocha.
Explanation:
Hope this helps :)
Answer:
sacrificed children and teenagers to appease the gods and to provide servants for its deceased emperors
Explanation:
Do you believe that Lincoln possessed the power to free the slaves in the seceded states? Why or why not?
Answer:
Hello There!!
Explanation:
I believe the answer is yes because he wasn't recognising them. Also, that he was president of the United States and commander-in-chief.
hope this helps,have a great day!!
~Pinky~
How do discretionary spending choices affect the budget process?
Answer:
(Hope this helps can I pls have brainlist (crown)☺️)
Explanation:
Discretionary expenditure is spending that is subject to the appropriations process, in which Congress sets a new funding level for programmes covered by an appropriations bill each fiscal year (which begins on October 1st).All expenditure that does not occur as a result of appropriations legislation is referred to as mandatory spending.
One major source of disagreement between booker t Washington and web dubois was whether
Answer:
One major source of disagreement between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois was whether or not to use force as a means of racial integration. Washington believed that people of African race should learn to fit in with the whites (by exceding in work), whereas Dubois believed that riots and sit-ins were necessary to diminish racial inequality.
Explanation:
Have a great day, and spread some positivity!
What effect did the sinking of the Lusitania have on World War I? (no external links please)
A) Germany joined the central powers
B) U.S. public opinion shifted against Germany
C) Germany refused to join the League of Nations
D) U.S. leaders proposed a military alliance with Germany
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The disaster immediately strained relations between Germany and the neutral United States, fueled anti-German sentiment and set off a chain of events that eventually led to the United States entering World War I. Germany broke naval rules.
Which branch of the US Government consists of the given parties?
Branch of the US government consists of two parties. These two parties include the
and presidential
The
advisors
Answer:
Legislative—Makes laws (Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and Senate) Executive—Carries out laws (president, vice president, Cabinet, most federal agencies) Judicial—Evaluates laws (Supreme Court and other courts)
Answer:
Executive Branch.
Explanation:
The Executive Branch consists of the President and his Cabinent (which is the advisors part). The Executive Branch typically handles any urgent issues that cannot be brought up to Congress in a timely manner (i.e. using the executive order), and handles diplomacy with foreign countries.