Lenin and Trotsky employed brutality and terror as part of their strategy during the Russian Civil War to secure victory for the Bolsheviks. They utilized tactics such as mass executions, forced labor camps, and the establishment of the Cheka, a secret police organization.
These measures were aimed at suppressing opposition, eliminating threats to Bolshevik rule, and maintaining control over the population. Lenin and Trotsky relied on a combination of military force and ruthless repression to overcome their adversaries. The Red Army, led by Trotsky, employed aggressive tactics and brute force to defeat counter-revolutionary forces. War Communism, implemented by Lenin, involved seizing grain and resources from the peasantry, which often resulted in widespread discontent and resistance. The Cheka played a pivotal role in the campaign of terror, carrying out mass arrests, executions, and torture to eliminate perceived enemies of the Bolshevik regime.
These brutal actions, though justified as necessary for the revolution's survival, left a lasting legacy of suffering and repression in the aftermath of the civil war.
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according to a 2012 public opinion survey american voters believe
According to a 2012 public opinion survey, American voters believe a variety of things. For example, the survey found that 62% of voters believed that the economy was the most important issue facing the country.
Additionally, 51% of voters believed that the government should spend more money to create jobs, and 68% believed that taxes should be raised on households making over $250,000 per year. On social issues, 53% of voters believed that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry, while 45% believed that abortion should be legal in most or all cases. Overall, the survey shows that American voters have diverse opinions on a range of political issues.
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in 1979 there was a near-fatal accident at a nuclear power plant, which released a large amount of radioactive steam into the atmosphere at group of answer choices windscale. chernobyl. kyshtym. three mile island.
The near-fatal accident that released a large amount of radioactive steam into the atmosphere occurred in 1979 at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant.
This incident is considered as one of the worst nuclear accidents in the history of the United States. The accident was caused by a series of mechanical and human errors which led to a partial meltdown of the reactor core. The release of radioactive steam caused panic among the residents, and thousands of people were evacuated from the surrounding areas. The incident raised concerns about the safety of nuclear power plants, and stricter regulations were implemented to prevent such accidents in the future. Despite the severity of the incident, no fatalities were reported, but it had a significant impact on the environment and the health of the residents in the surrounding areas.
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How many convection cells are in figure 1B
Answer:
The atmosphere has six major convection cells, three in the northern hemisphere and three in the southern.
Explanation:
Which statement accurately describes Kublai Khan?
He conquered China and then rebuilt the country's war-ravaged infrastructure.
He relied on Chinese advisors, rather than Mongols from his own tribe, to help him rule.
He closed off China from all contact with foreigners during his reign.
He was poisoned by his half-brother, Genghis Khan, and died at the age of 34.
The statement that accurately describes Kublai Khan is that He relied on Chinese advisors, rather than Mongols from his own tribe, to help him rule.
What was Kublai Khan known for most?China's unification. The unification of China, which had been lost following the fall of the Tang dynasty was restored under Kublai. Because he was both a nomadic invader and a barbarian in Chinese eyes, his achievement was all the more remarkable.
Particularly terrible for Kublai's forces were the Mongol invasions of Japan in the 1270s and 1280s. The Mongol invaders were soundly routed by the Japanese, who also stopped the Mongol Empire from further extending into Japan. Tens of thousands of troops perished in the failed expeditions.
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**100 POINTS + BRAINLIEST**
Please answer the following questions in an easy-to-read answer:
hi hi! i wanted to help you since you helped me on my math <3!!
6) in 1502, he led a squadron of ships to Calicut to avenge the massacre of Portuguese explorers there and succeeded in subduing the inhabitants. In 1524, he was sent as viceroy to India, but he fell ill and died in Cochin.
7) muslims were running the spice trade in India
1) The Zamorin of Calicut promoted religious tolerance by allowing people of different faiths to live and practice their religion freely in his kingdom.
2) The people living near Calicut grew pepper because it was a profitable crop.
3) Mirza Shah Rukh
4) The Calicut officials profited from taxing the goods traded in the city.
5) via the Atlantic Ocean
6: In 1502, he led a squadron of ships to Calicut to avenge the massacre of Portuguese explorers there and succeeded in subduing the inhabitants. In 1524, he was sent as viceroy to India, but he fell ill and died in Cochin. This is a modal window.
7: After a 27-day journey, da Gama and his men arrived in Calicut, a coastal city in Southern India known today as Kozhikode. Subrahmanyam says that the Portuguese were "shocked" to find that Muslims were running the spice trade in India.
Sorry, I can only answer 6 and 7. I need to leave. : ( Good luck.
president richard nixon claimed he was not directly involved in his own re-election campaign in 1972. what reason did he give for not being involved?
President Richard Nixon claimed that he was not directly involved in his own re-election campaign in 1972 because he wanted to focus on governing the country.
He argued that his job as the president of the United States was to address the nation's challenges and provide leadership, rather than to engage in political campaigns. Nixon also asserted that he had delegated responsibilities to his campaign team, and he trusted them to make the right decisions on his behalf. However, this claim was later challenged when evidence emerged suggesting that Nixon was aware of illegal activities carried out by members of his campaign, including the Watergate scandal. As a result, Nixon resigned from his position as president in 1974, after facing impeachment proceedings.
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Which portion of the expedition sailed farther—the portion with Magellan in command or the portion after his death? 40 POINTS PLS HELP
.Which of the following statements about the conflict with the Barbary states of North Africa's Mediterranean coast are correct?
-In the 1780s and 1790s the United States agreed to pay annual tribute to the Barbary states.
-The European powers whose ships sailed the Mediterranean had long been paying tribute to the Barbary states.
-The British claimed the right to take men born on British soil who had become naturalized American citizens.
-Britain claimed the right to stop American merchant ships and reimpress deserters.
Answer:
Explanation:
so the answer would be b because 4 over 778 is 7876867 so i'm in college so i know these answers the answer is a -In the 1780s and 1790s the United States agreed to pay annual tribute to the Barbary states.
-The European powers whose ships
The conflict with the Barbary states of North Africa's Mediterranean coast are.
1. In the 1780s and 1790s, the United States agreed to pay annual tribute to the Barbary states.
2. The European powers whose ships sailed the Mediterranean had long been paying tribute to the Barbary states.
These statements are true because the Barbary states of North Africa's Mediterranean coast (Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli) were known for piracy and demanded tribute from nations whose ships sailed through their waters. The United States, along with European powers, agreed to pay tribute to avoid attacks on their ships and crews. However, in the early 1800s, the United States decided to stop paying tribute and sent naval forces to fight the Barbary pirates.
The other two statements are not directly related to the conflict with the Barbary states. The British claims of taking naturalized American citizens and stopping American merchant ships were part of the larger issues that led to the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain.
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What kinds of souvenirs does Pvt. Percante show off to Pvt. Blythe? in Band of Brothers #3 Carentan
In Band of Brothers #3 Carentan, Pvt. Percante shows off German helmets, Mauser rifles, and a Hitler Youth dagger to Pvt. Blythe.
In Band of Brothers #3 Carentan, Pvt. Percante shows off various souvenirs to Pvt. Blythe.
These souvenirs include a German helmet, a Luger pistol, and a Nazi flag. Pvt. Percante seems proud of these items and eager to share them with his fellow soldiers.
However, Pvt. Blythe seems hesitant and uncomfortable handling the Nazi flag, indicating that he may have conflicting feelings about the war and the act of taking souvenirs.
This scene highlights the complex and often conflicting emotions that soldiers may experience during wartime, and raises questions about the morality of taking souvenirs as trophies of war.
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Some historians consider the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century to have been crucial decades in the development of Western thought. Which of the following best supports that contention?
a.Discoveries in physics introduced the concepts of uncertainty and relativity, which challenged mechanistic models of the universe.
b.Christian missionaries introduced strains of relativism into Western thought after encountering cultures with radically different world views.
c.Efficiency experts employed scientific methods to regulate the workplace and thereby encouraged faith in economic progress.
d.Visual artists inspired by photography made realism the dominant aim of painter and sculptors.
The option that best supports the above contention is "Discoveries in physics introduced the concepts of uncertainty and relativity, which challenged mechanistic models of the universe."
What is the explanation for the above?This choice most strongly supports the claim that the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were pivotal in the formation of Western thinking.
Physics breakthroughs around this time, such as Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, brought new notions that contradicted previously accepted mechanistic views of the cosmos.
The introduction of uncertainty and relativity into physics has far-reaching consequences for philosophy, metaphysics, and our view of reality, resulting in a dramatic change in Western thought.
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during george w. bush's presidency, what event occurred that people thought he was promoting racism on
The complete question may be like:
What event during George W. Bush's presidency sparked allegations of promoting racism and drew criticism from the public?
One event during George W. Bush's presidency that sparked allegations of promoting racism and drew criticism from the public was his administration's response to Hurricane Katrina.
The event during George W. Bush's presidency that sparked allegations of promoting racism and drew criticism from the public was the response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Here is a step-by-step explanation:
Delayed response: The initial response to Hurricane Katrina was widely criticized for its perceived slow and inadequate reaction. The delay in providing aid and assistance, particularly to the predominantly African American communities in New Orleans, fueled accusations of racial bias.Disproportionate impact: Hurricane Katrina disproportionately affected low-income and minority communities, exacerbating existing social and economic disparities. The lack of prompt and effective relief efforts was seen as a reflection of systemic racial inequality and neglect.Inadequate government support: The federal government's response, including FEMA's handling of the crisis, was criticized for its inefficiency and unpreparedness. The perceived failure to prioritize and adequately address the needs of the affected communities reinforced allegations of racial bias.Media coverage: Media coverage highlighted the racial disparities in the response and portrayed scenes of African Americans stranded and suffering in the aftermath of the hurricane. This coverage amplified the perception of racial insensitivity and inequality in the government's handling of the crisis.Overall, the response to Hurricane Katrina became a focal point for discussions on racial inequality and the government's responsibility to protect vulnerable communities, leading to criticism and allegations of promoting racism during George W. Bush's presidency.
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garcia v san antonio metropolitan transit authority case brief
the Garcia v San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority case brief refers to a 1985 United States Supreme Court case that dealt with whether Congress could extend the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) to state and local governments.
In this case, the San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (SAMTA) had refused to pay its employees minimum wage and overtime, arguing that it was immune from FLSA because it was a governmental entity. However, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power to regulate state and local government employees under the FLSA. This decision had far-reaching implications, as it paved the way for Congress to regulate other areas of state and local government employment. The case remains an important precedent for determining the extent of federal power over state and local government actions.
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What is the purpose of the establishment clause?
O to give citizens the right to form religious groups
O to stop government from supporting one religion
to give government power to choose a state religion
to stop citizens from practicing religion in public
explain the different challenges that each trench belt created.
During World War I, trench belts were created as a means of defense and protection for soldiers. Each trench belt presented different challenges that soldiers had to face.
The front-line trench belt was the first line of defense and the most dangerous area for soldiers. It was often subjected to heavy artillery and machine gun fire, which made it challenging for soldiers to hold their positions and advance.
The support trench belt was located behind the front-line trench belt and was designed to provide reinforcements and supplies to the soldiers in the front-line. However, this trench belt was also vulnerable to artillery fire, which made it challenging to transport supplies and maintain communication with the front-line.
The reserve trench belt was located further back and was used to provide rest and relief for soldiers who had been fighting in the front-line and support trenches. However, this trench belt was still subject to enemy attack, which made it challenging to provide the necessary rest and relief for soldiers.
Overall, the different challenges that each trench belt presented made it difficult for soldiers to maintain their positions and advance. They had to contend with constant enemy fire, harsh weather conditions, and a lack of supplies and resources. Despite these challenges, soldiers persevered and demonstrated incredible courage and resilience in the face of adversity.
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Do you think legalism was an effective [good] way to unify China?
Legalism played a role in the short-term unification of China, its effectiveness as a long-term and "good" method is debatable. Its oppressive nature and disregard for personal freedoms and moral values ultimately hindered the sustainable and harmonious development of Chinese society.
Legalism, as an ancient Chinese philosophy, aimed to achieve social order and stability through strict adherence to laws, regulations, and harsh punishments. Whether it was an effective or "good" way to unify China is subjective and depends on one's perspective.
From a pragmatic standpoint, Legalism did contribute to the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty. The implementation of a centralized legal system, standardized laws, and uniform administration helped to bring disparate regions under a single ruling authority. The strict enforcement of laws and severe punishments deterred potential dissent and maintained order, which was necessary for a unified state.
However, the effectiveness of Legalism in unifying China came at a significant cost. The philosophy's emphasis on absolute obedience to authority, its oppressive nature, and heavy reliance on punishments created a climate of fear and repression. This led to widespread discontent among the population, as individual liberties and moral values were often sacrificed for the sake of obedience and social control.
Moreover, Legalism's disregard for human compassion, personal freedoms, and ethical considerations undermined the long-term stability of the unified state. The oppressive nature of Legalism eventually contributed to the downfall of the Qin Dynasty and the emergence of other governing philosophies, such as Confucianism and Daoism, which sought a more balanced approach to governance.
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explain some of the ways that the policies of the Reagan administration continue to influence American politics today
A) The Reagan administration's policies are no longer relevant to current American politics.
B) The Reagan administration's policies contributed to the growth of the federal government and continue to shape debates about the role of government in society.
C) The Reagan administration's policies contributed to the rise of neoliberalism and continue to shape debates about the economy and social welfare.
D) The Reagan administration's policies contributed to the rise of conservatism and continue to shape debates about social issues such as abortion and LGBTQ+ rights.
B, C, and D are all accurate ways in which the policies of the Reagan administration continue to influence American politics today.
The administration's policies of tax cuts and deregulation contributed to the growth of the federal government, which is still debated today in discussions about the role of government in society. Additionally, the Reagan administration's policies helped usher in a period of neoliberalism that prioritized the free market and individualism, which continues to shape debates about the economy and social welfare. Lastly, the Reagan administration's conservative policies on social issues, such as opposition to abortion and LGBTQ+ rights, helped to solidify the Republican party's stance on these issues and continue to shape debates on them today.
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Compare the role that religion played in increasing trade from 1200-1450, along 2 of the following routes:
Silk Roads
Indian Ocean Trade
Trans-Saharan Trade
Religion, particularly Buddhism and Islam, played a crucial role in facilitating trade along the Silk Roads. Buddhism, which originated in India and spread to Central Asia and China, provided a unifying cultural and religious framework.
Buddhist monasteries and pilgrim centers along the Silk Roads served as places of rest and exchange, promoting trade and cultural interaction.
Islam emerged as a dominant religion along the Silk Roads, especially after the 7th century.
Muslim merchants and travelers, motivated by religious pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj), traveled along the Silk Roads, establishing commercial networks and promoting trade.
Islamic trading practices, such as the concept of fair trade and the prohibition of usury (interest), helped foster trust and facilitated economic transactions.
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Which of the following was not included in the National Security Act of 1947?
Select one:
a. It provided the basis for the Department of Defense.
b. It created the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
c. It created the National Security Council.
d. It created the Air Force.
e. It created the Central Intelligence Agency.
It created the Federal Bureau of Investigation was not included in the National Security Act of 1947. So, the correct choice is option B.
The National Security Act of 1947 was a significant piece of legislation in the United States that reorganized and strengthened the nation's military and intelligence apparatus. While it made several important changes, including the establishment of key institutions, it did not create the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
a. The National Security Act of 1947 did provide the basis for the Department of Defense. It unified the military under a single Secretary of Defense and established the Department of the Air Force as a separate branch.c. The act did create the National Security Council (NSC), which serves as the principal advisory body to the President on national security and foreign policy matters.d. The Air Force was indeed created as a separate branch of the military under the National Security Act of 1947, ensuring its distinct identity and focus.e. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was also established under the act. It became the primary civilian intelligence agency responsible for gathering and analyzing intelligence information.In summary, while the National Security Act of 1947 created the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, the Air Force, and the Central Intelligence Agency, it did not create the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
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Which statement best describes a crisis faced by the United States in the 1970s?
Answer: i belive the answer is C or D * but i belive its most likely C
Explanation: i did an educated guess based on the information you gave me so i hope im right * i will be shocked if its wrong*
explain the importance of the 1890 census in turners thesis.
The 1890 census played a significant role in Turner's Thesis as it marked a turning point in American history. Turner used the census to illustrate his theory that the frontier was closing and that the American identity was evolving.
The census revealed that the western frontier was no longer a vast, unsettled territory, and that America's expansion had reached its limits. This prompted Turner to argue that America needed to reinvent itself and find new ways to progress. The 1890 census helped to support Turner's thesis by providing empirical evidence of the transformation of America's identity and the end of its expansionist period. It highlighted the need for a new American identity and a new frontier.
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Hypatia of Alexandria was welcomed and celebrated by the Church
o True
o False
False. Hypatia of Alexandria was not welcomed and celebrated by the Church. In fact, she faced opposition and hostility from certain Christian factions during her lifetime.
Hypatia, a renowned philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer, lived in Alexandria, Egypt, during the 4th and 5th centuries. She was a prominent figure in the intellectual and scholarly community of Alexandria, known for her lectures and teachings.
However, Hypatia's association with pagan philosophy and her prominent position as a female scholar in a male-dominated society made her a target of religious and political conflict. Alexandria at that time was divided between various Christian sects, including the orthodox and the followers of Cyril, the patriarch of Alexandria.
In 415 CE, Hypatia's life was tragically cut short when she was brutally murdered by a mob of Christian zealots. Her murder was driven by a combination of religious, political, and social tensions of the time. While the exact motivations behind her killing are complex and debated, it is widely acknowledged that her pagan beliefs, intellectual prominence, and influence threatened certain factions within the Christian community.
Therefore, it is incorrect to say that Hypatia was welcomed and celebrated by the Church. Rather, she was a victim of religious conflict and intolerance during her lifetime. However, it is important to note that not all Christians at the time shared the same attitudes or were involved in her persecution. The actions against Hypatia were perpetrated by a specific group of individuals, and her tragic fate should not be generalized to represent the entire Christian community of the time.
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Read the following statement from the "Preamble."
The peoples of the U.N. are determined to promote social progress and better standards of life.
Which of the following selections BEST supports the promotion of "better standards of life"?
A
Men and women will vote by secret ballot or by other free and equal voting procedures.
B
We all have the right to a home, to have enough money to live on and medical help if we are ill.
C
Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his job and a safe workplace.
D
All children, whether born to one or two parents, shall have the same protection.
Men and women will vote by secret ballot or by other free and equal voting procedures. Thus, option A is the correct option.
The United Nations was established, as stated in the Preamble of the UN Charter, "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind." Although other bodies, such as the General Assembly and the Secretariat, play a significant role in formulating recommendations and helping in the resolution of armed conflicts, the Security Council is the primary instrument responsible for preserving international peace and security.
The UN has seen and acted as a catalyst for an enormous change in international relations since its creation in 1945. It sprang from the rubble of World War II and survived through the years despite the Cold War nuclear threat and various local conflicts.
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Which part of the United States has a larger history of American Indian and Russian influence?
A.
the West
B.
Alaska
C.
New England
D.
Hawaii
Over the evolutionary history of the horse, there have been several trends in how their bodies have changed. Which trend shows a decrease?
Over the evolutionary history of the horse, there have been several trends in how their bodies have changed. The trends shows a decrease a. The number of toes on the fore feet
What is the evolutionary history?In Eocene epoch, horses had many toes. The ancient horse had 4 toes on front and 3 on back feet. Toe reduction trend over time. Horses evolved to have fewer toes and bodies suited for running.
The horse's middle toes developed and the lateral toes regressed. Digit reduction process. Modern horses have a single functional toe on each foot, with small remnants of other toes higher up in the leg. Horses evolved to have fewer toes over time.
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The data table below provides information on the ancestors of the modern horse...
Over the evolutionary history of the horse, there have been several trends in how their bodies have changed. Which trends shows a decrease?
I know it says draw, but could you like describe the strategies and then I can like draw it out thanks also I need help ASAP please thank you
Answer:
Explanation:
mi no habla ingles, porgur wive en espana
prior to the immigration act of 1965, the highest number legal immigrants to america under the old immigration quota system established in the 1920s came from which of the following regions?elimination toolselect one answerasouthern and eastern europe.
A. bnorthern and western europe.
B. cmexico and latin and africa.
Prior to the Immigration Act of 1965, the highest number of legal immigrants to America under the old immigration quota system established in the 1920s came from Southern and Eastern Europe.
This region included countries such as Italy, Greece, Poland, and Russia. The immigration quota system limited the number of immigrants from each country based on a percentage of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890. This system favored immigrants from Northern and Western Europe, where a higher percentage of the American population came from, while limiting the number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. The Immigration Act of 1965 abolished the quota system and allowed for a more diverse group of immigrants to enter the United States.
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". . . My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. . . .”-John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, 1961
To implement the idea expressed in this statement, President Kennedy supported the
a
removal of US troops from Korea.
b
formation of the Peace Corps.
c
creation of the Marshall Plan.
d
establishment of the South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
The correct answer is b) formation of the Peace Corps.
What President Kennedy supportedTo implement the idea expressed in the quote, President Kennedy supported the formation of the Peace Corps. The Peace Corps is a volunteer program that sends American citizens abroad to provide assistance and support to developing countries. Its aim is to promote peace, understanding, and cooperation by assisting with various areas such as education, health, agriculture, and community development.
The statement by President Kennedy emphasizes the importance of collective action and collaboration for the freedom and betterment of humanity.
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What was one way people in Washington who supported the war targeted people who were opposed to the war? A. They spied on neighbors who expressed antiwar ideas. B. They bought Liberty Bonds to pay the costs of the war. C. They provided lumber to build airplanes and ships. D. They volunteered for military service rather than waiting to be drafted.
When did Colorado become a U.S. territory?(1 point)
Responses
the year World War I began
the year World War I began
the year the Civil War began
the year the Civil War began
the year World War II began
the year World War II began
the year the American Revolution began
Colorado became a U.S. territory in the year the American Revolution began.
What year did Colorado become a U.S. territory?Colorado became a U.S. territory on February 28, 1861. It was during the year the American Civil War began. This was a time of significant expansion and settlement in the western territories of the United States. Colorado's territorial status paved the way for its eventual statehood, which occurred on August 1, 1876.
The American Revolution, World War I, and World War II occurred at later points in history and are not directly connected to Colorado becoming a U.S. territory.
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Which of the following is generally considered to have been a factor in the fall of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century CE? (multiple answers - check all that apply)
Select one or more:
a) The lack of a viable system of imperial succession
b) The rise of Christianity and decline of the traditional religion
c) A decrease in economic productivity over the 3rd and 4th centuries.
d) The destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War
e) 'Barbarian' invas
The fall of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century CE was influenced by multiple factors. The lack of a viable system of imperial succession the rise of Christianity and decline of the traditional religion and A decrease in economic productivity over the 3rd and 4th centuries and 'Barbarian' invas so the correct answer is (a), (b),(c),(e).
The following options were contributing factors:
The lack of a viable system of imperial succession: This factor played a role in the instability and power struggles within the Roman Empire. Succession issues often led to conflicts, civil wars, and divisions within the empire, weakening its overall governance.
The rise of Christianity and decline of the traditional religion: The spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire brought about significant changes in religious practices and beliefs. As Christianity gained prominence, it led to a decline in the influence and support for the traditional Roman religion, affecting social cohesion and traditional values.
A decrease in economic productivity over the 3rd and 4th centuries: The Roman Empire experienced economic decline during this period, characterized by factors such as inflation, heavy taxation, decline in agricultural productivity, and disruption of trade routes. These economic challenges contributed to social unrest, reduced resources, and weakened the overall stability of the empire.
'Barbarian' invasions: The influx of various 'barbarian' groups, such as the Visigoths, Vandals, and Huns, into the Roman Empire's territories in the fifth century CE posed significant military and political challenges. These invasions weakened the empire's defenses, caused widespread destruction, and ultimately contributed to the collapse of the western Roman Empire.
Option d, the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War, is not considered a significant factor in the fall of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century CE. It occurred much earlier in 146 BCE and did not directly lead to the empire's collapse.
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