Abstract
In the last two decades, numerous researchers have focused on elucidating the relationship between the skeletal and immune systems with respect to their regulatory mechanisms. It has now become clear that osteoclasts are derived from the same myeloid precursor cells that can differentiate into macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells. In addition, bone and immune cells coexist in the common microenvironment of the bone marrow and are thus influenced by similar mediators. Discovery of a common regulatory mechanism via the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)–receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK)–osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis in both the bone and immune system has not only increased understanding of the fundamental processes of bone homeostasis but has further crystalized understanding of the definitive regulatory correlation between bone and immunity. Moreover, many of the soluble mediators produced by immune cells, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, regulate the activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. This increased recognition of the complex interactions between the immune system and bone has led to the development of the interdisciplinary field of osteoimmunology. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of bone cells and the soluble mediators responsible for crosstalk between the skeletal and immune systems. A more complete appreciation of the interactions between immune and bone cells should lead to better therapeutic strategies for diseases that affect either or both systems.
PLEASE HELP: Consider this claim: Changes in environmental conditions always result in new ecosystems and loss of biodiversity characterized by an increase in the number of some species, the evolution of new species, and the extinction of some species.Use what you have learned from the lesson, as well as reliable and reputable resources, to evaluate this claim.
Answer:
Surf through the internet if possible and support this claim with examples of multiple websites. Skim through briefly your lesson and give atleast a weak example of why you agree with this (or why you disagree)
optic nerves travel through the __________ to ensure that visual signals go to each hemisphere of the brain.
Answer:
Optic Chiasm
Explanation:
Optic nerves travel through the optic chiasm to ensure that visual signals go to each hemisphere of the brain.
The body does not break down proteins to make ATP unless nothing else is available because the amino acids in proteins are needed to build new proteins more than they are needed for energy
True or False
Answer:
I think it's false
Which statement about the balanced equations for nuclear and chemical changes is correct? (1 point) Both are balanced according to the total mass before and after the change. A chemical equation is balanced according to mass number. A nuclear equation is balanced according to the total mass before and after the change. Both are balanced according to the mass number of each element before and after the change. A nuclear equation is balanced according to mass number. A chemical equation is balanced according to the total mass before and after the change.
Both nuclear and chemical equations are balanced according to the total mass before and after the change.
In every equation or reaction, the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total mass of the products. In other words, all reactions - be they chemical or nuclear - must obey the law of conservation of mass.
The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another during a reaction.
Thus, in order to balance reactions involving chemical or nuclear reactants, the total mass before the reaction must be equal to the total mass after the reaction.
More on the law of conservation of mass can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/13383562
Answer:
A nuclear equation is balanced according to mass number. A chemical equation is balanced according to the total mass before and after the change.
Explanation:
Both equations are not balanced according to the total mass.
Help please!!! ( No links aloud )
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Answer:
i would say you can go to a link but no link T-T
Explanation:
Tell me an operational definition for each underlined idea. You can do one, but the more you do the more points you get. Thank you!!!
Answer:
Dial Antibacterial Bar Soap.
(first one)
Energizer Ultimate Lithium: The longest-lasting AA battery.
(second one)
Bounty
(third one)
Explanation:
Did I do it right?...
in which stage of the cell cycle does a cell contain twice its normal number of chromosomes?
Answer:
anaphase
Explanation:
(don't mind this need 20)
Similar Term of Genetic variation
Explanation:
Biodiversity
Ecosystem diversity
variety of living things
HELP ASAP!!!!
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
The function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to make ATP; the primary function of respiration is to break down ATP to release energy.
Photosynthesis only occurs in heterotrophs, while cellular respiration only occurs in autotrophs.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in separate, specialized organelles, and the two processes cannot occur in the same cell at the same time.
Photosynthesis uses solar energy to create organic molecules; cellular respiration breaks down organic molecules to make ATP.
Answer: The function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to make ATP; the primary function of respiration is to break down ATP to release energy.
Explanation:
Answer:
The answer is A.
The function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to make ATP; the primary function of respiration is to break down ATP to release energy.
Explanation:
I just learned abt this yesterday so your lucky! So I hope this helps!! Brainliest?? Anyways have a great day!! :))
a tissue with a firm gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is
Answer:
I believe you are referring to either cartilage or chondrocytes
Explanation:
Chondrocytes are cells that are found within the lacunae.
Cartilage is the connective tissue that chondrocytes make up.
The body is protected against harmful flu
viruses by
(1) red blood cells and hormones
(2) white blood cells and antibodies
(3) white blood cells and enzymes
(4) red blood cells and antibodies
Answer:white blood cells and antibodies
Explanation:White blood cells include lymphocytes (such as B-cells, T-cells and natural killer cells), and many other types of immune cells.
will mark brainlyist if right
What chemical change occurs to ATP when it reacts with water and releases energy?
a
The ATP molecule loses a phosphate, becoming ADP.
b
ATP binds to chlorophyll to allow plants to use the sun's energy.
c
The ATP molecule gains a phosphate, becoming ADP.
d
The ATP molecule becomes membrane bound as a sodium-potassium pump.
Answer:
the other person was right
Explanation:
a. the ATP molecule loses a phosphate become ADP
Why is the carbon cycle important to living things
The carbon cycle is important because it moves carbon (which is a life-sustaining element) from the atmosphere to organisms, and back again. Without it, Earth would be unhospitable.
How do cells
Aquire the materials.
and
energy
necessssary
to
sustain cire?
Answer: they take nutrients from food
Explanation:
Cells get energy by taking in nutrients from food. Cells get energy only by taking in oxygen from the atmosphere.
what are the functions of carbohydrates
this is the answer,pls mark me brainliest
A hobbyist has increased the number of fish in his aquarium. He is trying to decide whether he should add fresh plants or the colorful
plastic ones. Which of the following would help him make up his mind and increase the possiblty that all his fish will survive? (TEK 4D)
O a
The plastic plants will make the aquarium prettier to look at for the fish.
Oь
The plastic plants cost less money.
О с
The fresh plants will provide a place to hide.
Od
The fresh plants will create oxygen.
Time left for this
Answer:
can anyone help me in computer please please
which enzyme is responsible for proofreading during replication?
Answer:
DNA polymerase
Explanation:
if yellow, red, and orange pigments exist in the leaves of trees, why are leaves green except for in the autumn?
Answer:
During the fall the day gets shorter hence less sunlight this results to leaves stopping their food making process. The chlorophyll breaks down, the green color disappears and the yellow to orange color becomes visible
Explanation:
skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because
Answer:
Skin can regenerate effectively even after undergoing considerable damage because stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components of skin. In response to injury, cells of the stratum basale (germinativum) replace epithelial cells while mesenchymal cells replace lost dermal cells.
Explanation:
yw!
Compare and contrast Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
Answer:
Archaea is a single-celled bacterium that thrives in severe circumstances, whereas Eubacteria lives and flourishes in normal settings. Archaea is the earliest bacterial species yet discovered, dating back to the formation of the world.
If it’s right guess what you get…. Just take a guess
Answer:
B) Carbon Dioxide, Water, 36 ATP
Explanation:
Cellular respiration takes A (Glucose & Oxygen) and converts it into B (Carbon Dioxide, Water, and 36 ATP)
Hope This Helped!
Which process must occur for a muscle to be able to relax?
O A The amount of ATP in the neuromuscular junction must increase.
O B. Myosin and actin must attach to each other.
O C. A nerve must initiate an action potential in the muscle fiber.
O D. The concentration of calcium in the myJfibril must decrease.
after the four steps of cellular respiration, where is most of the energy stored?
Answer:
on the inner membranes of the mitochondria
Explanation:
instead of all the energy being released at once and that energy is used to form ATP
1. a) Students are trying to decide which is better for the environment: glass bottles or aluminum cans. They intend to use a formal method of investigation to determine which container is better. They are going to make a list of pros and cons for using each type of container but first need to do some research. The students need to find out things like how much matter and energy are used to make the bottles and cans.
b) How do you know the students in the above study are acting as scientists? (1 point)
Answer:
because they are helping the envioment and developing experiments
Explanation:
An organism suffers damage from chemical exposure, causing a cell to increase the production of a protein that promotes cell division. This division is rapid and uncontrolled.
How would this impact the organism?
The organism would be able to heal minor injuries rapidly.
The organism would be able to heal minor injuries rapidly.
The organism would begin to develop cancerous masses.
The organism would begin to develop cancerous masses.
The organism would stop growing.
The organism would stop growing.
The organism would start to evolve.
The organism would start to evolve.
Uncontrolled cell growth is often associated with mutations in genes encoding proteins that promote cell division. These regulatory proteins are known as mitogens or growth factors.
The consequence of a mutation that leads to rapid and uncontrolled cell growth is that the organism would begin to develop cancerous masses.Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth, which is caused by mutations in genes involved in the control of cell division.
A growth factor is a molecule capable of inducing cellular growth and proliferation.A mitogen is a protein that induces a cell to begin mitosis (e.g., the Platelet-derived growth factor).
Learn more in:
https://brainly.com/question/436553?referrer=searchResults
What is a null hypothesis
(In a statistical test) the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
the principle of ________ is the concept that ancient life forms evolved in a definite order and therefore their fossils can help determine the geologic ages of strata.
Answer:
Principle of fossil succession is the concept mentioned above.
Explanation:
i used g o o g l e but that's all i could find so if its right please give Brain l i e s t
Which formula represents an organic compound?
Mg(OH)2
C6H12O6
NH3
NaCl
Answer:
B
Explanation:
How are the competition and the commensalism relationships similar
Answer:
Predation and Competition. Two of the main ways that populations interact with one another is by competition and by predation. In competition, individuals seek to obtain the same environmental resource. In predation, one population is the resource of the other.
Explanation:
Question 25
1 pts
Which aspect of a chemical reaction is affected by enzymes?
0 rate
O direction
O equilibrium
Орн •
Answer:
Its rate
Explanation: