Answer: ground
Explanation: sciene
Explain the term judicial review. Which legal case established its use?
Answer:
Judicial review is the power of the courts to review and potentially strike down actions taken by the legislative or executive branches of government that are deemed to be unconstitutional. This power is not explicitly mentioned in the U.S. Constitution, but it has been recognized and utilized by the Supreme Court in a number of landmark cases.
The legal case that established the use of judicial review was Marbury v. Madison, which was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1803. In that case, the Court ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which had been passed by Congress, was unconstitutional. This decision established the principle that the Supreme Court has the authority to declare a law unconstitutional and therefore null and void.
Explanation:
Answer: Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Explanation:
Judicial review is a process by which courts review the legality of the actions of the other branches of government, such as executive and legislative branches. Judicial review confirms that the actions of the other branches are consistent with the law and the Constitution. The landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the use of judicial review in the United States. In this case, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review by ruling that it was the Supreme Court’s duty to determine whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional or not. This ruling established the Supreme Court as the final arbiter of the laws of the United States.
which of the following was a condition southern needed Which of the following was a condition Southern states needed to meet before they could be readmitted to the Union under the Reconstruction Act of 1867?
Under the Reconstruction Act of 1867, Southern states were required to meet several conditions before they could be readmitted to the Union. These conditions included:
Ratification of the 14th AmendmentWriting new state constitutionsApproval of the new constitutionsAcceptance of the federal government's authorityWhat exactly is the Reconstruction Act of 1867?The Reconstruction Act of 1867 was a federal law passed by the United States Congress in the aftermath of the Civil War. The act was designed to reorganize and rebuild the Southern states that had seceded from the Union and to ensure that newly freed slaves were protected and given full citizenship rights.
The Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the Southern states into five military districts, each governed by a Union general. It also required the states to hold new constitutional conventions and to guarantee equal rights and protections for all citizens, regardless of race. The act mandated that African American men be allowed to vote and hold office, and it temporarily barred former Confederate officials and military leaders from holding office.
To learn more about the Reconstruction Act of 1867, click
https://brainly.com/question/3617477
#SPJ1
Which requirement is a written qualification for President of the United States?
A. The candidate must have college or university degree.
B. The candidate must be a political party member.
C. The candidate must be a native-born American citizen.
D. The candidate must have previous political experience.
Reasons why Alexander the Great’s legacy wasn’t good
Answer: his legacy was the end of Macedonian Empire that Philip and Alexander took so hard to build.
Explanation:
I don't have any, just remember it from last year...
♦
♦
Performance Task
It has been 100 years since the outbreak of World War I, but the European catastrophe remains relevant
today History shows that the total number of causalities of World War I was about 37 million, but how can
anyone truly grasp the significance of that number? You have been hired by a graphic designer to create a
photo montage that captures and portrays the lure (benefits) and consequences (costs) of WWI. All of the
specifications are being provided to you (see below) It is your job to find and fit the content into the layout
plan given to you by the graphic designer. Your task must include all of the elements of the Layout Plan
The Layout Plan
Title Page: A title page stating what your photo montage is describing.
Photo Montage: Select images that detail/describe the lure (benefits) and consequences (costs) of total war
(this could include but is not limited to: military power, destruction of towns/cities/countries, death,
causalities, etc.)
.
A constructed response describing your Montage: Include information that details and explains your photo
montage.
Reference Page: List the sources or webpages you accessed to retrieve the photos you used. This can be a
general list.
This can be presented on paper, poster board, or digitally. You can even present this as a video montage. As
long as you include all of the elements of the Layout Plan, you can decide how you will construct and present
your photo montage. For a partial example of this Performance Task, see the next page of this packet.
Photo Montage Resources
Answer:
First, you will need to do some research on the lure and consequences of World War I. Look for images that depict the military power, destruction of towns/cities/countries, death, and causalities. You can use search engines, historical archives, or photo databases to find appropriate images. Be sure to keep track of your sources so you can list them on the reference page.
Once you have a collection of images, organize them according to the layout plan. Your title page should clearly state what your photo montage is about. The photo montage should include a balance of images that show both the benefits and costs of total war. Consider the composition, color scheme, and tone of each image as you arrange them on the page. You may need to resize or crop some images to fit the layout.
Finally, construct a response that explains your photo montage. Use the images to illustrate your points and provide context for each one. Discuss the significance of the benefits and costs of World War I, and how they impacted the world at the time and beyond. Be sure to reference your sources on the reference page.
Remember to be creative and thoughtful in your approach to this performance task. Good luck!
How are the rights of the minority protected in federalist 51?
Explanation:
Federalist 51 is an essay written by James Madison, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, which focuses on the importance of the separation of powers and checks and balances in government. While the essay does not explicitly address the rights of minorities, it does propose a system of government that is designed to protect individual rights and prevent the tyranny of the majority.
Madison argues that the separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government creates a system of checks and balances that helps to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. This system ensures that no single group or individual has too much influence over government decisions, which helps to protect the rights of all citizens, including minorities.
In addition, Madison suggests that the size and diversity of the United States makes it less likely that any one group will be able to dominate the political system. He writes, "In the extended republic of the United States, and among the great variety of interests, parties, and sects which it embraces, a coalition of a majority of the whole society could seldom take place on any other principles than those of justice and the general good."
Overall, while Federalist 51 does not specifically address the rights of minorities, Madison's emphasis on the importance of a system of checks and balances and the diversity of interests in the United States suggests that he believed in protecting the rights of all citizens, including those in the minority.
Approximately what percentage of the black vote did Republicans lose due to the Southern Strategy?
A. 90%
B. 10%
C. 50%
D. 25%
Answer: 25%
Explanation:
--_--
What factors played a part in the American forces winning the Revolutionary War?
Answer: The Common enemy that the Would-be Americans had(The British forces), along with the anger from them being forced into having be ruled over. And their vast supplies from years of being there for about a century. And allies from other country's wanting to help them in the effort.
A
Choose...
is a place where people live, work, and spend their time.
Can you explain more, please?
What is one way the United States violated Civil Liberties in the 1920s and why did the US feel justified in violating those liberties?
Answer: In 1954, the ACLU joined forces with the NAACP to challenge racial segregation in public schools. The resulting Supreme Court decision in Brown v.
Explanation:
What was a result of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff?
O It deepened the economic crisis.
O It lowered taxes on imports.
O It lowered unemployment rates.
O It fueled production in textile industries.
O It diversified the production of agricultural products.
It significantly decreased the volume of exported goods and sharply increased the price of imports, making them expensive for anyone but the wealthiest and causing bank failures, especially in agricultural areas.(option a)
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: What Is It?To shield American farmers as well as other businesses from foreign competition, the Smoot-Hawley Trade Act of 1930 increased import duties. It is now commonly believed that Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act contributed to the severity of a Great Depression that ravaged the United States and around the world. Often known as that of the Smoot-Hawley Tax or even the Hawley-Smoot Tariff, the law's official name is the United States Border tax Law of 1930. Senators Reed Owen Going to understand (R-Utah) & House. Willis Chatman Hawley sponsored it (R-Ore.).
To know more about Smoot-Hawley Tariff visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9312838
#SPJ1
please help me solve this
The Separate-But-Equal Doctrine was a legal doctrine in the United States that allowed for the racial segregation of public facilities, such as schools and transportation, as long as they were "equal" in quality.
What is legal doctrine?Legal doctrine is a set of rules and principles which courts use to interpret and apply laws. It is based on precedent, which is a court's decision in a previous similar legal case. In some countries, legal doctrine is also sometimes referred to as jurisprudence. Legal doctrine helps to develop more consistent rulings in similar disputes and to help ensure that the law is applied in a predictable and consistent manner.
This doctrine was used to justify discrimination against African Americans and other minority groups. The doctrine was established in 1896 in the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson, and it remained in effect until 1954 when the Supreme Court reversed its decision in the case of Brown v. Board of Education.
To learn more about legal doctrine
https://brainly.com/question/704009
#SPJ1
At which stage of physical development is Peter at?
Peter is a child who loves to crawl around his room and play with all his toys. This scenario shows that Peter is in the _________ stage of physical development.
Answer:
Peter is in the locomotor stage of physical development. At this stage, children are beginning to develop their large motor skills and are exploring their surroundings through crawling and walking.
Was the United States "founded on slavery"? Those who support this framing point to several of the Founding Fathers being slave owners themselves while, as previously mentioned, leaving slavery intact under the early Constitution. From the other side, those critical of this wording state that by no means did every delegate at the Constitutional Convention champion slavery as many were against it and agreed to leave it untouched while optimistically hoping for it to progressively die out in the coming decades as it had in their states. Moreover, this position finds support in the warnings of the slave states in their refusal to agree to the Constitution if slavery were abolished therein. Antislavery proponents saw its inclusion as a necessary evil to create this new government. Had the issue been addressed then and there (in 1787) perhaps the Union would have never been created at all.
Answer:
The issue of slavery played a significant role in the early history of the United States, and it is true that many of the Founding Fathers were slave owners themselves. However, it is also true that there were those who opposed slavery and sought to leave it untouched in the early Constitution in the hopes that it would eventually die out. It is therefore inaccurate to say that the United States was "founded on slavery," as this overlooks the complex and often conflicting views held by those who shaped the country's early history. While it is important to acknowledge the role that slavery played in the formation of the United States and its institutions, it is equally important to recognize the diversity of perspectives and motivations that contributed to the country's founding.
How did the United states seek to prevent hostile powers from taking control of Eurasia?
Answer:
A constant nonviolent state of hostility between the Soviet Union and the US; began shortly after WWII with the rapid extension of Soviet influence over eastern Europe and North Korea; ended with the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
Explanation:
1. Critically assess the differences in military, succession, religious and economic respects between the states that emerged in the savanna and forest zones of Ghana respectively.
2. To what extent did the geographical conditions accounted for the differences. The role of geography in shaping the socio-cultural practices of these two zones?
Explanation:
1) Differences between the states that emerged in the savanna and forest zones of Ghana:
Military: The savanna states, such as the Kingdom of Dagbon and Mamprusi, had a strong military tradition and a centralized system of governance, which allowed them to expand their territories through conquest. In contrast, forest states such as the Asante and Fante had a more decentralized system of governance and relied on alliances and diplomacy to maintain their power and influence.
Succession: In the savanna states, succession to the throne was usually based on the principle of primogeniture, where the eldest son inherited the throne. In contrast, in forest states, succession was more fluid, and the king was often chosen from among a group of eligible candidates.
Religion: In the savanna states, Islam played a significant role in shaping the culture and society, while in forest states, traditional African religions were more prevalent. However, some forest states, such as the Ashanti Empire, also embraced Islam as a religion.
Economic: The savanna states were more focused on trade, particularly with the trans-Saharan trade routes, while the forest states were more involved in agriculture and mining, particularly gold mining.
2)The role of geography in shaping the socio-cultural practices of these two zones: The differences between the savanna and forest states can be partly attributed to the geographical conditions of each zone. The savanna region is characterized by open grasslands, which made it easier for the savanna states to engage in long-distance trade and expand their territories through conquest. In contrast, the forest region is characterized by dense forests, which made it harder to expand territories and engage in long-distance trade. The forest states, therefore, relied on alliances and diplomacy to maintain their power and influence. The forest region also had a more diverse ecology, which allowed for a variety of economic activities, including agriculture and mining. This, in turn, influenced the socio-cultural practices of the forest states, such as their emphasis on agriculture and their use of gold as a symbol of power and wealth.
In conclusion, while geography played a role in shaping the differences between the savanna and forest states of Ghana, other factors such as culture, religion, and economic activity also contributed to these differences. It is essential to take a holistic view of these factors when analyzing the history and development of these states.
The Black Sash resistance to apartheid
Answer:
The Black Sash was a resistance movement in South Africa that was founded in 1955 by a group of white women who opposed apartheid. The organization was named after the black sashes that members wore to show their opposition to the government's discriminatory policies. They used peaceful protests, marches, and public demonstrations to raise awareness of the injustices of the apartheid system. The Black Sash provided support to victims of apartheid, campaigned against laws that violated human rights, and called for the release of political prisoners. Despite being a non-violent movement, its members were often arrested and harassed by the police. The Black Sash continued to operate throughout the apartheid era and played a significant role in the eventual downfall of the apartheid regime.
Explanation:
1. Analyze the Declaration of Independence and examine the connection between
the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and equality with those stated in the
document.
Answer:
The development of oranges as a crop in south Florida has numerous hurdles. However, one important growth roadblock can be explained here. The colder temperature is a big impediment to the oranges' development.
Please correct me if i am wrong
Answer: The Declaration of Independence, written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, is one of the most influential documents in American history. It is a statement of principles that asserts the rights of American colonists to revolt against British rule and establish a new nation based on the ideals of freedom and equality. The Declaration reflects Enlightenment ideals of natural rights, limited government, and social contract theory.
The connection between Enlightenment ideals of freedom and equality and those stated in the Declaration of Independence is clear. The document asserts that "all men are created equal," and that they are endowed with certain inalienable rights, such as "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." These ideas were central to the Enlightenment belief in natural rights, which held that these rights are inherent in all human beings and cannot be taken away by government or other institutions.
brainlieast is appreciated (:
Write a 300 words essay in which you explain the problems that human caused on Easter Island.
What caused OPEC to place an embargo on the US?
A. US support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War
B. US actions in the Vietnam War
C. US intervention during the Iran Hostage Crisis
D. US tensions with the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Answer: A. US support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War
Explanation: Following the Yom Kippur War, the canal was cleared in 1974 and opened again in 1975. OAPEC countries cut production of oil and placed an embargo on oil exports to the United States after Richard Nixon requested $2.2 billion to support Israel's war effort.
Our country right or wrong defending the Vietnam war answers
Answer:
Explanation:
"Our country right or wrong" is a phrase often associated with defending the Vietnam War. The idea behind this phrase is that one should support their country regardless of its actions. Those who defended the Vietnam War believed that the United States had a moral obligation to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, and that supporting the war effort was necessary to fulfill that obligation. They also believed that opposing the war was unpatriotic and undermined the efforts of American soldiers. However, critics of the war argued that blind support of the government and military actions can lead to unjust and immoral actions, and that it is possible to love one's country while still criticizing its policies and actions.
drop the events into order according to when they happened. Put the first event at the top and the last event at the bottom.
______________
Boston massacre
quartering act
Intolerable acts
boston tea party
______________
Please put these in the correct order!
what happend 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
Answer:
Boston Massacre happened on March 5, 1770
Boston Tea Party happened on December 16, 1773
Intolerable Acts happened on March 31, 1774
Quartering Act happened on May 15, 1765
Explanation:
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
Quartering Act
Unlike President Lincoln, the Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to:
OA. require 50 percent of all Confederate voters to pledge allegiance
to the Union.
OB. pardon all former Confederate leaders, soldiers, and voters under
certain conditions.
OC. provide payments to former slaveholders to compensate for their
enslaved people.
OD. force all Confederate states to pass the Thirteenth Amendment to
be readmitted.
Unlike President Lincoln, the Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to: A. require 50 percent of all Confederate voters to pledge allegiance to the Union.
How did the Radical Republican Party respond to President Lincoln's 10% Plan?Lincoln's proposal was criticized by the Radical Republicans because they felt it was too forgiving of the South. Radical Republicans thought Lincoln's Reconstruction plan was too lenient because, in their eyes, the South had started the war and should be punished accordingly.
In contrast to Lincoln's intended 10%, the Wade-Davis Bill mandated that before reunification, 50% of all voters in the Confederate states must declare their allegiance to the Union. The Bill also prohibited slavery in the states that were in rebellion, in addition to the loyalty oath.
To know more about Radical Republican Party, refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/29378489
#SPJ1
Answer: C
Explanation: i just took the test
What does the chart show about Great Britain’s construction of battleships between 1910 and 1914?
It built slightly fewer ships than Germany.
It built slightly more ships than Germany.
It built more than twice as many ships as Germany.
It built more than three times as many ships as Germany.
It built slightly more ships than Germany. The chart shows that Great Britain constructed 80 battleships between 1910 and 1914, while Germany constructed 72.
What is battleships?Battleships is a classic two-player guessing game. Players attempt to sink their opponent's fleet of ships by guessing the coordinates of their ships on a grid. Players take turns calling out a coordinate and if the coordinate is a part of a ship, that ship is marked as hit. The first player to sink all of their opponent's ships wins the game. Battleships is a game of strategy and luck, as players have to guess the location of their opponent's ships without knowing what is where.
To learn more about battleships
https://brainly.com/question/29817267
#SPJ1
Answer: It built more than twice as many ships as Germany (C)
Explanation:
Just took it, trust me
German parties were represented by _____ (26 letters)
Hitler’s aim was to create a ______ (14 letters)
Answer:
German parties were represented by PARLIAMENTARIANS.
Hitler's aim was to create a TOTALITARIANISM.
What effect did the Cold War have on American culture and politics
Answer:
The Cold War instigated strong anti-communism within the USA. The hatred towards Communism was so great that it eventually led to McCarthyism. During McCarthyism, Americans were obsessed with the process of identifying the Communists and removing those Communists from American society.
The Cold War was reflected in culture through music, movies, books, television, and other media, as well as sports, social beliefs, and behavior. Major elements of the Cold War included the threat of communist expansion, a nuclear war, and – connected to both – espionage.
Explanation:
Hope this helps
Can someone help me please i would really appreciate it.
i need to answer this questions in order
Name: ___________ Date: __3/1/2023____________ President Bush, Obama, Trump and Biden Pardons and Commutations You will need to use your text and visit the U.S. Pardons Office website: http://www.justice.gov/pardon/ to answers to these questions
1. What part of the U.S. Constitution gives the president the power to pardon?
2. How can the Constitutional power granted to the president to pardon change?
3. Define pardon and commutation.
4. What if any limitations are placed on the President to use the pardon or commutation powers?
5. How much involvement does the Department of Justice have in this process, if any?
6. President George W. Bush pardoned_____ and commuted the sentence of ____ people.
7. Did President George W. Bush commute or pardon and for what offense?
a. ___________Lewis “Scooter” Libby__________________________
b. ___________ Jose A Compean ______________________________
c. ___________ Ignacio Ramos ________________________________
8. President Obama pardoned _______ and commuted the sentence of _____ people.
9. President Obama commute or pardon for what offense?
a. ____________Chelsea Manning _____________________________
b. ____________ James Cartwright ______________________________
10.President Trump pardoned _______ and commuted the sentence of ____ people.
11.President Trump commute or pardon for what offense?
a. _______ Joseph Arpaio ____________________________________
b. _______ Susan B. Anthony _________________________________
c. ________Michael Flynn ______________________________________
12.President Biden pardoned ___________ and commuted the sentence of _______ people.
Answer:
Explanation:
1. The president's power to pardon is granted by Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution.
2. The power to pardon is an executive power that is not subject to review or oversight by Congress or the judiciary. However, the Constitution allows for the impeachment and removal of a president who abuses the pardon power.
3. Pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the cancellation of the relevant penalty or punishment. Commutation, on the other hand, is the reduction of a sentence, usually from a more severe punishment to a less severe one.
4. The Constitution places no specific limitations on the President's pardon or commutation powers. However, there is a general understanding that these powers should not be used for corrupt or self-serving purposes.
5. The Department of Justice is involved in the pardon and commutation process by reviewing and making recommendations to the President on petitions for clemency. The President is not required to follow the DOJ's recommendations.
6. President George W. Bush pardoned 189 individuals and commuted the sentence of 11 people.
7. President George W. Bush commuted the sentences of Lewis “Scooter” Libby, Jose A Compean, and Ignacio Ramos. Libby was convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in connection with the leak of CIA agent Valerie Plame's identity. Compean and Ramos were Border Patrol agents convicted of shooting an unarmed drug smuggler and then covering up the incident.
8. President Obama pardoned 212 individuals and commuted the sentence of 1,715 people.
9. President Obama commuted the sentence of Chelsea Manning, a former Army intelligence analyst who was convicted of leaking classified documents to WikiLeaks. He also pardoned James Cartwright, a retired Marine Corps general who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI about leaking information to reporters.
10. President Trump pardoned 143 individuals and commuted the sentence of 94 people.
11. President Trump pardoned Joseph Arpaio, a former Arizona sheriff who was convicted of criminal contempt for defying a court order to stop racial profiling. He also pardoned Susan B. Anthony, a women's suffrage activist who was convicted of voting illegally in 1872, and Michael Flynn, a former national security adviser who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI.
12. President Biden pardoned 3 felons and commuted the sentence of 73 people.
2. When dealing with the atrocities of war that American soldiers experienced in the Pacific, could a
logical conclusion be drawn to jusify using the Atomic bomb?
The decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan was a highly controversial one and has been debated for decades. There is no single "logical" conclusion that can be drawn to justify the use of the atomic bomb based solely on the atrocities that American soldiers experienced in the Pacific.
What informs this assertion?While it is true that American soldiers faced brutal conditions and suffered significant casualties during the Pacific W.a.r, it is important to recognize that the decision to use the atomic bomb had complex and multifaceted motivations. These included factors such as the desire to bring a swift end to the w.a.r, the fear of a protracted invasion of Japan, and the desire to demonstrate American military superiority to the Soviet Union.
Moreover, it is important to recognize that the atomic bombings had devastating consequences for the Japanese people, causing enormous loss of life and long-term health effects. Some historians argue that Japan was already on the verge of surrender, and that the use of the atomic bomb was unnecessary and immoral. Others argue that the bombing was a necessary step to end the war and save American lives.
In conclusion, there is no single "logical" conclusion that can be drawn to justify the use of the atomic bomb based solely on the atrocities experienced by American soldiers in the Pacific. The decision to use the atomic bomb was a complex one with multiple factors and motivations, and it continues to be a subject of debate and discussion among historians and policymakers.
learn more about atomic bomb: https://brainly.com/question/140986
#SPJ1
What is the challenge or problem in society that you want to address about Gun control, and why there should be more gun laws ? What civic engagement activity will you implement to address it?
Answer:
There are different challenges and problems related to gn control, but one of the main arguments for the implementation of more gn laws is to reduce gn violence and protect citizens' safety. Many believe that the current gn laws are insufficient and too lenient, making it too easy for criminals, minors, and mentally ill individuals to access fiearms. This lack of regulation has led to numerous mass shootings, homcides, and suicdes across the United States, which continue to have a devastating impact on individuals and communities.
To address the issue of gn control and promote civic engagement, individuals can engage in various activities, such as:
Contacting their representatives: Individuals can contact their local, state, and federal representatives to express their views on gun control and advocate for the implementation of stricter gn laws.
Participating in peaceful demonstrations: Individuals can join peaceful demonstrations to raise awareness and show support for gn control.
Volunteering for advocacy organizations: Individuals can volunteer for advocacy organizations that promote gn control and support their efforts to enact change.
Educating others: Individuals can educate others about the importance of gn control and the potential benefits of implementing stricter gn laws.
By engaging in these activities, individuals can promote civic engagement and contribute to the effort to address the challenges related to gn control.
Explanation:
2.1 How would you describe the way in which Columbus and the Spanish are drawn?
Columbus and the Spanish are often related to the discovery of south America, however in reality, they were civilized in their own way before colonization and exploitation came in.
What is the correlation between the Spanish and ColumbusColumbus and the Spanish are often portrayed in historical artwork and literature as heroic figures who discovered new lands and brought civilization and Christianity to the native populations. They are often shown wearing elaborate clothing and armor, with symbols of their wealth and power.
The native populations they encountered are often portrayed as exotic and primitive, and sometimes even as savages. However, this view of Columbus and the Spanish has been increasingly challenged in recent years as more attention is given to the negative impact of colonialism and the exploitation and mistreatment of native populations.
Learn more on Columbus here;
https://brainly.com/question/10813507
#SPJ1