Calcium activity dynamics correlate with neuronal phenotype at a single cell level and in a threshold-dependent manner.
Briefing :Calcium is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that is essential in a variety of physiological functions. Recent research has revealed that calcium activity is highly important in vertebrate brain development. We wanted to see if calcium activity and neuronal phenotype are solely connected at the population level or at the level of single cells.
Why is it called threshold?This Old English word's origins are unknown, although it is thought to be linked to Old English threscan, from which we get the words thresh, which means "to extract seed from (a harvested plant) with a machine or instrument," and thrash, which means "to beat harshly with or as if with a stick or whip.
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filipowicz, w., bhattacharyya, s. n., and sonenberg, n. (2008). mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by micrornas: are the answers in sight? nat. rev. genet. 9, 102–114. doi: 10.1038/nrg2290
Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight, the statement is correct.
What is microRNA?microRNAs are the Short non-coding RNAs which is otherwise called as miRNAs that results in post-transcriptional gene expression.
MicroRNA discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans in 1993, on the other hand Gary Ravkun identified the miRNA target gene involve in posttranscriptional gene regulation.
These are small RNA molecules encoded in both plants and animals, highly conserved 22 nucleotides long RNA sequences and they regulate the expression of genes by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions.
A growing body of evidence shows that miRNAs are one of the key players in cell differentiation and growth, mobility and apoptosis.
miRNAs from other classes of small RNAs in the cell particularly the distinction from endogenous small interfering RNAs, regulate the development and physiology, understanding its biological role.
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phylogenies represent how different species or groups of organisms may be related through evolutionary time.
DNA-DNA hybridisation is used to check the similarity in organisms.
What is evolution?
Evolution is defined as change in the characteristics that acquired heritableyand of population exposed to generations which are successive. There are several stages of evolution through which an organism pass to achieve the evolution and these are mutation, after that genetic recombination, reproduction isolation, and natural selection.
The neck of the giraffe is the best example of evolution as the time change the length of the neck of the giraffe becomes long because due to height of tree they strech their neck and due to practice over a long time the evolution takes place and their neck become long in length. Evolution is a time taking or long process.
Therefore, DNA-DNA hybridisation is used to check the similarity in organisms.
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The major biological source of oxygen, which many organisms require when they break down glucose, is actually a by-product of?
The major biological source of oxygen, which many organisms require when they break down glucose, is actually a by-product of photosynthesis.
Glucose is a monosaccharide. It is also the main source of direct energy for many plants and animals. In humans, glucose can be found dissolved in the blood. The molecular formula of glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆.
Photosynthesis is the process of formation of one's own food using the inorganic raw materials like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide. The food formed is in the form of sugars and, water and oxygen are released as by-products. The photosynthesis occurs in plants, some bacteria and fungi.
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Stretch receptors called muscle spindles are located within which connective tissue layer?
Answer:
within extrafusal (skeletal) muscle fibers
Explanation:
The graph shows the world human population size and growth rate over time. How are the two sets of data related to each other? What does studying one data set tell you about the other?
With the x-axis being linear and the y-axis being logarithmic, the graph is thus semi-logarithmic.
The relative rate of population growth is displayed. On this graph, a population that expands at a steady rate is depicted as a straight line, although the actual population size grows exponentially.
Over the course of the last 200 years, the population has grown from roughly 1 billion to over 7 billion people at an accelerating rate.We find the difference (subtract) between the original population and the population at Time 1, divide by the initial population, then multiply by 100 to obtain the Population Growth (PG). For that time (10 years), the population growth rate (PGR) was 12%.Through technology, urbanization, and the use of fossil fuels as energy, humans have improved their carrying capacity. We can forecast population increase using a population's age distribution.Learn more about human population here:
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A STARCH MOLECULE IS LIKE A
The method that stimulates people to be creative by meeting with others and participating in an organized group experience is known as?
According to the research, the correct option is brainstorming. The method that stimulates people to be creative by meeting with others and participating in an organized group experience is known as brainstorming.
What is brainstorming?It is an unstructured technique for work groups to inspire creative and effective problem solving by encouraging group members to brainstorm ideas or proposals to resolve an issue.
In this sense, this group work technique is aimed at finding solutions and developing new projects, exploiting the creativity of each person.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is brainstorming. The method that stimulates people to be creative by meeting with others and participating in an organized group experience is known as brainstorming.
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The carotenoid pigments of some phototrophs interact with ________ to reduce its toxicity.
The carotenoid pigments of some phototrophs interact with Singlet to reduce its toxicity.
Because carotenoids are fat-soluble substances, they are best absorbed when combined with fat. Cooking and chopping foods high in carotenes makes the nutrients more potent when they are absorbed into the bloodstream than some protein-rich foods and vegetables.
Xanthophylls and carotenes are the two main classes into which carotenoids are divided.
Carotenoids of both types have antioxidant effects. Some carotenoids can also be turned into vitamin A, which is necessary for human growth and health.
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Among the themes targeted by the national academy of engineering's grand challenges for engineering as 'essential for humans to flourish' is?
Environmental sustainability is among the themes targeted by the national academy of engineering's grand challenges for engineering as 'essential for humans to flourish'.
What is Environmental sustainability?Environmental sustainability makes reference to the sustainable use of natural resources in order to protect the Earth's planet, which is a fundamental ecological issue.
In conclusion, environmental sustainability is among the themes targeted by the national academy of engineering's grand challenges for engineering as 'essential for humans to flourish'.
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What determines whether a cell responds to a hormone such as epinephrine? What determines how a cell responds to such a hormone?
A cell can only respond to a hormone if it contains a receptor protein that can bind to the hormone on its surface or within the cell. The cellular response to a hormone is determined by the unique signal transduction route within the cell that leads to the specific cellular response. The reaction varies depending on the type of cell.
Epinephrine binds to a receptor on the surface of cells such as the liver, skin, heart, and lungs. Epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glucagon into glucose in the liver, providing the body with instant energy. In the skin, epinephrine decreases blood flow, enabling more blood to be pumped to the muscles, but in the lungs, it relaxes smooth muscle cells, allowing for more air movement. Finally, it causes the heart's contraction rate to rise. All of the components are intended to assist the body to expend as much energy as possible to aid in the fight or flight response.
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linde, j., et al., data-and knowledge-based modeling of gene regulatory networks: an update. excli journal, 2015. 14: p. 346
The sentence is a part of a study about the Interactions between genes with the help of high-throughput data which were predicated by the gene regulatory network inference which is the biology system approach.
The updated network inference methods were presented on unexplored techniques for network inference assessment, data acquisition network inference for the integration of prior knowledge and interacting species. After the next generation, sequencing of cDNAs was derived from the RNA samples, there were applications in the network interference, there was a progression for both large-scale and small-scale genomic and condensed network inference, and advances were examined in the network inference methods because of crowdsourcing. There was current availability of prior knowledge sources and there was a perspective that recalls interacting species for the interference of the gene regulatory networks.
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the basic unit of structure for all organisms is called the
Answer:
cells unit
Explanation:
ii) Explain why yam cannot follow cassava in a crop rotational plan.
In certain regions, cassava is sown shortly after or concurrently with yams. Cuttings from cassava are inserted into the yam mounds' sides. In other locations, beans, groundnuts, or maize are cultivated in between the cassava plants. It is best to avoid growing numerous crops at once.
Crop rotation – what is it?Crop rotation is the technique of successively growing different crops on the same plot of land in an effort to improve soil health, increase nutritional content, and minimize insect and weed pressure.
Why is crop rotation necessary and what does it entail?Crop rotation entails planting a series of various crops in one site across several seasons. Crop rotation contributes to long-term farm production maintenance or improvement of soil health.
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How does the fertilization envelope form in sea urchins? What is its function?
Following the initial sperm-egg encounter, the paracrystalline protein fraction (PCF), which is produced from cortical granules, and the egg surface vitelline envelope (VE) combine to create the sea urchin fertilization envelope (FE).
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus FEs were used to extract a major protein fraction that contained seven major polypeptides, despite the fact that mature FEs are physicochemically hardened after insemination.
These major, separated components were immunologically cross-reactive with the major polypeptides in PCF and isolated cortical granules.
It is possible that only VE components are covalently connected based on the immunological crossreactivity of antibodies made against extracted, core FEs with isolated VEs but not with PCF.
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Osmoreceptors that stimulate the release of antidiuretic hormone and initiate the thirst response are found in the?
The thirst response are found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure.
Most homeothermic creatures include osmoreceptors, which are sensory receptors that typically reside in the hypothalamus and are capable of detecting changes in osmotic pressure. Osmoreceptors can be found in a number of tissues, including two circumventricular organs: the subfornical organ and the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis.The anterior hypothalamus is home to the main osmoreceptors that regulate AVP secretion and thirst, and injuries to this area in animals lead to hyperosmolality through a combination of reduced thirst and osmotically enhanced AVP secretion.The anterior hypothalamus contains the majority of the central receptors, including the subfornical organ and the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, two of the circumventricular organs.To learn more about Osmoreceptors.
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Which organelle adis in the production and movement of proteins and other materials through the cell ?
Answer: The organelle that aids in the production and movement of proteins and other substances through the body is known as the endoplasmic reticulum. This cell organelle is essential for synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins.
Explanation:
quizlet cancer antigen-binding domains/sites of an antibody molecule are made up of heavy and light chains
Answer:
ystsrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
Explanation:
rrrrysrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrt
Rna contains equal proportions of g and c nucleotides. true false
Erwin Chargaff disproved an earlier hypothesis that the four bases were present in equal proportions, and dispelled the view that DNA was too simple and uniform to hold genetic information.
Does RNA contain C and G?An RNA molecule has a backbone made of alternating phosphate groups and the sugar ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases:
adenine (A)uracil (U)cytosine (C) or guanine (G).With this information, we can conclude that Erwin Chargaff analyzed the base composition of DNA from diverse sources and discovered consistent ratios of the bases among all the sources.
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Which statement accurately describes the charge of the nucleus of an atom? (1 point)
a
The nucleus can be either positively charged or neutral.
b
The nucleus never has an electrical charge.
c
The nucleus always has a positive charge.
d
The charge of a nucleus can change from positive to negative.
Option (a) is the correct answer as the nucleus of an atom can either be positively charged or neutral.
Atoms are fundamental constituents of all matter. The three subatomic components of an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Only protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an atom, while the nucleus is surrounded by electrons. The charge of protons, electrons and neutrons is positive, negative and neutral respectively.
Equivalent numbers of protons and electrons make up a neutral atom. As a result, the atom turns neutral since positive and negative charges cancel each other out.
A nucleus of an atom can therefore either be neutral or be positively charged.
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Clots in arteries can cause heart altacks and strokes. Why, then, does it make sense to treat people with hemophilia by introducing clotting factors into their blood?
Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder marked by a genetic incapacity to efficiently clot blood.
Although they are necessary proteins for the coagulation process, clotting factors do not really cause clotting. In order to treat hemophilia and avoid blood loss in the event of an accident or injury, clotting factors must be injected into the patient's blood.It can result in spontaneous bleeding as well as bleeding after an operation or an accident. A blood protein known as a clotting factor helps to stop bleeding.Clotting factors are plasma components required for blood to clot. Therefore, the best method for treating hemophilia is blood clotting factor replacement, which enables normal blood clotting. A clotting factor concentrate is routinely injected into a hemophilic person's vein as part of the treatment process.Learn more about the hemophilia with the help of the given link:
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You discover a new egg-laying worm species. You dissect four adults and find both oocytes and sperm in each. Cells outside the gonad contain five chromosome pairs. Lacking genetic variants, how would you determine whether the worms can self-fertilize?
The worms' ability to self-fertilize can be tested by an experiment. Worms can reproduce asexually since they have both oocytes and sperm, therefore they don't need the assistance of another worm.
Self-fertilization occurs in amphoteric organisms, including most flowering plants, numerous protozoa, and many invertebrates. Autogamy, the production of gametes by the division of a single parent cell, is commonly found in unicellular organisms such as the protozoan Paramecium. However, these organisms can also reproduce by conjugation. In conjugation, cross-fertilization is achieved by the exchange of genetic material between two individuals through cytoplasmic bridges. Similarly, while most higher plants are hermaphroditic (i.e., hermaphroditic, male and female gametes are produced by the same individual), most self-pollinated species are also capable of cross-pollination, Even those that mandate pollination, pollinators occasionally cross-pollinate at random.
Hermaphrodites (animals in which both male and female gonads are carried by the individual) are rarely capable of self-fertilization, as many of these species have adaptations that facilitate cross-fertilization.
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Which of these is the lowest level of organization?
A. Organ
B. Tissue
C. Cell
D. Organ System
Answer: Cell
Explanation:
All the others are made up of cells
Answer: The levels, from smallest to largest, are: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.
Egg whites consist primarily of water and the protein albumin. When you fry an egg, why does the egg white turn from clear to white?.
Egg albumen appears opaque and turns white when heated because the protein in it has a propensity to cogulate.
Long chains of amino acids that are raveled up into a carefully organized compact mass make up the proteins found in egg white. This mass is held in place and prevented from unraveling by chemical bonds and interactions between the amino acids in each protein. The process of denaturation, which occurs as an egg cooks, is caused by the heat breaking the bonds between the proteins.New interactions between these amino acids and the amino acids of nearby proteins emerge as these proteins chains unfold and entangle with other proteins, changing the texture and turning it white.Learn more about the Protein denaturation with the help of the given link:
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The discovery of ________ in plants has led to a deeper understanding of how cells protect themselves from stress responses and, of course, viral infections.
The discovery of small RNA molecules that can silence genes in plants has led to a deeper understanding of how cells protect themselves from stress and viral infections. This knowledge is being used to develop new ways to protect crops from diseases and to improve our understanding of how plants resist stress.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which cells use small RNA molecules to silence genes. This process is important for preventing the spread of viruses and protecting cells from stress.
In plants, RNAi plays an important role in resistance to viral infections. When a plant is infected with a virus, the plant produces smallRNA molecules that target the virus's genetic material. These smallRNA molecules silence the virus's genes, preventing the virus from replicating.
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which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein? pancreatic amylase pancreatic protease salivary sucrase pancreatic nuclease
The substance that is involved in the chemical digestion of proteins is pancreatic protease (option B).
What is chemical digestion?Digestion is generally the process, in the gastrointestinal tract, by which food is broken down into simpler substances that can be utilized by the body.
However, chemical digestion specifically involves breaking down food molecules via chemical means e.g. enzymes.
Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse a biological chemical reaction. Protease is a specific kind of enzyme that cuts or cleaves proteins.
Therefore, the substance that is involved in the chemical digestion of proteins is pancreatic protease.
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In testing the optimal foraging model, it was assumed that changing the height of the drop only changed the total energy required. Do you think this is a realistic limitation, or might other factors than total energy be affected by height?
The behavioural ecology refers to this animal activity as foraging. Energy, or calories, vitamins, minerals, and protein are the main nutrients that animals obtain through fending for themselves. Foraging is divided into two different types: solitary foraging and group foraging.
Crows are an example of foragers since they prey on eggs, adult birds, and whelk.
What is the prediction of optimum foraging?A behavioural ecology model called optimal foraging theory (OFT) may be used to forecast how an animal will act when looking for food. Even while eating gives an animal energy, finding and collecting the food requires both time and energy.
Although foraging for food is necessary to sustain physiological function, the energy required to do so has a cost.
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Many scientists think that fetal tissue transplants offer great potential for treating Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and spinal cord injuries. Why might tissues from a fetus be particularly useful for replacing diseased or damaged cells in patients with such conditions? Some people would allow only tissues from miscarriages to be used in fetal transplant research. However, most researchers prefer to use tissues from surgically aborted fetuses. Why? Explain your position on this controversial issue.
Tissues from a toddler are better for the treatment of the mentioned disorders as they are the best for stem cell therapy.
What is stem cell therapy?The body's building blocks are stem cells, which are cells that give rise to all other cells with specific roles. Daughter cells are created when stem cells divide properly in the body or a lab to create additional cells.
These daughter cells may develop into fresh stem cells or into differentiated cells with a more particular role, such as bone, blood, brain, or heart muscle cells. No other cell in the body has the capacity to naturally produce different cell types.
Therefore, tissues from a toddler are better for the treatment of the mentioned disorders as they are the best for stem cell therapy.
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The layer of polysaccharides, which functions to help bacteria adhere to surfaces, prevents drying, and helps to resist a host's immune system is called the _____.
According to the research, the correct option is Glycocalyx. The layer of polysaccharides, which functions to help bacteria adhere to surfaces, prevents drying, and helps to resist a host's immune system is called the Glycocalyx.
What is Glycocalyx?It is the layer of carbohydrates or filamentous material that covers some bacteria and is mainly composed of polysaccharide, phospholipids or plasma membrane proteins.
In this sense, it contributes to protecting the cell surface from mechanical and chemical aggressions, as well as playing an important role in the processes of recognition and adhesion between cells.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is Glycocalyx. The layer of polysaccharides, which functions to help bacteria adhere to surfaces, prevents drying, and helps to resist a host's immune system is called the Glycocalyx.
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Based on the law of conservation of energy, which statement is correct?
A.Energy is always being added to all parts of the universe.
B. Energy is often destroyed in some parts of the Universe.
C.Energy is a closed system cannot change forms.
D.Energy in an isolated system remains constant.
Answer:
D. Energy is an isolated system that remains constant.
Explanation:
The law of conservation of energy states that the amount of energy is neither created nor destroyed, (but can be only changed from one form into another or transferred from one object to another).For example, when you play the piano and hit the keys, the energy of the person who plays the piano, will be transferred to the keys of the piano.
• According to the law of conservation whenever a form of energy transforms and changes to another, the total amount of energy remains constant,
the answer towards your question shall be D. is the correct statement.
vinblastine, a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat breast and testicular cancers, interferes with the assembly of microtubules. speculate how this drug works to inhibit cancer cell growth.
Vinblastine disrupts mitotic spindle formation and consequently mitosis. Vinblastine is used to treat non-lymphoma Hodgkin's (types of cancer that start in a type of white blood cell that normally fights infection), Hodgkin's lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease), and testicular cancer in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.
It's possible to experience injection site pain or redness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, fatigue, and appetite loss mitosis. Severe nausea and vomiting are possible. Your doctor may occasionally recommend medicine to treat or prevent nausea and vomiting. A little perennial plant that is indigenous to the island of Vinblastine is called Catharanthus roseus, popularly known as Madagascar periwinkle.
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