The key enzyme governing biosynthesis, hmg-coa reductase that catalyses the synthesis of a precusor of cholesterol as well as non-sterol isoprenoids.
More than 50 studies have documented substantial drops in plasma lipid levels in response to daily doses of 2–40 mg of Cuban sugar cane policosanol (SCP) combinations. However, a number of experiments on animals and people carried out outside of Cuba using non-Cuban combinations have been unable to duplicate the effectiveness of policosanols seen in earlier investigations. The goal was to assess how the genuine Cuban SCPs affected the plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic healthy participants. A randomised, double-blind crossover research was used to provide 10 mg SCPs or a placebo mixed with margarine to 21 volunteers over the course of 28 days while they were under supervision.To learn more about plasma ldl-c levels.
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Which of the following statements is true about the difference between paraphrasing and summarizing a text?
A paraphrase and a summary both restate the author's words in your own way, but a summary is longer.
A paraphrase is a breaking down of a text to its essential ideas; a summary contains the original thoughts of the author.
A paraphrase is shorter than the original text; a summary is the same length as the original text.
A paraphrase restates the author's words; a summary expresses the central idea of a text.
Answer: A paraphrase and a summary both restate the author's words in your own way, but a summary is longer.
Explanation:
The answer is D
Phrase: Restates the authors words and is about the same length as the original text.
Summary: Expresses the central idea of a text. It's also shorter than the original text.
Sally was admitted for outpatient surgery with a diagnosis of abdominal pain. the final diagnosis was mass in stomach. the principal diagnosis is?
Sally was admitted for outpatient surgery with a diagnosis of abdominal pain. The final diagnosis was mass in stomach. The principal diagnosis is mass in stomach
What exactly is a primary diagnosis?Only when a doctor has finished all essential tests and examinations is a principal diagnosis—the reason for a patient's initial hospital admission—assigned.
There are causes of abdominal pain besides underlying illnesses. Constipation, wind, overeating, stress, and muscle strain are a few examples.
Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, food allergies, lactose intolerance, food poisoning, and stomach viruses are less serious causes of abdominal pain. Appendicitis, an abdominal aortic aneurysm, a bowel obstruction, malignancy, and gastroesophageal reflux are some of the more severe reasons.
Therefore, Sally was admitted for outpatient surgery with a diagnosis of abdominal pain. The final diagnosis was mass in stomach. The principal diagnosis is mass in stomach.
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Sally was admitted for outpatient surgery with a diagnosis of abdominal pain. The final diagnosis was mass in stomach. The principal diagnosis is __________ in stomach.
Explain why adaptations of particular organisms to interspecific competition may not necessarily represent instances of character displacement. What would a researcher have to demonstrate about two competing species to make a convincing case for character displacement?
Adaptation to interspecific competition may not necessarily represent instances of character displacement because the species with inferior adaptive skills may disappear.
When does character displacement occur?Character displacement is a slow evolutionary process in which a species acquires new adaptations to survive, but it is not the case when all available resources are taken by another competitive species living in the same area.
In conclusion, adaptation to interspecific competition may not necessarily represent instances of character displacement because the species with inferior adaptive skills may disappear.
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Explain what it means to say weather and climate shape populations, communities, and ecosystems
What is the largest number of different genotypes that could be associated with any one phenotype? is there any phenotype that could be represented by only a single genotype?
The number of different genotypes associated with a phenotype may be nearly infinite and one phenotype is represented by only a single genotype in the case of a monogenic character that exhibits only one allele.
What is a genotype?A genotype can be defined as a specific allele combination of an organism for a given locus or several loci associated with a specific characteristic trait, but this term also makes reference to the nucleotide sequence (i.e. the genome) that forms the genetic material of an individual.
Conversely, a phenotype is any observable feature and or traits of the individual, which is associated with the genotype in the cases of characters governed by genetics instead of environmental factors.
In conclusion, the number of different genotypes associated with a phenotype will depend on the number of genes involved in the expression of the character (it may be nearly infinite) and one phenotype could effectively be represented by only a single genotype in the case of a monogenic character that exhibits only one allele.
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Nuclear medicine uses gamma rays to diagnose conditions. why is nuclear medicine considered to be relatively safe?
Radiation is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose conditions affecting a person's specific organs or to treat them. Radioisotope-based diagnostic methods are becoming commonplace.
Some medical disorders, particularly cancer, can be treated using radiotherapy, which use radiation to weaken or kill specific targeted cells.
Over 40 million nuclear medical procedures are performed each year, and the demand for radioisotopes is growing at a pace of up to 5%.
Another significant application for radioisotopes is the sterilization of medical equipment.
The use of radiation and radioisotopes in medicine and other fields is widely known.
The characteristics of naturally decaying atoms, known as radioisotopes, give rise to several applications across many fields of modern life (see also information paper on The Many Uses of Nuclear Technology).
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Consider a grassland with five trophic levels: grasses, mice, snakes, raccoons, and bobcats. If you released additional bobcats into the grassland, how would grass biomass change if the bottom-up model applied? If the top-down model applied?
If the number of bobcats increased, the number of plants would decrease in bottom-up model but increase in a top-down model.
What is the bottom-up model and top-down model?The bottom-up model refers to the model where changes affect the bottom to the top.
The top-down model is the model in which changes affect the top before the down first.
Considering the grassland with five trophic levels:
grasses,mice,snakes,raccoons, andbobcats.Grass is at the bottom whole bob-cats are at the top.
Using a bottom-down model, if the number of bobcats increased, the number of plants would decrease.
Using a top-down model, if the number of bobcats increased, the number of plants would increase.
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where do i put these?
Hydrogen atom in the center and oxygen atom in small circle. the slanting line is covalent bond above hydrogen is the area of positive charge and below is area of negative charge.
Molecules are created when atoms come together. Two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom make up the three atoms that make up a water molecule. Because of this, water is occasionally abbreviated as H2O. There are billions of water molecules in a single drop of liquid. A water molecule has two poles: a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole due to the unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the asymmetrical form of the molecule (side). This polarity causes water molecules to naturally attract and adhere to one another, creating a hydrogen bond.
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Number the events from earliest (1) to most recent (6) to outline the development of the cell theory.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed small organisms he called “animalcules.”
Robert Hooke was the first to use the word “cell.”
Matthias Schleiden theorized that plants are made of cells.
Theodor Schwann theorized that animals are made of cells.
Hans and Zacharias Janssen created the first microscope.
Rudolf Virchow theorized that cells come from other pre-existing cells.
The most well-known theory in cell biology is the one known as the "cell theory," which proposes that pre-existing cells give rise to new cells and the idea of plant cells.
The first microscope was made by Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1590, and he utilized a compound microscope to observe minuscule objects that were invisible to the human eye.In 1660 , Robert Hooke was the first to use the word “cell.”Animalcules were tiny organisms that Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered in 1674.In 1838 ,Matthias Schleiden theorized that plants are made of cells.In 1839 ,Theodor Schwann , he was a zoologist and theorized that animals are made of cells .Rudolf Virchow proposed the theory that cells originate from other existing cells in 1858, implying that the cell divides and produces new cells.The statements are arranged on the basis of years from most earliest to recent discovery.
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Water moving from a high concentration in the plasma to an area of lower concentration in the kidney tubule is an example of?
Water moving from a high concentration in the plasma to an area of lower concentration in the kidney tubule is an example of osmosis.
What is osmosis?Osmosis is the process in which there is a passive diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane where it passes from the most dilute solution to the least dilute. This process occurs without an energy expenditure since it does not require the use of energy-dependent channels for diffusion to take place.
Therefore, we can confirm that water moving from a high concentration in the plasma to an area of lower concentration in the kidney tubule is an example of osmosis.
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The metabolic machinery of the cell, highly organized structures that carry out specific functions for the cell are __________.
The highly organized structures that carry out specific functions for the cell are called organelles.
What are organelles?Inside cells, organelles are specialized structures that carry out a variety of tasks. Literally, the phrase refers to "tiny organs." Organelles provide specialized duties to keep a cell alive, just like organs like the heart, liver, stomach, and kidneys serve specific roles to keep an individual alive.
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, which are divided into two distinct groups based mostly on the existence of one organelle, the nucleus, are types of cells. Eukaryotic cells have nuclei, but prokaryotic cells do not. The nucleus is a sizable organelle that houses DNA and acts as the brain of the cell. Prokaryotic cells often make up single-cell creatures, whereas eukaryotic cells typically make up multicellular species.
Therefore, organelles are the structures of the cell that carry out its specific functions.
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Which compound does not cross the inner mitochondrial membrane due to lack of a specific transport protein?
NADH compound does not cross the inner mitochondrial membrane due to lack of a specific transport protein.
All living cells contain the coenzyme NADH, which consists of two nucleotides connected by their 5'-phosphate groups, one of which contains an adenine base and the other of which contains nicotinamide. It functions as a cofactor and a fundamental metabolite. Both a NAD and a NAD(P)H.Cristae, or folds, are formed by the inner membrane and extend into the matrix, or interior, of the organelle.A high energy electron is transferred along an electron transport chain to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Hydrogen is pumped out of the matrix space by the energy released. As a result, a gradient is produced that forces hydrogen back through the membrane via ATP synthase.To learn more about mitochondrial.
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Select the biochemical pathways that are involved in the breakdown of glucose? conjugation citric acid cycle glycolysis transpiration electron transport chain
The Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and pyruvate oxidation make up the entire biological process that are involved in the breakdown of glucose.
What is citric acid cycle glycolysis?The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions that eliminate high-energy electrons and use them in the electron transport chain to create ATP.
One molecule of ATP (or an equivalent) is produced each time the cycle is completed. The chemicals used in the citric acid cycle are created during glycolysis.
Pyruvate will eventually be broken down via the citric acid cycle in the cell's mitochondria to inorganic molecules like carbon dioxide and water, releasing all the energy held within the molecule.
Therefore, cellular respiration is involved in the breakdown of glucose.
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How can the addition of excess mineral nutrients to a lake threaten its fish population?
The addition of excess mineral nutrients to a lake threaten its fish population as the algae and the creatures that consume them experience population surges when nutrients are added. Oxygen levels in the lake are reduced due to increased respiration by algae and consumers, such as detritivores.
Behind this situation is a process called eutrophication. Since algae prefer environments that are mineral or nutrient rich for growth, an excess of plant growth results if the concentration of organic salts or nutrients in a lake rises above a specific level. However, since algae are rapidly dividing species, the main issues start now.
If the nutrient content is very high, an uncontrolled algal growth known as an algal bloom results. The abundance of algae quickly covers lakes, turning them green while also obstructing sunlight, altering lake temperatures, and consuming mineral nutrients needed by lake creatures, which ultimately results in species extinction.
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Which one of the five categories of sensory receptors is primarily dedicated to external stimuli?
According to the given statement:
In general, only external stimuli are detected by electromagnetic receptors.
What do magnetic receptors do?Light energy causes electromagnetic receptors to react. Examples include rods and cones because they react to photons. Thermal sensors react to temperature variations. Receptors have a certain modality preference, but they also have a more refined preference for specific features within that modality.
Where can you find electromagnetic receptors?Somatosensory receptors are found in a variety of tissues besides the skin, including the muscles, tendons, joint capsules, and ligaments. Temperature and pain are two sensorial signals that are translated by free nerve terminals.
Which senses involve electromagnetic receptors?Sight makes use of electromagnetic waves, hearing makes use of air or water waves, and smell makes use of molecules carried by such a medium as water or air.
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The smallest clade that includes all protists and archaea would also include? fungi only animals and fungi animals only animals, fungi and bacteria bacteria
The smallest clade that includes all protists and archaea would also include animals and fungi.
Why were Archaea and Bacteria grouped together?Archaea and bacteria are the part of the same taxonomic kingdom because they were both are prokaryotic organisms that have no nucleus in their cells but the scientists also discovered in their research that archaea has different molecular structure as compared to bacteria. Clade is a branch that has a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. A cladogram is a diagrams that shows ancestral relationships between different types of organisms. Animals and fungi are also include in one clade because of their similarities.
So we can conclude that the smallest clade that includes all protists and archaea would also include animals and fungi.
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explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it is different from simple diffusion. quizlet
Facilitated diffusion is similar to simple diffusion in that it consumes no energy and diffuses material along a gradient. Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that it necessitates the presence of carrier proteins.
Simple diffusion and assisted diffusion are two forms of passive transport techniques in which molecules are transported across the cell membrane. It leverages natural entropy to shift molecules from higher to lower concentrations until the concentrations are equalized. As a result, no ATP energy is required for molecular movement. Passive transport is classified into four types: osmosis, simple diffusion, assisted diffusion, and filtration. The primary distinction between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that simple diffusion is an unassisted type of diffusion in which a particle moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a membrane, whereas facilitated diffusion is the transport of substances across a biological membrane through a concentration gradient via a carrier molecule.
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Explain a technique that can be used to distinguish between simple and compound leaves. Define all scientific terms that you use.
A technique that can be used to distinguish between simple and compound leaves is the pattern of incisions on the leaves of the plant.
Incisions are cuts into the soft tissue of the leaf. If the incisions on the leaf did not touch the midrib of the leaf, it is called as simple leaf. Midrib is the large vein that is visible in the middle of the leaf.
The compound leaf is one in which the incisions or cuts touch the midrib and the leaf would be divided into several leaflets. Leaflet is a part of compound leaf with leaf like structure.
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How does energy transfer through a forest?
Answer:
Photosynthesis
Explanation:
Source: Energy Flow - Tropical Rainforest Biome Energy Flow Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by plants through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces oxygen for all organisms and a source of food for herbivores.
Hope this helps.
Properties of the cell membrane
the dispute over the relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the evolved modifiability debate. the dispute over the relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the evolved modifiability debate. true false
The relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the evolved modifiability debate. This is False. The debate is actually about how much of our behavior is due to nature (genetics) versus nurture (environment).
Most experts now agree that both nature and nurture play a role in human development. However, the debate continues about which is more important. Some people believe that our genes are the most important factor in determining our behavior. Others believe that our environment is more important.
There is no easy answer to this debate. Both factors are important in shaping who we are. However, it is likely that the importance of each varies from person to person.
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Plot blood pressure against time for one cardiac cycle in humans, drawing separate lines for the pressure in the aorta, the left ventricle, and the right ventricle. Below the time axis, add a vertical arrow pointing to the time when you expect a peak in atrial blood pressure.
The expansion of the aorta causes a rise in blood volume and blood pressure.
What is the cardiac cycle?Heartbeat pattern The cardiac cycle includes all of the physiological processes connected to a single pulse, including the electrical, muscular (pressures and volumes), sensory, and other activities. During each cardiac cycle, both ventricles and atria beat alternately.
Briefing:The human heart's cardiac cycle includes two phases: ventricular relaxation and atrial contraction. The right ventricle has low pressure when the right ventricular systolic pressure is frequently less than 30 mm Hg. The left ventricle has a thicker wall and more muscle mass than the right ventricle as a result of the blood flowing at a high pressure. The expansion of the aorta causes a rise in blood volume and blood pressure.
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WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms. A key feature in the life cycle of plants is the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid generations. Imagine a lineage of flowering plants in which mitotic cell division did not occur between the events of meiosis and fertilization (see Figure 30.12). In a short essay (100-150 words), describe how this change in the timing of cell division would affect the structure and life cycle of plants in this lineage.
The alternation of generations is a phenomenon present in the life cycle of all plants and also in some algae and fungi. This alternation means that during the life of the plant it will go through a haploid phase, called the gametophyte, which will alternate with the diploid generation, known as the sporophyte. The change in cell division time would affect the structure and life cycle of plants in this lineage because the haploid time, where the plant does not reproduce, will increase, making the plant inferred and not producing offspring for a longer time.
What happens during cell division?Before any cell division, DNA duplication occurs during interphase. The G2 phase corresponds to the interval between DNA synthesis and mitosis. The cell continues to grow and produce proteins.
With this information, we can conclude that The classification of cells in diploid and haploid refers to the chromosome set of each one.
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Suppose a toxin was found that entered cells and selectively destroyed their ribosomes. what effect would this probably have on the cell?
If a toxin enters the cell and destroys the ribosomes, the cell will not function properly and can end in its destruction.
What effect would this probably have on the cell?The effect that it could have on the cell is that the proteins for the various processes that occur within the cell, such as the formation of enzymes, will not be formed correctly, which will end in the cellular processes that it may have, such as the production of certain cellular signals to give their functions.
Therefore, we can confirm that if a toxin enters the cell and destroys the ribosomes, the cell will not function properly and can end in its destruction.
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Sperm are produced by the _____ at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated in the semen at sexual climax
Sperm are produced by the testes at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated in the semen at sexual climax
Sperm develop in the testicles within the system of the tiny tubes called as the seminiferous tubules. At birth, these tubules that contain simple round cells. During the puberty, the testosterone and other hormones cause these cells to transform into the sperm cells During the spermatogenesis, your testicles make about several million sperm per day — about 1,500 per second. By the end of the full sperm production cycle, you can get regenerate up to 8 billion sperm. This may seem like that overkill, but you release anywhere from about 20 to 300 million sperm in cells in a single milliliter of the semen
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Stephanie was helping her mother make spaghetti for dinner. She saw the water begin to boil over the pot on the stove and wondered if there was any way to keep the water from boiling over. Stephanie’s mother told her she could add salt in the water to keep it from boiling over. Stephanie wanted to test if this was true. The following day, Stephanie and her mother got two pots of equal size. They added two cups of water to both pots and a 25 grams of salt to one pot. They set both pots on the same size burners on the stove on high heat and timed to see how long they both took to boil over. They found that the pot without salt boiled over much quicker than the pot with salt. What is the independent, dependent, Experimental control, and the constant.
Ind. variable: salt added/not added. Dep. variable: water boiling over. Controlled variables: pot size, number of water cups, high heat. Exp. group: Water to which salt was added. Control group: Water with no salt on it.
What are the variables in an experiment?Independent variableThis is the variable changed on porpose by the researcher to study how these changes affect the dependent variable response, and hence, the experiment results.
Dependent variableThis is the one directly affected by the changes provoked by the independent variable. It will change following the changes in the independent variable.
Controlled variablesSince several variables might influence the results, the researcher must keep constant all the other variables that might influence the results. The reason is to make sure the only one affecting the dependent variable response is the independent one.
In the exposed example,
Goal: to test if salt keeps water from boiling over fast.
Independent variable: added salt
Dependent variable: water boiling over
Controlled variables: pot size, number of water cups, high heat.
Experimental group: Water to which salt was added
Control group: Water with no salt on it.
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Can someone please help me with this!!!!
The term experiment has to do with the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables in a study .
What is an experiment?When we are are carrying out an experiment, the aim is always to know the effect of one variable on another. One is the dependent variable and the other is the independent variable
Experiment A
Independent variable - Cure for knee problem
Dependent variable - Relief from the knee problem
Control group - Those who were given the placebo
Experiment B
Experimental variable -The reaction of the deer
Independent variable - The use or not of the tiger urine
Dependent variable -Whether or not the deer was repelled from the tree seedlings
Control group - Tree seedlings without with tiger urine
Controlled variables - Type of seedlings, specie of deer and tiger
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what did the dna look like? relate its chemical structure to how it looks when lots of it is clumped together.
When lots of it is clumped together, the DNA looked like spider webs.
When clumped, it looked like thin and long fibers. It happens because the molecular structure of DNA is long and narrow.
The DNA clumps together when the molecules are insoluble (unable to dissolve).
When molecules don't dissolve, they clump together, and become visible.
As DNA is insoluble in the ethanol solution so biologists used ethanol to see DNA.
When added into ethanol, DNA strands clump together and then become visible to the human eye.
When you conduct an experiment, you will see a stringy white mass floating in ethanol solutions.
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what kinds of cells a brush frog has?
the ""rock-eating"" bacteria are typically known as choose one: a. lithotrophs. b. chemotrophs. c. autotrophs. d. organotrophs.
The "rock-eating" bacteria are typically known as lithotrophs.
Lithotrophs- A bacterium known as a lithotroph uses inorganic substrates as a supply of electron donors to fuel energy acquisition while utilising carbon dioxide or organic carbon as a source of carbon to build cellular components.
Bacteria- Microorganisms that are unicellular, capable of autonomous reproduction, and generally free-living are known as bacteria. In nature, bacteria are found everywhere. The foundation of all life on earth, they are architecturally basic but functionally sophisticated creatures.
Microorganisms- Microorganisms, often known as microbes, are tiny organisms that can be single, multicellular, or clusters of cells. Widespread in nature and helpful to life, microorganisms may also be quite dangerous.
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