Answer:
Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments (or other macromolecules, such as RNA and proteins) based on their size and charge. Electrophoresis involves running a current through a gel containing the molecules of interest. Based on their size and charge, the molecules will travel through the gel in different directions or at different speeds, allowing them to be separated from one another.
All DNA molecules have the same amount of charge per mass. Because of this, gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments separates them based on size only. Using electrophoresis, we can see how many different DNA fragments are present in a sample and how large they are relative to one another. We can also determine the absolute size of a piece of DNA by examining it next to a standard "yardstick" made up of DNA fragments of known sizes.
What is a gel?
As the name suggests, gel electrophoresis involves a gel: a slab of Jello-like material. Gels for DNA separation are often made out of a polysaccharide called agarose, which comes as dry, powdered flakes. When the agarose is heated in a buffer (water with some salts in it) and allowed to cool, it will form a solid, slightly squishy gel. At the molecular level, the gel is a matrix of agarose molecules that are held together by hydrogen bonds and form tiny pores.
At one end, the gel has pocket-like indentations called wells, which are where the DNA samples will be placed:
Before the DNA samples are added, the gel must be placed in a gel box. One end of the box is hooked to a positive electrode, while the other end is hooked to a negative electrode. The main body of the box, where the gel is placed, is filled with a salt-containing buffer solution that can conduct current. Although you may not be able to see in the image above (thanks to my amazing artistic skills), the buffer fills the gel box to a level where it just barely covers the gel.
The end of the gel with the wells is positioned towards the negative electrode. The end without wells (towards which the DNA fragments will migrate) is positioned towards the positive electrode.
How do DNA fragments move through the gel?
Once the gel is in the box, each of the DNA samples we want to examine (for instance, each PCR reaction or each restriction-digested plasmid) is carefully transferred into one of the wells. One well is reserved for a DNA ladder, a standard reference that contains DNA fragments of known lengths. Commercial DNA ladders come in different size ranges, so we would want to pick one with good "coverage" of the size range of our expected fragments.
Next, the power to the gel box is turned on, and current begins to flow through the gel. The DNA molecules have a negative charge because of the phosphate groups in their sugar-phosphate backbone, so they start moving through the matrix of the gel towards the positive pole. When the power is turned on and current is passing through the gel, the gel is said to be running. [What voltage is used to run a gel?]
DNA samples are loaded into wells at negative electrode end of gel.
Power is turned on and DNA fragments migrate through gel (towards the positive electrode).
After the gel has run, the fragments are separated by size. The largest fragments are near the top of the gel (negative electrode, where they began), and the smallest fragments are near the bottom (positive electrode).
DNA samples are loaded into wells at negative electrode end of gel.
Power is turned on and DNA fragments migrate through gel (towards the positive electrode).
After the gel has run, the fragments are separated by size. The largest fragments are near the top of the gel (negative electrode, where they began), and the smallest fragments are near the bottom (positive electrode).
Based on similar diagram in Reece et al.^2
2
squared
As the gel runs, shorter pieces of DNA will travel through the pores of the gel matrix faster than longer ones. After the gel has run for awhile, the shortest pieces of DNA will be close to the positive end of the gel, while the longest pieces of DNA will remain near the wells. Very short pieces of DNA may have run right off the end of the gel if we left it on for too long (something I've most definitely been guilty of!).
Visualizing the DNA fragments
Once the fragments have been separated, we can examine the gel and see what sizes of bands are found on it. When a gel is stained with a DNA-binding dye and placed under UV light, the DNA fragments will glow, allowing us to see the DNA present at different locations along the length of the gel.
Explanation:
Hope this helps! :D
In general, how does the narrator’s point of view affect the way the plot of a story unfolds?
- The narrator's point of view determines where the plot events occur.
- The narrator's point of view determines whether or not the plot seems realistic.
- The narrator's point of view determines the order in which plot events occur.
✅The narrator's point of view determines how much information is known about each event.
Answer:
Thank you
Explanation:
The narrator’s point of view affect the way the plot of a story unfolds, as "the narrator's point of view determines how much information is known about each event."
Who is a narrator?A narrator is a person who is telling the story.
Because a narrator is the one who tells about their thoughts and feelings in the plot, which influences how a story unfolds. The narrator's point of view is the outcome of the action in the plot, which includes all the details the narrator chooses to tell in the story. Thus The narrator’s point of view affects the way the plot of a story unfolds, as "the narrator's point of view determines how much information is known about each event."
Hence the correct option is, "The narrator's point of view determines how much information is known about each event."
To know more about narrator:
https://brainly.com/question/2855450
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In paragraph 22, the author says that our impuse has become to think, "I want to have a feeling; I need
to send a text." How do the independent clauses in this sentence relate to each other?
Answer:
They relate through the semicolon positioned between them.
Explanation:
Independent sentences are those that do not need any complement to transmit a message and have a complete meaning. With that, we can say that these sentences are self-sufficient to convey a meaning. Two independent sentences can be placed in a single clause and even if they do not interfere with the meaning of the other, these sentences must have an element that relates them and that unites them. This element can be a conjunction, a preposition or a punctuation, like the clause shown above, which related two independent sentences through the semicolon between them.
"If you was a fish, Mother Nature 'd take care of you , wouldn 't Right? what does this quote mean?
and nooo links pls or i will report
Answer:
Holden symbolism of him and the fish/ducks shows his impatience. Holden's conversation begins when he asks the taxi driver about ducks and the fish.
Explanation:
Hope this helps..
Is the word as used in the sentence singular or plural?
Civics
A study of civics is helpful in preparing a student for life as an adult.
A.) Plural
B.) Singular
Answer:
a because she is helpful
Explanation:
A study of civics is helpful in preparing a student for life as an adult.
It is singular.
Why is it important to create a system flowchart before the development?
Answer:
Why it is important to create a flowchart before developing a program?
As a visual representation of data flow, flowcharts are useful in writing a program or algorithm and explaining it to others or collaborating with them on it. You can use an algorithm flowchart to spell out the logic behind a program before ever starting to code the automated process.
15 POINTS!! NEED HELP!!
In "Water Never Hurt a Man" how does the little boy character, John, change from the beginning of the story to the end of the story. Make sure to answer in your own words as well as provide quotes to prove your ideas. Include quotes using quote sandwiches!
Walter D. Edmonds in "Water Never Hurt a Man" shows that a boy can grow up over time. John changes from a fearful boy to a courageous man, able to confront bullies and overcome challenges.
Before his transformation, John was afraid of everything. He cracks because of the noise of the thunder. Lightning during a stormy night forces him to take cover as "... his back stiffened." Sometimes, John "...shut his eyes" in anticipation of thunder.
However, John soon got used to the lightning and the thunder, dark and stormy nights, bullying from other boys, and other boyhood challenges. John was eventually initiated into manhood to show that "Watter Never Hurt a Man." He has overcome his boyhood fears and can now square up to manly challenges.
Thus, growing up in life may present initial challenges and fears. A man should learn to overcome obstacles. Obstacles are stepping stones for growth.
Read more about Walter D. Edmonds' "Water Never Hurt a Man" at https://brainly.com/question/24951598
As a teenager, whose advice do you follow the most, a parent, teachers, friends? Explain with details.
Answer:
bro id go with my parents bc theyve known u your whole life so they know alot more than ur teachers or friends. also ur friends could be fake and ur teachers are kinda fake to if u think abt it. " never turn your back on family" - dom toretto
Explanation:
Describe Barnaby, including his eyes. Include at least three details from the story.
Barnaby is a quiet, slow dog with sad, inquisitive eyes, but despite everything, he is a very admirable dog.
Although you didn't show it, your question refers to the short story "The Great Green Gulch."
By reading this story, we can see that:
"The Great Green Gulch" is the story of a dog named Barnaby.Although Barnaby is always coached by its owner, it can't do any tricks and behaves very quietly and slowly.Barnaby is always looking at people with inquisitive and sad eyes, but it has a very cute and admirable appearance, as well as being a quiet dog, which makes its owner love it a lot.In this case, we can see that Barnaby has very expressive eyes, being one of his most striking characteristics.
More information:
https://brainly.com/question/11385517?referrer=searchResults
The Swimmer
Stroke after stroke, stroke after stroke
She glides across the water, skin shimmering inches below
Flip
Push
An arrow soaring just beneath the surface rises to the top again
Stroke after stroke, stroke after stroke.
How do the longer lines most clearly contribute to the meaning of the poem?
O A. The longer lines strengthen the information about the swimmer by
adding description
O B. The longer lines reinforce the idea of swimming the length of a
pool.
O C. The longer lines reflect the swimmer's dedication to consistent
improvement in her sport.
O D. The longer lines speed up the pace of the poem, showing the
swimmer's momentum.
If the student does not include a cell membrane in one or both of the models, how would that affect the function of the cell?
A.
The cell would not be able to produce food.
B.
There would be nothing to control what enters and exits the cell.
C.
There would be no rigid structure and support for the cell.
D.
The cell would not be able to produce energy.
Answer:
B.) There would be nothing to control what enters and exits the cell.
Explanation:
Due to this, the cell couldn't be able to move molecules across its membrane, and it would quickly die away.
“And they were riding to their deaths.” Why does this line of text create suspense?
Answer:
I'm thinking that "riding to their deaths" could mean two different things.
1. A simile, Riding to their deaths can mean riding for a long time.
2. Literally, Riding to their deaths can also mean that they are going to get into trouble from something ahead.
Explanation:
Which quotation best develops the concept that education is extremely beneficial
Answer:
¨Drugs aren´t cool, stay in school¨
Explanation:
Yeah
“They are always raising gas prices.”
What is grammatically incorrect about this sentence?
you have to say who 'they' is
and if they is a single person then 'are' should become 'is'
ex jack is always raising prices
I don’t have any writing skills whatsoever, so if someone would be willing to help me with a writing assignment, it’d be very much appreciated. I know that’s a lot to ask, but I didn’t even know about the assignment until like yesterday and now I need to have it turned in in a few days and if I don’t, I’m gonna fail the whole class. I’d be willing to pay.
Answer:
bett I can help you what is the assingment?
Explanation:
Let me know id gladly help you!!!!!
Write an email to friend thanking him for giving a nice birthday gift
Answer:
see below for email
Explanation:
Dear (friend's name),
Thank you for the birthday gift. It was much appreciated! I have been wanting something just like this for a while.
How have you been? It feel like forever since we've last talked. Maybe we could plan to meet sometime in the near future.
Thank you again for the thoughtful gift.
Sincerely,
(your name)
I need help with this ASAP … it was due this morning.. I have to get it done .. if I don’t I will get a F on it
Tan writes that she believes her mother's English had an effect on all of the following EXCEPT
I need help with this ASAP.. it is past due.. I have to get it done right now
Harry Potter chapter book 1 chapter 2
1. Why do you think the Dursleys treat Harry the way they do?
2. Why do you think strange things seem to "happen" around Harry?
3. What strange thing did the snake do?
4. Who are these strange people that come up to talk to Harry on the street?
5. Why do the Dursleys punish Harry for all the strange things that happen?
Answer:
1 - because they knew he was different and he was not their child
2 - because he is the chosen one and a wizard
3 - the snake talked to harry
4 - they are wizards
5 - because they think he is trouble and his mom was a witch
Explanation:
so stop answering my question by no because i dk harry potter
40 points + BrainLiest
The gray, wintry day, in the first paragraph it says it all started on a gray wintry day, which suggests the fact that the gray wintry day leads to them having the conversation.
Hope this help please give the brainliest award.
What similarity between the two myths do these passages illustrate?
Answer:
Well I don't know which myths
Explanation:
but there might a explanation like Pandora box and the kail myth they both tell you to have patience and to follow directions.
Why might mark Twain have written about lower class citizens in his satires
A. To ensure that he wrote only about topics with which he was familiar
Answer:
B. To reflect the realities of life in his writings.
Explanation:
in "the seventh man," why does the seventh man’s view of the past begin to change?
Answer: The Sevenths mans view changes as time goes on many times in the story. At first he beileved that K had smiled at him in between the first and second wave. Then he starts remembering it a little less and doesn't look down on it as hard when he moves away.
Definition a condition of great want suffering or difficulty
Answer:
a condition that is difficult to endure; suffering; deprivation; oppression: a life of hardship. an instance or cause of this; something hard to bear, as a deprivation, lack of comfort, or constant toil or danger: They faced bravely the many hardships of frontier life.Explanation:
Read this sentence from Paragraph 4 of the passage.
I can’t imagine how far gone I must have seemed to her, but I’ll never forget what she said as I prodded the chocolate mass parading as cake on my tray.
Which word has the most similar meaning to prodded in this sentence?
A) shoved
B) poked
C) touched
D) ate
(i have an answer but im just checking if im right)
Answer:
B: poked
Explanation:
poked and prodded are often used together
4. What usually creates or communicates mood in a short story?
the sensory details used to describe the setting
the story's narrator or point of view
the author's attitude toward writing fiction
the central problem faced by characters in the story
Answer:
the sensory details used to describe the setting
Explanation:
Mood is generally created through several different things. Setting, which provides the physical location of the story, is used in order to create a background in which the story takes place. Different settings can affect the mood of a story differently and usually supports or conflicts with the other content of the story in some way.
Hope this helps :)
In William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar,
who is a foil to Antony?
A. Brutus
B. Cinna
C. Caesar
D. The Soothsayer
Answer:
Brutus is a foil to Antony (Brutus is also a foil to Cassius, but that is not relevant)
Answer:
A. Brutus
Explanation:
there are twofold foils. Cassius is a foil to Brutus while Antony is a foil to Brutus as well.
Which line from the text suggests the speaker thinks space exploration is important?
No single space project in this period will be more impressive
...
We go into space because whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fully share.
O I am asking the Congress and the country to accept a firm commitment to a new course of action.
This gives promise of some day providing a means for even more exciting and ambitious exploration of space.
AMC
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
Hope thst this helped!
HELP ITS DUE IN #) MINS AND NO ONE IS HELPING ME IM PUT 100 POINTS ON THIS
Answer:
brainliest.
Explanation:
denotation of dove?
Answer:
1 : any of numerous pigeons especially : a small wild pigeon. 2 : a gentle woman or child. 3 : one who takes a conciliatory attitude and advocates negotiations and compromise especially : an opponent of war — compare hawk entry 1.
Explanation:
the first denotative meaning linked to the words "six pack", would be the physical chocolate bar packaging. It is also a symbol of survival, sacrifice and soul. Dove – suggests peace or gentility. However, the symbolic dove represents the idea or concept of peace in much literature, writing, and graphic representation.
HOPE THIS HELPS