For questions 33-35, use the passage below to find the information. Although the Declaration of Independence stated that "All men are created equal," due to the institution of slavery, this statement was not to be grounded in law in the United States until after the Civil War (and, arguably, not completely fulfilled for many years thereafter). In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified and finally put an end to slavery. Moreover, the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) strengthened the legal rights of newly freed slaves by stating, among other things, that no state shall deprive anyone of either "due process of law" or of the "equal protection of the law." Finally, the Fifteenth Amendment (1870) further strengthened the legal rights of newly freed slaves by prohibiting states from denying anyone the right to vote due to race.

Despite these Amendments, African Americans were often treated differently than whites in many parts of the country, especially in the South. In fact, many state legislatures enacted laws that led to the legally mandated segregation of the races. In other words, the laws of many states decreed that blacks and whites could not use the same public facilities, ride the same buses, attend the same schools, etc. These laws came to be known as Jim Crow laws. Although many people felt that these laws were unjust, it was not until the 1890s that they were directly challenged in court. In 1892, an African-American man named Homer Plessy refused to give up his seat to a white man on a train in New Orleans, as he was required to do by Louisiana state law. For this action, he was arrested. Plessy, contending that the Louisiana law separating blacks from whites on trains violated the "equal protection clause" of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, decided to fight his arrest in court. By 1896, his case had made it all the way to the United States Supreme Court. By a vote of 8-1, the Supreme Court ruled against Plessy. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, Justice Henry Billings Brown, writing the majority opinion, stated that: "The object of the [Fourteenth) amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to endorse social, as distinguished from political, equality... If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane."

33. Summarize the above passage; tell me what is going on and who is involved. (At least 2 full sentences)

The excerpt you gave talks about the historical background of racial injustice and segregation in the United States, specifically the creation of Jim Crow laws and the judicial challenges against them. The Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson, which had a substantial influence on the legality of racial segregation, is also mentioned in this passage.

The word Jim Crow laws is a derogatory nickname for an African-American that refers to the state and local laws that were implemented in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th century to impose racial segregation.

These laws were in effect up to the 1960s.Even though a number of states beyond the South had outlawed discrimination in public facilities and voting, official and substantial influence informal segregation practices still existed in other regions of the United States.

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