Everything a customer gives up to profit from owning or utilizing a product is referred to as Consumer cost
The term "customer cost" includes not just the product's price but also the expenditures associated with the product's acquisition, use, and aftercare. Purchase expenses include the cost of looking for a product, getting information about it, and paying for that information.
The most expensive use costs typically apply to durable items with significant resource demands, such as those for electricity and water, or with high maintenance costs. Post-use costs include anything from product collection to product storage to product disposal after it has been used up.
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in general, is the u.s. federal tax system progressive or regressive? regressive progressive you bought 1,000 shares of tund corp. stock for $60.59 per share and sold it for $82.35 per share after a few years. how will your gain or loss be treated when you file your taxes?
Due to the particular circumstances, the stock was held for more than a year, thus the gain will be recognized as a capital gain and taxed at the long-term rate.
Assume that "PI" represents the pretax income?The pretax income must equal $1 plus the tax on the pretax income in order to be able to pay a dividend of $1.
PI = $1 + (PI X 0.40) or PI - PI 0.40) or PI 0.60 or PI = $1/0.60 or PI = $1.67.
Therefore, the company needs to make $1.67 in pretax profits in order to pay the dividend of $1.
What is gain tax?Federal taxes in the United States are generally progressive.
It is progressive since tax rates are higher for taxpayers with higher taxable earnings than for those with lower taxable incomes.
Gains from the sale of stocks held for investment purposes are counted as capital gains. If the stock is kept for more than a year, the gain is taxed as a long-term capital gain. If the stock is held for less than a year, the gain is taxed as a short-term capital gain.
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Small businesses create more than 50 percent of all private u.s. gross domestic product (gdp). true/ false
Small businesses create more than 50 percent of all private u.s. gross domestic product (GDP).
The statement is true.
The almost twenty-seven million small companies inside the usa generate about 50 percent of our GDP. They also contribute to increase and power in several crucial regions of financial and socioeconomic improvement. Especially, small businesses do the following: Create jobs.
There are 30.2 million small businesses inside the u.s.a., in keeping with the Small commercial enterprise administration's (SBA) office of Advocacy. Small corporations contain 99.nine percent of all U.S. groups.
The today's facts display that there are 32. five million small businesses within the US, which account for ninety-nine. nine percent of all US companies (SBA, 2021). The Small business administration (SBA) defines a small enterprise as a firm that has fewer than 500 personnel.
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A cost that requires a future outlay of cash and is relevant for decision making, is a(n):_________
a) out-of-pocket cost.
b) opportunity cost.
c) operating cost.
d) uncontrollable cost.
e) sunk cost.
A cost that requires a future outlay of cash and is relevant for decision making is a) out-of-pocket cost.
Robust decision-making allows solving issues directly and creates a management function for the selection-makers. strong decisions need to be unbiased and devoid of any emotional influences that might make us overlook shortcomings. Such decision-making should also be obvious and logical.
Decision-making is the process of making choices by figuring out a choice, accumulating records, and assessing opportunity resolutions. the use of a step-by way of-step decision-making process will let you make more planned, considerate choices via organizing applicable records and defining options.
An amazing choice-maker chooses moves that supply great final results for themselves and others. They input into the choice-making system with an open mind and do now not allow their own biases to sway them. They make decisions rationally, after gaining knowledge of alternatives and expertise in the effects.
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A cost that requires a future outlay of cash and is relevant for decision making is a) out-of-pocket cost.
Robust decision-making allows solving issues directly and creates a management function for the selection-makers. strong decisions need to be unbiased and devoid of any emotional influences that might make us overlook shortcomings. Such decision-making should also be obvious and logical.
Decision-making is the process of making choices by figuring out a choice, accumulating records, and assessing opportunity resolutions. the use of a step-by way of-step decision-making process will let you make more planned, considerate choices via organizing applicable records and defining options.
An amazing choice-maker chooses moves that supply great final results for themselves and others. They input into the choice-making system with an open mind and do now not allow their own biases to sway them. They make decisions rationally, after gaining knowledge of alternatives and expertise in the effects.
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inversion specialists, inc., is relatively new in the industry and has calculated its inventory turnover at 5. what action would result in decreased inventory turns for inversion specialists, inc.? part 2
Increasing the average aggregate inventory value will result in inventory turnover for Inversion Specialists Inc.
Inventory turnover is a financial ratio that shows how many times a company's inventory is sold and replaced during a given period. The days in the period can then be divided by the inventory turnover formula to determine how long it takes to sell the inventory on hand.
Calculating the inventory turnover ratio can assist businesses in making better pricing, manufacturing, marketing, and purchasing new inventory decisions.
Low inventory turnover ratios indicate poor sales and possibly excess inventory, also known as overstocking. It could indicate a problem with the goods for sale or be the result of insufficient marketing.
In contrast, a high inventory turnover ratio indicates either strong sales or insufficient inventory. The former is preferable, whereas the latter may result in lost business.
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Any measure imposed by a government to favor domestic products over foreign products not involving taxes is a(n)?
Any measure imposed by a government to favor domestic products over foreign products not involving taxes is a nontariff barrier.
What are nontariff barriers?A nontariff barrier are policies enacted by the government of a country that controls the amount of goods that are imported into the country.
The goal of nontariff barriers is to protect the domestic industry from foreign competition. An example of nontariff barrier is a quota. A quota establishes the maximum amount of a good that can be imported.
Here is the complete question:
Any measure imposed by a government to favor domestic products over foreign products not involving taxes is an
nontariff barrier.
embargo
nonmonetary restriction
restriction of trade.
import duty.
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The gap between wealthy and low-income individuals within a population is called income.
The gap between wealthy and low-income individuals within a population is called income inequality.
A population, in statistics and different areas of mathematics, is a discrete group of people, animals or things that may be diagnosed through as a minimum one commonplace feature for the functions of data collection and evaluation. To collect statistics about a huge populace, facts is generally accrued from a pattern.
A population is the complete institution that you want to attract conclusions about. A sample is the unique organization that you will accumulate facts from. the scale of the sample is continually less than the entire length of the populace. In studies, a populace would not constantly talk to humans.
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What type of financial planning focuses on issues such as paying your monthly rent, paying tuition and fees, and cost of food, while still having some funds to use for entertainment, rest and relaxation?.
The type of financial planning that focuses on issues such as paying your monthly rent, paying tuition and fees, and the cost of food, while still having some funds to use for entertainment, rest, and relaxation is personal financial planning
This is further explained below.
Exactly what is meant by the term "personal financial planning"?It is an all-encompassing strategy that looks a good number of years into the future. It is not limited to those who have a lot of financial resources.
A financial strategy defends you against life's shocks. It contains information on your income, savings, assets, expenses, debt, and insurance coverage, among other things.
In conclusion, Personal financial planning refers to the process of arranging one's finances so that one can meet essential monetary obligations, such as one's monthly rent payment, one's share of educational expenses and one's share of the cost of food, while also reserving a certain amount of money for one's own enjoyment, recreation, and downtime.
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The eeoc resolved 90,558 cases in 2018. settlements for victims in the private sector, state and local government, and federal workplaces, amounted to how much money?
Settlements for victims in the private sector, state and local government, and federal workplaces, amounted to over $500 million.
In lieu of back pay, an agency may legally settle an EEO complaint by issuing a lump sum payment as a retroactive personnel action. It is permissible as long as the settlement does not exceed the relief to which the complaint would be entitled if a judgment of discrimination had been made.According to EEOC data, there were only 67,448 complaints of discrimination submitted in fiscal year 2020, which is 5227 fewer than in fiscal year 2019. The EEOC has recorded a drop in the overall number of discrimination charges filed during the last four years.At least 63% of workers who submitted a complaint were eventually fired. This figure increased to 67% for workers who submitted a disability-related claim.Thus this is the meaning of EEOC.
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research suggests that there are 10 primary characteristics that, in aggregate, capture the essence of an organization's culture. match these characteristics with their descriptions.
Risk tolerance - The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and chance-taking.
Reward criteria - The degree to which rewards such as promotion and salary increases are allocated according to employee performance rather than seniority, favoritism, or other nonperformance factors.
Conflict tolerance - The degree to which employees are encouraged to air concerns and criticisms openly.
Means versus ends orientation - The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve those results.
The act or skill of management: directing or supervising something (eg, a company) A business has improved under the leadership of a new owner. 2: Judicious use of means to an end, very careful when dealing with money. Helps achieve group goals - organize production factors, collect and organize resources, and integrate resources in an effective way to achieve goals. direct the group's efforts to achieve
At its most basic level, management is a discipline comprised of five general functions: planning, organization, staffing, leadership, and administration. These five features are part of a set of practices and theories for being a successful manager.
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David is in charge of buying materials for a clothing manufacturer. He has a list of suppliers and uses a multiattribute matrix to conduct _____ to evaluate those suppliers.
David is in charge of buying materials for a clothing manufacturer. He has a list of suppliers and uses a multiattribute matrix to conduct vendor analysisto evaluate those suppliers.
Vendor analysis is a procedure that aids in selecting the best vendors. This is crucial since unreliable suppliers can severely harm a company's ability to succeed. Determine needs. The first step in vendor analysis is to ascertain the demands of your business in terms of purchases.
In order to locate the vendor who best meets their company's goals, vendor analysis first determines the strengths and limitations of each potential partner. Every time a business wants to identify a new vendor or assess the performance of one of its current vendors, a vendor analysis is carried out.
Analyzing the performance of vendors who provide goods or services to their organization is the responsibility of vendor analysts. They could also be entrusted with coming up with and putting into practice plans to make sure vendors adhere to strict guidelines or satisfy particular demands.
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estimates show there are blank multinational corporations with hundreds of thousands of foreign affiliates.
Estimates depicts that there are more than 100,000 multinational corporations with hundreds of thousands of foreign affiliates.
The structure of an organization that defines foreign direct investment is the multinational corporation, which is a company with operations spread over more than two nations.
A commercial partnership in which one firm holds less than a majority of the shares of the other is referred to as a "affiliate". A sort of arrangement in which at least two separate firms are subsidiaries of the same bigger parent company is referred to as an affiliation.
The term "foreign affiliate" refers to a company that is either a resident of the country compiling or a company that is not a resident of the country composing but has authority over a company controlled by a resident of the country compiling.
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sustainable companies such as dirtt measure success by the triple bottom line, which includes , people, and profit.
sustainable companies such as dirt measure success by the triple bottom line, which includes, people, profit, & planet.
What is the triple bottom line?An accounting system with three components—social, environmental (or ecological), and financial—is known as the triple bottom line (also known as TBL or 3BL. The TBL framework has been implemented by several firms to analyze their performance from a wider angle and boost commercial value. According to business writer John Elkington, the phrase was first used in 1994. The "profit" or "loss," which is typically shown at the very bottom of a statement of revenues and expenses, is referred to as the "bottom line" in traditional company accounting and popular usage. Full cost accounting has been introduced by environmentalists and social justice activists during the past 50 years in an effort to broaden the notion of the bottom line in the public's mind.
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If a 10 percent increase in price leads to a 15 percent decrease in the quantity demanded of the good, as a result of the price change, the total revenue for this product will ________.
If a 10 percent increase in price leads to a 15 percent decrease in the quantity demanded of the good, as a result of the price change, the total revenue for this product will decrease
This is further explained below.
What is total revenue?Generally, A seller's total income is the sum of all revenues obtained as a result of selling their products or services to customers.
It is possible to express it using the formula P /Q, which stands for the price of the items multiplied by the quantity of the goods that were sold.
In conclusion, If a change in the price of only ten percent results in a fifteen percent drop in the amount of an item that is desired as a direct consequence of the price adjustment, then the overall income generated by the sale of this product will go down.
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complete question
If a 10 percent increase in price leads to a 15 percent decrease in the quantity demanded of the good, as a result of the price change, the total revenue for this product will ________.
Select one:
A /increase
B d/ouble
C dec/rease
D NO ch/ange
Ordinarily, what source of evidence should least affect audit conclusions? accounts receivable confirmations received directly from customers
The source of evidence that should least affect audit conclusions is a correct Inquiry of management is a form of internal evidence, which is the least reliable form of evidence.
What is an audit conclusions?Basically, an audit refers to an examination of various books of accounts by an auditor followed by physical checking of inventory to make sure that all departments are following documented system of recording transactions.
As an Audit conclusions means the overall outcome of an audit program provided by the audit leader or the audit team after a thorough evaluation of audit results, the source of evidence that should least affect audit conclusions is a correct Inquiry of management is a form of internal evidence, which is the least reliable form of evidence.
Missing data a. External documentary evidence. b. Inquiry of management. c. Documentation prepared by the audit team. d. Inquiry of entity legal counsel."
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The cost of common equity obtained by retaining earnings is the rate of return the marginal stockholder requires on the firm's common stock. true/ false
The value of not unusual fairness received through keeping profits is the rate of going back the marginal stockholder requires on the firm's common inventory. true, Retained earnings constitute the capital left after paying out dividends.
The retained earnings of an organization are the accrued internet profits of the enterprise this is retained by way of the organization at a selected point of time, consisting of on the cease of the reporting duration.
Retained earnings are the quantity of profit an employer has left over after paying all its direct costs, oblique charges, profits taxes, and its dividends to shareholders. This represents the portion of the agency's equity that may be used, for example, to invest in new devices, R&D, and marketing. Retained earnings are the cumulative income that remains after an organization can pay dividends to its shareholders. those budgets can be reinvested lower back into the enterprise by, for example, buying a new system or paying down debt.
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What do economists mean when they say ""price floors and ceilings stifle the rationing function of prices and distort resource allocation""?.
We can actually deduce here that what economists actually mean when they say "price floors and ceilings stifle the rationing function of prices and distort resource allocation" is that price floors and ceilings actually set the prices away from the price determined by the market and that distorts the market's resources allocation and the price mechanism.
What is a price floor?A price floor is actually known to be a government or group-imposed price control. This can also be referred to as the limit that a price on a commodity, good or service can be charged.
Then price ceiling refers to the high limit that a price for a product, service or commodity can go. This is also government controlled or group controlled.
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If you want to replace the ac source with a dc power supply and still produce the same rate of heating, what should be the voltage dc of the dc source?
The advantageous and bad voltage will damage a number of the electronic components which include transistors and electrolytic capacitors. In case of better AC voltage, they may burn with a blast and catch hearth.
Solution:
Heat gen.
gen. in AC circuit
P. VRVm/R2016=here Vm(mean) = V > 71 P2712 R
J2 72
Let the voltage of DC souse Bev
6. P = √² R
R7122x RV = 71 = 50.2 V
The voltage required in the DC source for the same Thinking is V 50.2V
An energy delivery takes the AC from the wall outlet, converts it to unregulated DC, and reduces the voltage the usage of an input electricity transformer usually stepping it all the way down to the voltage required via the weight.
For safety reasons, the transformer additionally separates the output power supply from the main input. In a direct current, the voltage is constantly consistent, and the energy flows in a certain path. In assessment, in the alternating present day, the voltage periodically changes from fantastic to terrible and from terrible to fantastic.
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kiki decides to spend three hours working overtime rather than going to the park with her friends. she earns $20 per hour for overtime work. her opportunity cost of working is
The opportunity cost of working is the enjoyment that she would have received if she had gone to the park.
The opportunity cost of a specific activity is the price or benefit lost by attempting to engage in that action rather than another one. Simply put, if you select one activity (for example, an investment), you forego the opportunity to engage in another activity. The optimized activity is the one that, net of opportunity costs, offers the greatest return when compared to all other activities.
For example, if you purchase a vehicle and use it solely for personal transportation, you cannot lease it out, however if you rent it out, you cannot use it for personal transportation. If the cost of transportation without a car is greater than the cost of renting one, the optimum choice would be to use it for your personal transportation.
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about how many years will it take for $100,000 placed in a bank account at 7% interest rate compounded annually to double?
The time that it take for $100,000 placed in a bank account at 7% interest rate compounded annually to double is 10.24 years.
How to calculate the time?We use the formula:
A=P(1+r/100)^n
where
A = future value
P = present value
r = rate of interest
n = time period.
Hence, 200,000 = 100,000*(1+7/100) ^n
or 2 = (1.07) ^ n
Taking log on both sides we get,
log 2 = n log (1.07)
Hence, n = Log 2 / log (1.07)
or n = 10.24476835
Hence the correct answer is 10.24 years.
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In negotiations with unions, cities without the ability to file bankruptcy have a higher disagreement value than cities with the ability to file bankruptcy. True or false
It is false that in negotiations with unions, cities without the ability to file bankruptcy have a higher disagreement value than cities with the ability to file bankruptcy.
What is Bankruptcy?An organization files for bankruptcy when it is unable to pay its creditors or honor its financial commitments. All of the company's outstanding debts are calculated and paid off, if not entirely, from the company's assets, according to a petition that has been filed with the court.
Filing for bankruptcy is a legal process taken by the company to extricate itself from debt obligations. Any obligations that are not fully repaid to creditors release owners from responsibility. Each country has its own bankruptcy filing procedure.
If you declare bankruptcy in India, it would likely negatively affect your credit rating, making it more difficult for you to obtain a new loan if you want to start over.
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Pace+co.+borrowed+$25,000+at+a+rate+of+7.25%,+simple+interest,+with+interest+paid+at+the+end+of+each+month.+the+bank+uses+a+360-day+year.+how+much+interest+would+pace+have+to+pay+in+a+30-day+month?
Pace would be required to pay $151.04 in interest over the course of a 30-day month on the loan.
What is the interest that pace would pay?
Simple interest is when interest is simply applied to the borrowed principal and not to any accumulated interest.Simple interest=principle x interest rate x 30/360
Interest 30 days= $25,000x 7.25% x 30/360
= $151.04.
In most cases, simple interest paid or received over a specific time period is a fixed percentage of the principal amount borrowed or lent. Borrowers must pay interest on interest as well as principal because compound interest accrues and is added to the accumulated interest from previous periods.
Complete Question-
Pace CO. borrowed $30,000 at a rate of 7.25 % simple interest with interest paid at the end of each month. The bank uses a 360 year. How much interest would the place have to pay in a 30 -day month?
a. $212.06
b. $141.38
c. $155.88
d. $157.69
e. $181.25.
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To complete the first setup on a new machine took an employee minutes. using an umulative averagetime learning curve indicates that the second setup on the new machine is expected to take ________.
A percentage that indicates the pace of improvement is generally used to represent a learning curve.
What Is a Learning Curve?
A learning curve is a mathematical idea that illustrates visually how a process improves over time as a result of learning and growing skill. According to the learning curve idea, things will take less time and effort to complete the more times they are completed because of the proficiency that is acquired when the procedure is learnt. The learning curve, which is a tool for estimating costs and gauging the effectiveness of production, was initially introduced by psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885.
In a learning curve's graphic representation, a steeper slope denotes an initial learning that results in more cost savings and a subsequent learning that leads to slower, more challenging cost savings.
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: business statistics package for baruch college, author: david m. levine, kathryn a. sz, publisher: pearson, edition: 8
A focus on statistical methods to analyze and interpret results and make data-informed decisions. Business Statistics.
What is Business ?A creature gets the nourishment it needs to thrive by ingesting anything as food. Food is frequently derived from plants, animals, or fungus and is brimming with essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, lipids, and proteins as well as carbs and fat-soluble carbohydrates. The molecule is ingested and digested by the cells of an organism to provide energy, support life, or promote growth. As required by their unique metabolisms, several animal species have varying eating patterns. These behaviors usually developed to fill specific ecological niches in particular geographic situations.
Because of their tremendous adaptability, meat-eating and other animal-eating humans have evolved to locate food in a range of habitats. Prior to modern agriculture, hunting, collecting, and
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if it is difficult to increase production of a good in response to a higher price, the good is likely to have relatively supply.
A good's supply is likely to be relatively inelastic if it is challenging to raise output in response to a higher price.
What does "inelastic supply" mean?
This happens when the percentage change in the amount supplied is smaller than the percentage change in the price of the good, and the absolute value of the coefficient is below 1.
The researched time horizon is typically a significant factor in determining the elasticity of supply in marketplaces. The supply is typically elastic over the long run and inelastic over the short term. This occurs as a result of businesses' inability, in the short term, to modify their manufacturing facilities to create a greater volume of items in less time.
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When maintaining schedules, if enough _____ and frequent checkpoints exist, problems will be detected rapidly.
When maintaining schedules, if enough milestones and frequent checkpoints exist, problems will be detected rapidly.
Scheduling allows you to consider what you want to do in a day, week, or month, and it keeps you on track to reach your objectives.Schedule management is a method that necessitates the development of policies and documentation for maintaining, establishing, managing, and regulating time and resource schedules for project completion.The schedule management plan (SMP) is a document that describes how the schedule for a project will be produced, managed, and monitored. A schedule management plan often includes information about the project's scheduling technique as well as any pertinent information concerning scheduling tools or processes.The Schedule Management Plan specifies how the project schedule will be handled throughout its existence. The plan establishes expectations and provides guidance for planned project policies and procedures for planning, developing, managing, executing, and managing the project's schedule.Thus this is the meaning of schedule management.
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An 8oupon u.s. treasury note pays interest on may 30 and november 30 and is traded for settlement on august 15. the accrued interest on the $100,000 face value of this note is:_________
An 8oupon u.s. treasury note pays interest on May 30 and November 30 and is traded for settlement on august 15. The accrued interest on the $100,000 face value of this note is $1,661.20.
76/183($4,000) = $1,661.20. Approximation: .08/12 × 100,000 = 666.67 per month. 666.67/month × 2.5 months = 1.666.67.
Accrued interest is the amount of interest that has been owed on a loan or other financial obligation as of a given date but has not yet been paid. For the lender or the borrower, accumulated interest may take the form of accrued interest revenue or accrued interest expense.
The amount of bond interest that has accumulated since the last time payment of bond interest was made is sometimes referred to as accrued interest.
A component of accrual accounting is accrued interest, which complies with the revenue recognition and matching rules of accounting.
Accrued interest is recorded as an adjusting journal entry at the end of an accounting period, which is then reversed on the first day of the subsequent month.
The accumulated interest that has not been paid as of the end of an accounting period is the amount that needs to be reported as accrued interest.
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a modernist city planning concept that proposed creating condensed, vertical living space to create more open space for mobility and light across the city is which of the following?
The correct answer to this question is compact city planning.
The compact city, also known as the city of short distances, is an urban planning and design concept that encourages relatively high residential density with mixed land uses. It is based on an efficient public transportation system and an urban layout that, according to its supporters, encourages walking and cycling, as well as low energy consumption and pollution.
The compact city model, in theory, produces benefits that are appealing to modern urbanites. Shorter commute times, reduced community environmental impact, and reduced consumption of fossil fuels and energy are all desired benefits. However, global research on compact cities suggests that these outcomes are not guaranteed. To make matters worse, the cities' design restricts residents' access to green space and reasonable views. For the compact city model to gain popularity, it is necessary to examine both its advantages and disadvantages.
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What is the market price of a share of stock for a firm with 100,000 shares outstanding, a book value of equity of $3,000,000, and a market-to-book ratio of 3?
A company with 100,000 outstanding shares, a book value of equity of $3,000,000, and a market-to-book ratio of 3 has a market price per share of stock of 90.
The percentage of equity accessible to common shareholders divided by the total number of existing shares is known as book value per share (BVPS). This number calculates a company's book value per share and serves as the minimal measure of its equity.
Book value per share, (BVPS) = Book value of all shares / Number of shares
= 3000000/100000
= $ 30 per share
A financial valuation statistic called the Market Book Ratio is used to compare a company's current market value to its book value. The stock price of all outstanding shares is the market value.
Market to book ratio = share price/book value of a share
3 = Share Price/30
Share price = 30 * 3
= 90
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A plan designed to increase the number of minority employees within an organization is known as?
A plan designed to increase the number of minority employees within an organization is known as an affirmative action program.
The affirmative action program was first brought forward in the year 1961. An affirmative action program is a group of policies to certify that there are equal opportunities in any organization for all individuals without any biases of gender, faith, color, and nationality. This program was designed with the goal to end discrimination in employment and education and provides an opportunity to promote diversity and provide minorities protection from hatred.
However, this program has some drawbacks. One has to consider the high cost of this program. It can also lead to reverse discrimination as it can result in less qualified individuals being chosen over more qualified candidates.
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In the __________ stage of the industry life cycle, there are many segments, competition is very intense, and the emphasis on process design is high. group of answer choices
In the maturity stage of the industry life cycle, there are numerous segments, competition is very intense, and the emphasis on process structure is high.
Which is a risk or potential pitfall of a differentiation strategy in the industry life cycle?An important potential trap of an integrated overall price leadership and differentiation process is that firms may fail to execute either one and become stuck in the middle. Competitive benefit is not impacted by actions by rivals from within and outside of the enterprise.
A profit pool can be defined as the real profits made in an industry at all points along the industry's value chain.
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