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Answer:

Explanation:It is given that burning one mole of caffeine gives heat.

The given mass of caffeine is 5g.

Molar mass of caffeine can be calculated as shown below.

Calculate the number of moles of caffeine burned as follows:

Q = mc ΔT

0.0258 ×4.96 × 103 × 284.37

= 3.64 × 104J/°C

When electrons are passed from one atom to a more electronegative atom, the more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released.

In chemistry, oxidation reduction reactions make reference to different chemical processes for which atoms take electrons (the reduced form of the atoms), while another atom accepts electrons (the oxidized forms of the atoms), thereby releasing energy.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that oxidation reduction reactions are different types of chemical processes that release energy and involve electron acceptors (oxidized atoms) and electron donors (reduced atoms).

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Two mole of ideal gas is compressed isothermal from 10 to 10,000 atmospheric pressure at 500 degree kelvin then the entropy change in the process is  -114.86 J/K

Ideal gas is the hypothetical gas composed of molecule which follow a some rules in that ideal molecule do not attract or repel to each other and here given data is

Ideal gas = 2 mole

Pressure = P₁ = 10

Pressure = P₂ = 10,000

Temprature = 500 degree kelvin

We have to calculate entropy change in the process =?

We know the entropy change

ΔS = cv ln(T₂/T₁) +nR ln (P₂/P₁)

For isothermal compression temprature constant,

ΔS = nR ln (P₂/P₁)

ΔS = 2×8.314×ln(10/10,000)

ΔS = -114.86 J K⁻

ΔS = -114.86 J/K

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The compound is represented by formula comprising symbols of elements.

An element is represented by chemical symbol like oxygen is O, hydrogen is H calcium is Ca and so on.

The compound is represented by the formula comprising symbols of elements. Compound is made up of two or more elements join together. some of the example are given below :

water - H₂O , made up of oxygen atom and hydrogen atom

Ammonia - NH₄

Calcium carbonate - CaCO₃

Carbon dioxide - CO₂

Acetic acid - CH₃COOH

these are the some example of compound , formula of compound comprises the chemical symbol of elements.

Thus, The compound is represented by formula comprising symbols of elements.

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Answer: The newest, thinnest crust on Earth is located near the center of mid-ocean ridge—the actual site of seafloor spreading

Answer:

D. mid-ocean ridge

Explanation:

the concentration of cu2 in the standard solution is 2.37*10^-3 M

What is concentration ?

The amount of solute that has been dissolved in a specific volume of solvent or solution is measured by the solution's concentration. A solution that contains a significant amount of dissolved solute is said to be concentrated. A solution is said to be dilute if it only contains a little amount of dissolved solute.

V1S1 = V2S2

S2 = V1S1/V2 = ( 1.50*3.95*10^-2)/25 = 2.37*10^-3 M

the concentration of cu2 in the standard solution is 2.37*10^-3 M

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The Conduction and Convection Gizmo shows two flasks of colored water, one blue and one yellow. Select Copper and Solid chunk from the dropdown lists his means the two flasks are separated by a solid piece of copper, and the two liquids cannot touch each other then temprature tries to become the even/leveled

Conduction is the process to transfer heat from one substances to another by direct contact and convention means a rise and sink due to temprature and density differences this is called convention and when  two flasks are separated by a solid piece of copper, and the two liquids cannot touch each other then to use the sliders to make one flask hotter than other and the temprature tries to become the even/leveled

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Low NH₄ and high O₂ conditions are required for nitrogenase expression up-regulated.

control over the transcription of nitrogenase. The transcriptional control of nitrogen fixing is influenced by the oxygen and ammonium levels in the surrounding air. Because the nitrogenase components are oxygen labile, it is advantageous for bacteria to limit transcription when oxygen concentrations are high.

Reversible mono-ADP-ribosylation of the Fe protein, one of nitrogenase's components, regulates the enzyme's activity. The electrons necessary for the reduction of molecular nitrogen are supplied by this protein to the MoFe protein, the other component.

The enzyme nitrogenase turns nitrogen into ammonia. Some prokaryotes include it. Biological nitrogen fixation is the conversion of dinitrogen to ammonia by living things. The enzyme nitrogenase facilitates the transformation of nitrogen into ammonia.

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0.00925 moles OR 9.25103 moles of OH remain unreacted in the solution after the neutralization process is finished.

In a neutralization reaction, an acid and a base mix chemically to yield salt and water as the final products. During a neutralization process, H+ and OH- ions interact to produce water.

The balanced chemical equation is

H₂SO₄ + 2KOH → K₂SO₄ + 2H₂O

Now determine the number of moles

For H₂SO₄

Volume = 23.61 mL = 0.02361L

Concentration = 0.120M

From the formula,

Number of moles = Concentration × Volume

∴ Number of moles of H₂SO₄ = 0.120 × 0.02361

Number of moles of H₂SO₄ = 0.0028332 moles

For KOH

Volume =mL = 48.16ml = 0.04816 L

Concentration = 0.309 M

∴ Number of moles of KOH = 0.309 × 0.04816

Number of moles of KOH = 0.01488144 moles

From the equation of reaction,

0.0028332 moles of H₂SO₄ will neutralize 2× 0.0028332moles KOH

2× 0.0028332 = 0.0056664 moles

This means only 0.0056664 moles of KOH reacted

The amount of unreacted OH moles will now be discussed.

Number of unreacted OH moles equals the total number of OH moles at the start of the reaction. Quantity of OH that reacted in moles

∴ Number of moles of unreacted OH⁻ = 0.01488144 moles - 0.0056664 moles

Number of moles of unreacted OH⁻ ≅ 0.00925 moles OR 9.25×10⁻³ moles

Hence, the number of moles of OH⁻ that are unreacted in the solution after the neutralization is complete is 0.00925 moles OR moles 9.25×10⁻³.

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4°c, the temperature of maximum density for water.

Below that point, the crystalline lattice starts to form and the water begins to expand. The density decreases above that temperature as a result of the elevated molecular vibrational activity.

Temperature is a numerical expression of how hot a substance or radiation is. There are three different kinds of temperature scales: those that depend only on macroscopic properties and thermodynamic principles, like Kelvin's original definition; those that depend only on practical empirical properties of particulate matter rather than theoretical principles; and those that depend on the average translational kinetic energy per freely moving microscopic particle, such as an atom, molecule, or electron, in a body, like the SI scale.

A thermometer is used to determine temperature. It is calibrated using a variety of temperature scales, each of which has a distinct historical definition determined by a specific set of reference points and thermometric materials. The Celsius scale is the most widely used scale.

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Answer:

Zinc is more reactive than lead, iron and silver so, zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to form Zn2+ ions.

Answer:

zn2+

Explanation:

the reason for this answer is that when hydrochloric acid and zinc come together they react to form a stronger ion

The balanced reaction equation for this transformation looks like this:

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl₃(aq) + 3H₂(g)

In order to write the balanced reaction equation for this redox reaction, we must first write what we know. Aluminum metal is solid (Al(s)), and it is reacting with aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)). When elemental metals react with acids, this results in the formation of appropriate salts (in this case aluminum chloride, that will be dissolved in water, so AlCl₃(aq)) and elemental gaseous hydrogen (H₂(g)):

Al(s) + HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + H₂(g)

This reaction equation isn't balanced because we have different numbers of atoms for every element on the left and the right side (except for Al). The easiest way to begin balancing is to notice that chlorine atoms will be balanced if we add 3 in front of HCl:

Al(s) + 3HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + H₂(g)

However, we can see now that 3HCl cannot possibly produce the H₂ molecule. The smallest common multiple of 3 and 2 is 6, so we should have 6 hydrogen atoms on each side:

Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3H₂(g)

To balance the chlorine atoms we add 2 in front of AlCl₃, and then 2 in front of Al to balance aluminum, arriving at the balanced reaction equation:

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl₃(aq) + 3H₂(g)

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Answer:

145,000 meters

Explanation:

1 kilometer = 1000 meter

145 kilometer = 145 times 1000 meters

so:

145 × 1000 = 145,000 meters

Answer: 1. Positive ions

2. They're called Cations

explanation: Cations are positive ions and anions are negative ions. Metals always form positive ions as they lose electrons to be like the Nobel gases - with full outer shells.



In this question, we have to calculate the theoretical yield of AlCl3, based on the following reaction:

2 Al + 3 Cl2 -> 2 AlCl3

In this reaction, we have the following molar ratios:

2 Al = 3 Cl2

2 Al = 2 AlCl3

3 Cl2 = 2 AlCl3

We have as the initial mass of the reactants:

1.0 grams of Al and 1.0 grams of Cl2

We need to find the limiting and excess reactants before the theoretical yield, and in order to find the limiting and excess reactants, we need to calculate the number of moles we have in 1.0 grams of each

Starting with Al, the molar mass of Al is = 27g/mol

27g = 1 mol of Al

1.0g = x moles of Al

27x = 1

x = 0.37 moles of Al in 1 gram of Al

According to the molar ratio between Al and Cl2, 2 moles of Al = 3 moles of Cl2, what if we have 0.37 moles of Al:

2 Al = 3 Cl2

0.37 Al = x Cl2

2x = 1.11

x = 1.11/2

x = 0.55 moles of Cl2 will be needed to react with 0.37 moles of Al

The molar mass of Cl2 is 70.9g/mol:

70.9g = 1 mol of Cl2

1.0g = x moles

70.9x = 1

x = 1/70.9

x = 0.014 moles

We have 0.014 moles of Cl2 in this reaction, and we needed 0.55 moles of Cl2, which means that Cl2 is the limiting reactant and Al is in excess

Using the number of moles of the limiting reactant, 0.014 moles, we will find the final mass of the product

First we need to know how many moles of AlCl3 we have, based on the molar mass between Cl2 and AlCl3, 3:2

3 Cl2 = 2 AlCl3

0.014 Cl2 = x AlCl3

3x = 0.028

x = 0.028/3

x = 0.009 moles of AlCl3

Now we have the number of moles of AlCl3, the molar mass is = 133.34g/mol

133.34g = 1 mol

x grams = 0.009 moles of AlCl3

x = 0.009 * 133.34

x = 1.20 grams of AlCl3

The theoretical yield of AlCl3 for 1.0 gram of Al and 1.0 gram of Cl2 will be 1.20 grams

Answer

a. C₂H₂O + 2O₂ → 2CO₂ + H₂O

b. 8 moles of O₂

c. 64 g of O₂

d. The grams of CO₂ produced is 262 g and the mass of H₂O produced is 53.6 g.

Explanation

a. The balanced chemical equation gasohol is a fuel containing liquid ethanol (C₂H₂O) that burns in oxygen gas to give carbon dioxide and water gases is:

b. The moles of O₂ needed to completely react with 4.0 moles of C₂H₂O?.

The mole ratio of O₂ to C₂H₂O in the balanced equation is 2:1.

Therefore, 4.0 moles of C₂H₂O will completely react with (2 x 4) = 8 moles of O₂.

c. The mass in grams of O₂ that is used up in the reaction if a car produces 88 g of CO₂.

The molar mass of CO₂ = 44.01 g/mol

The molar mass of O₂ = 31.999 g/mol

The mole ratio of O₂ to CO₂ is 2:2

This implies (2 mol x 31.999 g/mol) = 63.998 g of O₂ is used up to produce (2 mol x 44.01 g/mol) = 88.02 g of CO₂

Therefore x g of O₂ will be used up to produce 88 g of CO₂

That is;

Hence, the mass in grams of O₂ that is used up in the reaction if a car produces 88 g of CO₂ is 64 g.

d. The grams of CO₂ and H₂O that can be produced if 125 g of C₂H₂O were burnt.

1 mole of C₂H₂O = 42.04 g

1 mole of CO₂ = 44.01 g

1 mole of H₂O = 18.01 g

Mass of CO₂ produced:

From the balanced, the mole ratio of C₂H₂O to CO₂ is 1:2

The grams of CO₂ produced is 262 g.

Mass of H₂O produced:

From the balanced, the mole ratio of C₂H₂O to H₂O is 1:1

The mass of H₂O produced is 53.6 g

The molarity of the silver nitrate solution in the 200.00 mL flask is 0.22856 M.

To calculate the molarity of the solution in the 200.00 mL flask, we must need the number of moles present and the volume (200.00 mL = 0.20000 L).

To obtain the number of moles present, we can calculate the mass of AgNO₃ in the 200.00 mL sample and then use the molar mass of silver nitrate (M = 169.87 g/mol) to calculate the number of moles.

So, if there's 97.364 g of silver nitrate in the 1000.00 mL flask, we can use a simple proportion to calculate the mass present in 79.763 mL:

97.364 g : 1000.00 mL = X : 79.763 mL

X = 97.364 g * 79.763 mL / 1000.00 mL = 7.7660 g

This same mass is present in the final 200.00 mL solution, as it is merely diluted. So, we can now calculate the number of moles (n) of silver nitrate:

n = m/M

n = 7.7660 g / 169.86 g/mol

n = 0.045712 mol

Finally, we can use this to calculate the molarity (c) of the final solution:

c = n/V

c = 0.045712 mol / 0.20000 L = 0.22856 M

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The percent yield of the reaction with formation of lead oxide  is 70.29%.

Percent yield is defined as the ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield multiplied by 100. If the actual and theoretical yield are same then the percent yield is 100%.If actual yield is less than the theoretical yield then the percent yield is less than 100%.Reason of this condition arising is the incompletion of reaction or loss of sample during recovery process.

In cases where percent yield is over 100% it indicates that more sample is recovered than the predicted amount.This condition arises when there are other simultaneous reactions taking place leading to the formation of product. It can also arise if there is incomplete removal of impurities from the sample .

In the given problem, 2 moles of lead produce 2 moles of lead oxide

That is, 414.4 g lead produces 446.4 g of lead oxide

hence,451.54 g lead will produce 451.4×446.4/414.4=486.251 g which is the theoretical yield

Now by substituting the values in the formula,341.8/486.251 ×100=70.29%

Hence, the percent yield of the reaction is 70.29%.

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The flask at the endpoint will contain (besides the indicator phenolphthalein) the principal component is dissolved sodium sulfate and water.

The amount of sulfuric acid needed to neutralize the sodium hydroxide is 0.010 moles.

The endpoint, both the reactants will be exactly equal to neutralize each other. The flask will contain [tex]Na_{2} So_{4}[/tex] and water. [tex]Na_{2} So_{4}[/tex] is highly soluble in water and so it will exist as a solution in water. No precipitate will be formed.

The endpoint of the titration of a strong base and strong acid is where the base is just neutralized by the acid. At the endpoint, neither the base nor the acid is in excess.

The reaction of NaOH with [tex]H_{2} So_{4}[/tex] is

2NaOH(aq) + [tex]H_{2} So_{4}[/tex] (aq) -------> [tex]Na_{2} So_{4}[/tex] (aq) + 2[tex]H_{2} 0[/tex](l)

A solution is any combination of one or more solutes that have dissolved in a solvent. Remember that the solvent has the maximum concentration of any chemical. There are many different types of solutions. For instance, a solute might be a gas, a liquid, or a solid.

A solution is made up of both a solute and a solvent. The solvent, which dissolves the solute, makes up the majority of the solution. There are many useful uses for liquids' capacity to dissolve other liquids or solids. Chemists can separate and purify materials and perform chemical analysis by taking advantage of variations in solubility.

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West to east direction the Sun appear to move across the sky.

The correct option is West to east.

The Sun, Moon, planets, and stars all rise in the east and travel westward across the sky because Earth rotates or spins in an eastward direction.

Start by pointing your left arm in the direction of the sun in the morning to get a sense of where north, south, east, and west are. Caitlin Dempsey is pictured. Now extend your right hand in the direction of the west. Your back is to the north and you are now looking south.

The four principal compass directions are known as the four cardinal directions, or cardinal points. They are north, east, south, and west, and are typically represented by the initials N, E, S, and W, respectively.

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Photochemical smog is  formed from nitrogen oxides.

When the sun's ultraviolet rays interact with the atmosphere's nitrogen oxides, photochemical smog is created. It appears as a brown haze and is most noticeable in the morning and late afternoon, particularly in warm, densely populated places.

Although the formation of photochemical haze is a complicated process, its origin is relatively clear. While coal-fired power plants and some other power plants also produce the required pollutants to permit its manufacturing, automobiles are the main contributor.

Therefore, Photochemical smog is  formed from nitrogen oxides.

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The photochemical smog is formed from nitrogen oxides. Thus option D is correct.

Photochemical smog is defined as a combination of pollutants that are produced when sunlight interacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), resulting in a brown haze above cities.

It is also defined as a brownish-gray haze brought on by the sun's UV rays reacting with the atmosphere's hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide pollution.

When volatile organic molecules and nitrogen oxides interact with sunlight, photochemical smog is formed, which is comparable to a mixture of contaminants.

Thus, the photochemical smog is formed from nitrogen oxides. Thus option D is correct.

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The predominant chemical species affecting the pH is H₃O⁺, but the pH value of the resulting solution is actually 1.26.

To calculate the pH value of the resulting solution we need the number of moles of H⁺ ions (n) and the volume of the solution (V). The volume is easy - it is the sum of the volumes of the barium hydroxide solution (13.90 mL = 0.01390 L) and the hydrochloric acid solution (45.00 mL = 0.04500 L)

V(total) = V(Ba(OH)₂) + V(HCl)

V(total) = 0.01390 L + 0.04500 L = 0.05890 L

Now we need to calculate the number of moles of H⁺ (H₃O⁺) ions. The number of moles of H⁺ ions in the HCl solution is:

n(H⁺) = c(HCl) * V(HCl)

n(H⁺) = 0.300 M * 0.04500 L = 0.0135 mol

On the other hand, the number of moles of OH⁻ ions is double the number of moles of barium hydroxide, because 1 mol of barium hydroxide releases 2 moles of OH⁻ ions:

n(OH⁻) = 2 * c(Ba(OH)₂) * V(Ba(OH)₂)

n(OH⁻) = 2 * 0.370 M * 0.01390 L = 0.010286 mol

The number of moles of H⁺ ions is greater than the number of moles of OH⁻ ions, so after the neutralization, we will have an excess of H⁺ ions:

n(H₃O⁺) = n(H⁺) - n(OH⁻)

n(H₃O⁺) = 0.0135 mol - 0.010286 mol = 0.003214 mol

We can now finally calculate the concentration of H₃O⁺ ions in the final solution:

c(H₃O⁺) = n(H₃O⁺) / V(total)

c(H₃O⁺) = 0.003214 mol / 0.05890 L = 0.05457 M

From this, we can find the pH value of the solution:

pH = -log(c(H₃O⁺))

pH = -log(0.05457)

pH = 1.26

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The empirical formula of the compound is C₂H₂S if the carbon content in the carbon dioxide obtained is 41.34% and the hydrogen content in the water obtained is 3.47%.

If the percentage of carbon content is 41.34% and hydrogen content is 3.47%, we can determine the percentage of sulfur content as follows;

percentage of sulfur = 100% - 41.34% - 3.47% = 55.19%

Now considering 100g of the compound;

Carbon = (41.34/100) × 100 = 41.34 g

Hydrogen = (3.47/100) × 100 = 3.47 g

Sulfur = (55.19/100) × 100 = 55.19 g

Now we can determine the moles of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur by using their molar mass as follows;

Carbon: 41.34 ÷ 12.011 = 3.44 moles (Moles = mass ÷ molar mass)

Hydrogen: 3.47 ÷ 1.00784 = 3.44 moles

Sulfur: 55.19 ÷ 32.065 = 1.72 moles

Now by dividing each of the mole values by the smallest determined number of moles (1.72 moles), we can calculate the empirical formula as follows;

Carbon = 3.44 / 1.72 = 2

Hydrogen = 3.44 / 1.72 = 2

Sulfur = 1.72 / 1.72 = 1

Therefore the empirical formula of the compound will be C₂H₂S

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The empirical formula of the compound is CH₂O, and the molecular formula of the compound is C₂H₄O₂.

All of the carbon in the compound is converted into carbon dioxide (14.35 g) and all the hydrogen in the compound is converted to water (5.876 g). This means that we can use these masses to find the masses of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the original compound.

First, we calculate the mass of carbon in carbon dioxide and the mass of hydrogen in water, using their respective molar masses (M(CO₂) = 44 g/mol; M(H₂O) = 18 g/mol):

12 g of carbon : 44 g of carbon dioxide = X : 14.35 g of carbon dioxide

X = 12 g of carbon * 14.35 g of carbon dioxide / 44 g of carbon dioxide

X = 3.914 g of carbon

2 g of hydrogen : 18 g of water = X : 5.876 g of water

X = 2 g of hydrogen : 5.876 g of water / 18 g of water

X = 0.6529 g of hydrogen

Because the compound contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, we can now calculate the mass of oxygen in the compound:

m(O) = m(sample) - m(C) - m(H)

m(O) = 9.791 g - 3.914 g - 0.6529 g

m(O) = 5.224 g

Now we use these masses to calculate the number of moles (n) for each of the elements, using their respective molar masses (M(C) = 12 g/mol, M(H) = 1 g/mol, M(O) = 16 g/mol):

n = m/M

n(C) = m(C) / M(C)

n(C) = 3.914 g / 12 g/mol

n(C) = 0.3284 mol

n(H) = m(H) / M(H)

n(H) = 0.6529 g / 1 g/mol

n(H) = 0.6529 mol

n(O) = m(O) / M(O)

n(O) = 5.224 g / 16 g/mol

n(O) = 0.3265 mol

We divide each of these amounts by the smallest of them (0.3265 mol) to obtain the molar ratio of the elements:

carbon: 0.3284 mol / 0.3265 mol = 1.006

hydrogen: 0.6529 mol / 0.3265 mol = 2.000

oxygen: 0.3265 mol / 0.3265 mol = 1.000

These integers are indexes in the empirical formula of the compound - CH₂O

The molar mass of this empirical formula is:

12 g/mol + 2 * 1 g/mol + 16 g/mol = 30 g/mol

We divide the molar mass of the compound by the molar mass of the empirical formula:

60.05 g/mol / 30 g/mol = 2.002

So, we multiply the indexes by 2 to obtain the molecular formula - C₂H₄O₂

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The correct chemical formula of magnesium bromide is MgBr₂.

Ionic bonds are formed by transfer of electrons between metal and non metals.

Electronic configuration of magnesium:

[Mg] :12 : 1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s²

Magnesium atom will lose two electron to gain noble gas configuration and form magnesium cation with +2 charge.

[Mg²⁺] : 1s², 2s², 2p⁶

Electronic configuration of bromine:

[Br] :  35 : 1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p⁶, 4s², 3d¹⁰, 4p⁵

Bromine atom will gain one electron to gain noble gas configuration and form bromide ion with -1 charge.

[Br⁻] : 36 : 1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p⁶, 4s², 3d¹⁰, 4p⁶

In magnesium bromide, two electrons from metal gets transferred to bromine atom and thus form an ionic bond to give  MgBr₂.

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The strongest oxidizing agent is chromium (vi); option E.

Oxidizing agents are compounds that readily accept electrons and are reduced.

Oxidizing agents will oxidize other substances, resulting in an increase in the oxidation state of the compounds. However, they are themselves reduced as their oxidation states are reduced when they accept electrons.

Strong oxidizing agents are weak reducing agents.

Reducing agents readily give up electrons to other compounds, and hence are oxidized.

Transition elements are known for their variable oxidation states due to their ability to lose different numbers of electrons.

The higher the oxidation state of a transition element in a compound, the more oxidizing the compound will be.

Hence, a compound of a transition element in the highest oxidation state will be the most oxidizing.

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According to the balanced chemical equation, 2 moles of potassium permanganate produces 5 moles or oxidizes 5 moles of sulphite to sulphate ions. As a result, there are 0.639 moles of potassium.

In alkaline solution, KMnO4 reduces to green K₂MnO₄: 4 KMnO₄ + 4 KOH 4 K₂MnO₄ + O₂ + 2 H₂O. This reaction exemplifies hydroxide's uncommon role as a reducing agent. Mn₂O₇ is formed when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to potassium permanganate. One mole of KMnO₄ requires 5 moles of electrons in an acidic medium. Multiply equation (1) by 5 and equation (2) by 3 to balance the number of electrons. In an acidic medium, five moles of ferrous oxalate are oxidized by three moles of KMnO₄.

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.

The final volume of the gas is 9L

Volume is the space occupied within the boundaries of an object in three dimensional space

Ideal gas equation establishes a relation between pressures, volumes, and temperatures of different conditions

Using the ideal gas equation

PV = nRT .....1

Ideal gas equation for initial condition will be:

PV = nRT......2

Ideal-Gas Equation for final conditions will be:

(P/3)X = nR(T/2)

On dividing equation 1 and 2

PV = nRT / (P/3)X = nR(T/2)

3V/X = 2

X = 3V/2

Putting the value of V = 6L

X =  3(6L)/2 = 9L

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Using the half-life of Am-241, its molar mass and the mass of the sample, we can calculate that it will release 3.57 * 10¹¹ α-particles each second.

If the half-life of Am-241 is 432 years, that means that in 432 years, we will have half of the starting amount, which is:

3.89 g / 2 = 1.945 g

Using the molar mass of Am-241 (241 g/mol), we can calculate the number of moles (n) in 1.945 g:

n = m/M = 1.945 g / 241 g/mol = 8.07 * 10⁻³ mol

Because each mol contains 6.022 * 10²³ particles, over 432 years we will release:

8.07 * 10⁻³ * 6.022 * 10²³ = 4.86 * 10² α-particles

Now we can calculate the number of seconds in 432 years:

432 years * 365.25 days * 24 hours * 60 minutes * 60 seconds = 1.36 * 10¹⁰ seconds

So, each second the sample of Am-241 will release:

4.86 * 10²¹ / 1.36 * 10¹⁰ = 3.57 * 10¹¹ α-particles

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The explanation of Figures A and B to do or do not show work being done is given below:

He is using energy to lift the books in picture A, which takes both force and motion to do so. In figure B, the books move along with him, and as such only effort is used to carry them. Hence, he is doing work only in Figure A.

The examples are:

The sum of the displacement and the component of the applied force of the object in the displacement direction is the work done by a force. Work is accomplished when we push a block with some force; the body moves more quickly.

Work completed is noted as an object must be subjected to a force and move in the direction of the force in order for work to be done on it.

Therefore, It should be converted to energy in order to move an object. Energy can be transferred by the use of force. This amount of energy that is delivered when a force is used to move an object is known as work that is done.

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