Answer:
Viruses are not cellular organisms they are more like groups of genetic materials and proteins, this is unlike bacteria which are single-celled microbes that do not contain a nucleus.
you disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. what level of structure will be preserved? you disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. what level of structure will be preserved? primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure
You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. Primary structure of structure will be preserved you disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein.
Hydrogen bond :A hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is a predominantly electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom covalently bonded to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn) and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac).
What is a hydrogen bond vs covalent?When atoms in a molecule share electrons, they form a covalent connection. An electrostatic attraction between an atom and the positive charge of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to something else is referred to as a hydrogen bond. It is less strong than a covalent link and can be inter- or intramolecular.
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Which of the following is true with respect to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes? a. Oligotrophic lakes are more subject to oxygen depletion. b. Rates of photosynthesis are lower in eutrophic lakes. c. Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients. d. Sediments in oligotrophic lakes contain larger amounts of decomposable organic matter.
The correct option is (c) Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients.
Eutrophic lakes feature high concentrations of plant nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and therefore sustain high plant productivity.
They are generally more nutrient rich than oligotrophic or mesotrophic lakes. Two times a year, in the spring and the fall, dimictic lakes change. This re-mixes the nutrients and dissolved oxygen that the lake's plants and creatures need. The top water cools and gets denser in the fall than the bottom waters do. The lake water is mixed as the cooler water sinks to the bottom. As the temperature drops in the winter, ice builds up on top of the lake and prevents any more mixing. When the lake is heated by the sun in the spring, the cooler, less dense water rises to the surface while the warmer, denser water sinks. The temperature and density disparities between the upper and bottom water layers grow increasingly pronounced as the summer goes on. In the summer and winter, these lakes typically physically stratify into three discernible strata.Learn more about the Eutrophic lake with the help of the given link:
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You are testing the hypothesis that increased population density of a particular plant species increases the rate at which a pathogenic fungus infects the plant. Because the fungus causes visible scars on the leaves, you can easily determine whether a plant is infected. Design an experiment to test your hypothesis. Describe your experimental and control groups, how you would collect data, and what results you would see if your hypothesis is correct.
Hypothesis was correct, there is a direct relationship between the number of plants in a population, i.e. a higher density, and the rate of infection--the greater the plant population, the faster the rate of pathogenic fungal infection, the lesser the amount of plants, the lesser the rate of infection.
Briefing:Before any experiment start with a hypothesis. In this instance, the degree of fungal infection and the population of plants are inversely correlated.
Thus, the more plant density, the more plants available to be infected by the fungus. If there is a lesser plant density, there will be less plants available to infect, thus a LOWER rate of fungal infection on these plants.
The experiment:Control: Place 5 plants in an environment held at room temperature (there is no pathogenic fungus in the environment, just plants--as a result, the plants will grow, showing no damage of leaves ie no infection.
For each of the following groups, place in an environment held at room temperature for 3 days, on the third day, record the amount of leaves that show damage (evidence of fungal infection).
Group 1
Place 1 plant, 1 fungi
Result, the lowest rate of infection (number of damaged leaves) (2 infected leaves)
Group 2
Place 5 plants, 1 fungi
Result, intermediate amount of damaged leaves (7 infected leaves)
Group 3
Place 10 plants, I fungi
Results:The highest rate of fungal infection, over the course of the three days, I would expect 20 leaves to show damage.
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The innate immune system recognizes double-stranded rna (dsrna), an indicator of viral replication in the host cell, and signals the immune response with?
The innate immune system recognizes double-stranded rna (dsrna), an indicator of viral replication in the host cell, and signals the immune response with interferons.
What are interferons?
A collection of signaling proteins known as interferons are produced and released by host cells in response to the presence of certain viruses. Typically, a virus-infected cell will release interferons, boosting the antiviral defenses of neighboring cells. IFNs are a member of the broad group of proteins known as cytokines, which are employed as a means of intercellular communication to activate the immune system's defenses that aid in the eradication of infections. IFNs also have a number of additional roles, including activating immune cells like natural killer cells and macrophages and boosting host defenses through modulating antigen presentation by raising the expression of MHC antigens.Learn more about the interferons with the help of the given link:
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which of the following statements regarding darwin's theory of adaptation by natural selection are accurate?
Beneficial traits are passed down from parents to offspring, and organisms must compete with other population members for resources.
Describe the Darwin theory:Darwin claimed that all species share a common origin, that species can change through time, and that new species develop from existing ones. According to this theory, each species has a distinct set of heritable (genetic) differences from the common ancestor that have developed gradually over extremely long time periods.
Why was Darwin's theory so important?The origin and adaptations of organisms entered the scientific canon with Darwin's discovery of natural selection. Now, it is possible to explain the adaptive characteristics of animals as the consequence of natural processes, similar to how the phenomena of the inanimate world are described.
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estimating the probability of illness due to swimming in recreational water with a mixture of human- and gull-associated microbial source tracking markers
Various sources of faces frequently contaminate beaches. Raw and processed wastewater from humans and wildlife, such seagulls, are examples of animal sources.
What do you mean by wastewater?Water that has been tainted by human activity and runoff from the rain is called wastewater. Sewage is another name for it. Typically, it is classified according to how it is produced, such as home sewage, industrial sewage, or storm sewage (stormwater).
What causes a problem with water waste?Groundwater and reservoir depletion pose major risks to water supplies, public health, and the environment. Higher quantities of contaminants produced by humans or the environment may be a result of lower water levels. More efficient water use helps to maintain supplies at reasonable levels, protecting the environment and public health.
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consuming high levels of provitamin a carotenoids, which come from plant sources, does not lead to vitamin a toxicity.
Consuming high levels of pro vitamin A carotenoid, which come from plant sources, does not lead to vitamin A toxicity. This statement is true.
Vitamin A is obtained mainly from the food products we eat, but it is also synthesized in our body via pro vitamin A carotenoids like beta-carotene. When high amounts of pro vitamin A carotene are consumed in the diet of a person they are converted very slowly and naturally in our body into vitamin A in the intestine.
Vitamin A has many benefits including defense from pathogens, strengthening immune system, improving vision, and also improving overall growth and development of the body etc.
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The watery medium that surrounds any living cell is known as ____ or ______
The watery medium that surrounds any living cell is known as extracellular fluid or tissue fluid.
What is extracellular fluid?Extracellular fluid is defined as the fluid that baths the cells which are not found within a cell but surrounds the cell.
The known extracellular fluids in the body include the following:
blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph and transcellular fluid which includes cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humour, serous fluid and gut fluid.The functions of the extracellular fluid in the body include the following:
Aids in delivering of oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body.it helps in the elimination of waste products from cell.Extracellular fluid is also called tissue fluid because it is found within a tissue but outside a cell.
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When a someone falls to the floor after drinking too much alcohol the organelle that will best help them to detoxify will be_________. nucleus
When a someone falls to the floor after drinking too much alcohol the organelle that will best help them to detoxify will be smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle of eukaryotic cells that, unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum, does not have ribosomes attached to it. This organelle will be abundant in cells that are responsible for lipid metabolism and detoxification. It will play a role in cellular transport, in the synthesis of lipids and in the purification of alcohol since it will have enzymes that metabolize alcohol.
Therefore, we can confirm that when a someone falls to the floor after drinking too much alcohol the organelle that will best help them to detoxify will be smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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What type of respiration does a yeast cell do?
Answer:
Aerobic respiration
Explanation:
Yeast uses oxygen during aerobic respiration to breakdown carbohydrates in to water and carbon dioxide.
Coupled transporters that move solutes in the same direction are called _______.
The coupled transporters that move solutes in the same direction are called symport.
Three means of transport are present in living cells- diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
In facilitated diffusion, the movement of solutes occurs through special transport proteins.
These proteins form channels inside them to facilitate the transport of solutes through them.
Depending upon the direction of movement of solutes, facilitated diffusion is further of three types
Symport - In this case, two solutes move together in the same direction.
Antiport - In the case of antiport two solutes move together in the opposite direction.
Uniport - When a solute moves across the membrane independent of the movement of other solutes it is known as uniport.
The conditions mentioned above are represented in the adjoining diagram.
Hence, the coupled transporters that move solutes in the same direction are called symport.
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Pancreatic ___________________ is one of the main pancreatic enzymes that digests carbohydrates.
Answer:
amylase
Explanation:
Pancreatic amylase is one of the main pancreatic enzymes that digest carbohydrates.
phospholipids tend to group together so that their polar parts face the surrounding aqueous environment, while their hydrophobic tails face each other. the resulting structures are called .
Fatty acids from glycolipids and phospholipids, which have two hydrophobic chains, are too large to form micelles that are spherical in shape. However, when the lipids combine to form micelles, the hydrophobic tails engage in intermolecular interactions rather than water.
What is hydrophobic?A substance's ability to reject water is referred to as hydrophobic. It alludes to having a weak preference for water and a propensity to resist or not absorb it. Most hydrophobic molecules are non-polar and tend to cluster. Fats and oils repel water.
Describe a hydrophobic example:The hydrophobic molecules include those found in alkanes, oils, fats, and generally greasy compounds. Hydrophobic materials are used in oil removal from water, oil spill cleanup, and chemical separation techniques to separate polar chemicals from non-polar ones.
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In the autonomic nervous system, neurotransmitter activation of its receptor terminates when the neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes or when it diffuses away. Which other mechanism leads to termination of neurotransmitter activity?.
Active transport into surrounding cells can lead to termination of neurotransmitter activity.
Neurotransmitters are released into the synapses to forward the signals to the receptors of the postsynaptic neurons. These neurotransmitters need to be cleared off to forward new signals. Three mechanisms can be followed to terminate these neurotransmitters in order to introduce new neurotransmitters: diffusion, degradation, and reuptake.
Diffusion
Neurotransmitters in the synapses move until the concentrations are equal. Example- Nitric oxide
Degradation
Neurotransmitters can be broken down by the action of enzymes in order to clear off the synapses. Example- Acetylcholine
Reuptake
Neurotransmitters can also be recycled. In this mechanism, the presynaptic neuron introduces a protein into the synapse that pushes the neurotransmitters against the concentration gradient to push it out of the cell membrane. Examples include glutamate.
Therefore, in the autonomic nervous system, neurotransmitter activation of its receptors terminates when the neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes, or when it diffuses away, or when it is pushed against the concentration gradient through active transport.
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Would all life on Earth be completely destroyed if the Sun were to stop shining? (Ignore the fact
that the world would completely freeze over.) Explain.
Answer:
Yes
Explanation
As we know that photosynthesis in plants take place in the prescence of sunlight. No photosynthesis means no plants and no food for all beings on the earth as all food chains start from plants. Therefore stopping sun from shining would mean destroying all life on the earth
even though it has "harmful" phenotypic effects, the "sickle cell" allele hasa relatively high frequency in sub-saharan africa compared to other parts of the world because of its ability to block the effects of malaria. this is an example of:
Even though it has harmful phenotypic although it has dangerous phenotypic outcomes, the sickle mobile allele has a pretty high frequency in sub-Saharan Africa as compared to other components of the world because of its ability to dam the effects of malaria. this is an example of So herbal.
They're more likely to keep cells to exist and reproduce. This maintains the S allele inside the gene pool. As malaria will become much less deadly the selection for a genetic mutation that protects humans from the disorder decreases. As an end end result, the frequency of the sickle cell allele will likely be decrease.
An evolutionary pressure, known as balancing preference, seems to be accountable for maintaining defects in our DNA associated with ailments which consist of sickle mobile anemia because the mutation's detrimental consequences is probably offset in an organic way of thinking by using way of its capability blessings. because the trait confers some resistance to malaria.
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The results of Thomas Hunt Morgan’s last cross are shown in the Punnett square below.
Which of Thomas Hunt Morgan's hypotheses was valid based on these results?
White eyes are lethal in female Drosophila.
White eyes are lethal in male Drosophila.
Female Drosophila with white eyes are homozygous recessive.
White eyes are the dominant trait in female Drosophila.
Thomas Hunt Morgan's hypotheses was valid based on these results of White eyes are lethal in male Drosophila.
Morgan's Hypotheses- The gene that determines eye color is located on the X chromosome, Morgan theorized that the first generation of flies in his breeding experiment comprised solely males with white eyes. Due of the white eye trait's location on their lone X chromosome, males exhibited it.
On the other hand, genes on the same chromosome that were more apart from one another were more likely to be split apart during recombination. As a result, Morgan was right when he suggested that the distance between two genes on a chromosome determines how strong a linkage between them is.
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Answer:B
Explanation:
Bloodhounds, which are adept at following a scent trail even days old, have 1,000 times as many olfactory receptor cells as we have. How might this difference contribute to the tracking ability of these dogs? What differences in brain organization would you expect in comparing a bloodhound and a human?
The presence of approximately 300 million scent receptors in the nose of bloodhounds accounts for their unique tracking ability of scents. In contrast, normal dogs possess only 100 million receptors.
What is olfactory receptor ?Olfactory sensors, which are chemo-receptors, are in charge of smell. The brain's olfactory system detects scent molecules when they attach to olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.
The bloodhound dog breed has a special aptitude for tracking scents. It can smell a trail that is 300 hours old or older. They are employed as ground and air scent tracking dogs because to their exceptional sense of smell.The fact that bloodhounds have a different sensory and neurological system from other breeds is what is thought to be responsible for their superior tracking abilities.Learn more about Olfactory receptors here:
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An mri showed that one of their dorsal roots was severed. how would the patient present upon a neurological examination?
An mri showed that one of their dorsal roots was severed. The patient present upon a neurological examination they would have lost all sensation in the corresponding body part.
The dorsal root :The dorsal root is sensory, and the ventral root is motor; the dorsal root may be absent in the first cervical nerve. The dorsal roots are distinguished by oval swellings known as spinal ganglia. They are made up of nerve cells, which give rise to sensory nerve fibers. The dorsal roots of the spinal nerve are in charge of sensory perception, whereas the ventral roots are in charge of motor control and functioning.
What is ventral root and dorsal root?The dorsal root of the spinal nerve (also known as the posterior root of the spinal nerve or the sensory root) is one of the two "roots" that emerge from the spinal cord. It passes directly from the spinal cord to the dorsal root ganglion. The ventral root and nerve fibers then join to produce a spinal nerve.
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Explain how people can become obese even if their intake of dietary fat is relatively low compared with carbohydrate intake.
Let's assume that dietary fat consumption is lower than that of carbohydrates. People will then be more likely to be overweight or obese since a low-carbohydrate diet that derives less than 47% of its energy from carbohydrates increases the risk of obesity.
The body stores extra calories as body fat and stores the remaining energy as glycogen or fat in the muscles, liver, and other organs for later use.Following a meal with too many calories, which could lead to weight gain or being overweight, this body fat is extended over time. Foods that are high in fat, carbohydrates, or proteins can provide the extra calories.Obesity and the expansion and enlargement of cells are both possible outcomes of the buildup of excessive adipose tissue.Obesity may occur from an excessive triacylglycerol buildup. When eating less and exercising more to lose weight, calorie fat must be produced in order to reduce the quantity of stored fat in cells.The excess fat is stored as body fat and is deposited in the muscles and liver. If too many calories are ingested over an extended period of time, the body fat can increase, leading to obesity or overweight.Learn more about the carbohydrate with the help of the given link:
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metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. in hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because . metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. in hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because . anabolic reactions are increased in muscles and bones catabolic reactions are decreased in muscles and bones the rate of exergonic reactions is increased atrophied tissues (e.g., muscle tissue) compensate for their decreased mass by increasing their synthesis of macromolecules
Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism.
In hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because of over secretion of thyroid hormones. Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. Anabolic reactions are increased in muscles and bones. Catabolic reactions are decreased in muscles and bones. The rate of exergonic reactions is increased atrophied tissues (e.g., muscle tissue) compensate for their decreased mass by increasing their synthesis of macromolecules
What is metabolism?Metabolism can simply be defined as the sum total of all the the chemical and biochemical activities and reactions which occurs in living organisms.
However, metabolism is divided into two major parts. These are:
Anabolism: This means the building up of molecules or substances from simply onesCatabolism: It refers to the breaking down of larger molecules into simpler ones.So therefore, Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism.
In hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because of over secretion of thyroid hormones. Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. Anabolic reactions are increased in muscles and bones. Catabolic reactions are decreased in muscles and bones. The rate of exergonic reactions is increased atrophied tissues (e.g., muscle tissue) compensate for their decreased mass by increasing their synthesis of macromolecules
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Microbes were first considered for bioremediation after marjory stephenson observed that they were digesting enormous quantities of waste from a sugar beet factory. the waste was accumulating in:__________
Microbes were first considered for bioremediation after marjory stephenson observed that they were digesting enormous quantities of waste from a sugar beet factory. the waste was accumulating in River water. microorganisms are creatures that are too small to be seen without a microscope, such as bacteria, archaea, and single cell eukaryotes, which are nucleated cells like amoebas .
At times, we also refer to viruses as microorganisms. Despite the truly astounding diversity of microbes, they can all be divided into five major categories: viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists. Almost every area of the human body is home to microbes, which can be found on the skin, in the gut, and even up the nose.
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Roses are a type of C3 plant. You decide to send live rose bushes to some friends across the country as a gift. You send one rose bush to a friend in Arizona (which has a hot, dry climate), and you send one rose bush to a friend in Seattle, Washington (which has a cool, wet climate). You send the same instructions for growing and watering with each plant. Which plant do you predict will grow worse?
A The rose bush sent to Seattle.
B The rose bush sent to Arizona
B. The rose bush sent to Arizona will grow worse.
The Rose plant is the type of C3 plant which have the property photorespiration which dedicated as the necessary evil for the C3 plant.
Because photorespiration reduces plant output, it is detrimental for C3 plants and is sometimes referred to as the wasteful process. Many higher plants use a respiratory mechanism called photorespiration. The carbon cycle, oxidative photosynthetic process, and C2 photosynthesis are further names for this.
C3 plants begin to photorespirate when the CO2 level falls to around 50 ppm. The primary enzyme responsible for fixing carbon is called RuBisCO, and at low levels of CO2 it starts to fix oxygen instead.
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according to mendel's law of segregation, what is the probablity that a gamete (egg or sperm) from an rr parent carries an r allele?
According to Mendel's law of segregation, 50% is the probability that a gamete (egg or sperm) from an rr parent carries an r allele.
Law of segregation- Each gamete produced by an organism has a single gene copy that is chosen at random. This is referred to as the law of segregation. The genotyping (allele combinations) and phenotypic (observable qualities) of progeny from genetic crossings may be predicted using a Punnett square.
Allele- At a certain genomic region, an allele is one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of nucleotides). For each genomic region with such variation, an organism receives two alleles, each from each parent.
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Natural selection is best described as _______. a. disruptive selection b. stabilizing selection c. a mechanism of evolution d. directional selection please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer: it is C I am absolutely positive!
Explanation:
natural selection is a mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. This process causes species to change and diverge over time.
27. Compare and Contrast Describe the structures and
functions of starch and cellulose. How are the molecules
similar? How are they different?
Answer:
Starch is the storage carbohydrate found in plants. Cellulose is a structural component of the cell wall in plants. Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate and is the source of energy for fungi and animals.
Cellulose and starch are both common polymers of glucose. Structurally, they are very similar, Starch is found as alpha glucose and has 1,4 glycosidic bonds in amylose and 1,6 glycosidic bonds in amylopectin, cellulose is found as beta glucose and has 1,4 glycosidic bonds between monomers, glycogen is used as alpha glucose and has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds between monomers.
The difference is how they are oriented. Starch is oriented with every glucose molecule pointing in the same direction,
Explanation:
sorry if its long, but hope it helps!
What type of response is triggered when antigens bind to antibodies on mast cells?
Immediate hypersensitive response is triggered when antigens bind to antibodies on mast cells.
When we are first exposed to a foreign substance, our immune system will produce antibodies to defend against it. These antibodies will then attach to mast cells, which are found in our tissues. When the mast cells come into contact with the allergen again, they will release histamine and other chemicals that cause an immediate hypersensitive response.
The symptoms of an immediate hypersensitive response can vary depending on the person and the allergen, but they can include itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, anaphylactic shock can occur, which can be life-threatening.
While there is no cure for allergies, there are ways to manage them and lessen the severity of reactions. If you think you may be allergic to something, it is important to see a doctor so that you can be properly diagnosed and treated.
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If dehydrogenation reactions were not possible and cells could only carry out basic redox reactions, how would this affect the ability of cells to harness energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates?.
Answer:
Since only one electron can be taken at a time, breaking down carbohydrates to produce energy will probably need more stages.
Explanation:
How does the potential energy connected to chemical bonding alter as a result of redox reactions?
Whenever an electron lost potential energy with the help of the transference in redox processes, it releases energy. When coupled with fewer electronegative atoms (like C or H), electrons possess greater potential energy. Similarly, when linked with an additional electronegative atom, they have much less potential energy. Redox reactions are the more frequent name for oxidation-reduction processes. Because of the transport of electrons, oxidation, and reduction reactions include the simultaneous reduction as well as oxidation of 2 separate molecules. An additional substance is decreased by a reducing agent. A reducing agent undergoes oxidation throughout the process.
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what are the feeding strategies with each ocean zone
Answer:
Suspension feeders and predators
Explanation:
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Which of these properties is the best measure of a star's brightness?
age
size
absolute magnitude
apparent magnitude
According to the statement made, the best measure of a star's luminosity is its apparent magnitude.
The correct option is D.
What is the apparent magnitude?The apparent magnitude m of a star is a number that indicates the luminosity of this star at a great distance from Earth. The scale is "upside down" and logarithmic. Larger magnitudes correspond to dimmer stars.
What is the apparent magnitude of a star?Astronomers determine the luminosity of stars by their apparent magnitude - the star's luminosity from Earth - and absolute magnitude - the star's luminosity at a standard distance of 32, 6 light years or 10 parsecs.
How is apparent magnitude measured?The apparent magnitude of an object, such as a star or galaxy, is the brightness measured by an observer at a particular distance from the object. The smaller the distance between the observer and the object, the greater the apparent brightness.
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