2. In consensus building, no one​

The role of IGOs in Liberal Institutionalization is to promote cooperation and coordination among states, and to provide a framework for addressing common problems and pursuing shared goals.

In Liberal Institutionalism, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) play a key role in promoting cooperation and collaboration among states. These organizations are formed by member states to address common problems and pursue shared goals, such as promoting trade, protecting human rights, and addressing security concerns.

The central idea of Liberal Institutionalism is that the international system can be improved through the creation of international institutions that promote cooperation and provide incentives for states to follow rules and norms. IGOs are seen as one type of international institution that can help achieve these goals.

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Individuals with authorization and privileges to manage information within the organization are most likely to cause harm or damage by accident.

This is because these individuals have access to sensitive information and the responsibility to manage it properly. However, accidents can happen, and mistakes can be made, leading to unintentional harm or damage to the organization.

While individuals with intent or malice can certainly cause harm or damage, these situations are less common. An individual with intent may purposefully try to harm the organization, while an individual with malice may act with ill will or a desire for revenge. These situations are typically rare and may be the result of a personal grudge or other personal issues.

Negligence, on the other hand, may also be a factor in causing harm or damage to an organization. This occurs when an individual fails to take the necessary precautions or does not act responsibly in managing the organization's information. However, accidental incidents are more likely to occur due to a lack of training or knowledge, miscommunication, or other errors.

Overall, while individuals with authorization and privileges to manage information have a responsibility to protect the organization, they are also human and can make mistakes. Therefore, it is important for organizations to have proper training and policies in place to minimize the risk of accidental harm or damage.

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Based on the scenario you described, Brenda has committed the crime of mail fraud. Mail fraud is a federal offense that involves using the mail to carry out a scheme to defraud others of money or property.

Brenda's act of sending falsified financial statements through UPS to induce the banker to loan her company $1 million and then not paying back the loan constitutes mail fraud. Forgery, bribery, larceny, and insider trading do not seem to apply to the scenario described. Forgery involves falsely making or altering a document with the intent to defraud. Bribery involves offering or receiving something of value to influence someone's actions. Larceny involves taking someone else's property without their consent. Insider trading involves trading securities based on material, non-public information.

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The factor for evaluating insurance options that is related to the type of job you have is D. Occupation.

The nature of your profession can significantly impact the amount and level of insurance coverage that you might require. Suppose, for instance, you are employed in a precarious field such as construction. In that case, you may necessitate more inclusive insurance coverage to safeguard against potential job-related injuries.

Conversely, if your vocation is primarily sedentary, like working in an office setting, while requiring less insurance for work-connected injuries, you may still need more comprehensive coverage for irreversible disabilities or life-threatening illnesses.

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According to the proposed regulations issued by the Treasury Department, an LLC member should be treated as a general partner for self-employment tax purposes if they meet condition C, which is spending 450 hours participating in the management of the LLC's trade or business during the taxable year.

Conditions A, B, and D do not affect the determination of whether an LLC member is treated as a general partner for self-employment tax purposes.
Under the proposed regulations issued by the Treasury Department, an LLC member should be treated as a general partner for self-employment tax purposes in the following situation: C. The member spends 450 hours participating in the management of the LLC's trade or business during the taxable year.

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Answer:

One major role of political parties in United States politics is to nominate and support candidates for elected office. Political parties identify and recruit potential candidates for various elected positions, such as the presidency, Congress, and state and local offices. They provide funding, resources, and organizational support to these candidates, helping them to campaign and reach out to voters. Political parties also work to mobilize their supporters and increase voter turnout on election day. Additionally, political parties help to shape public policy by promoting their platforms and advocating for their positions on issues. They also play a role in organizing the legislative process by coordinating the activities of party members in Congress and other legislative bodies. Overall, political parties are an important part of the political process in the United States and play a crucial role in shaping the direction of the country.

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

Nominating and supporting candidates for public office is one of the main functions of political parties in American politics. Candidates for numerous elected posts, including the presidency, Congress, and state and municipal seats, are identified and sought for by political parties. They assist these politicians' campaigns and efforts to engage voters by giving them money, materials, and organizational support. On election day, political parties also strive to turn out more voters by organizing their followers. Political parties also contribute to the formation of public policy by advancing their platforms and arguing in favor of their stances on certain subjects. By coordinating the actions of party members in Congress and other legislative bodies, they also contribute to the organization of the legislative process.In general, political parties are an essential component of American politics and have a significant impact on the nation's course.

When OCM and Patty entered into a contract for landscaping, it was assumed that Patty would complete the work by Friday.

However, if Patty's schedule conflicts, it is her responsibility to inform OCM and seek their approval to assign the task to someone else. In this case, Patty asked Rochelle to complete the landscaping task, which was not agreed upon by OCM. Therefore, OCM has the right to either approve or reject the substitution.

If OCM approves the substitution, Patty is still responsible for ensuring that Rochelle is capable of completing the task to the required standard, and OCM can hold Patty accountable for any errors made by Rochelle.

It's always best to communicate with your clients and seek their approval before making any changes to the agreed-upon contract terms.

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The answer is a. true.  In an agency hearing, the individual or business that is the subject of the hearing (known as the respondent) is typically required to bear the burden of proof.

This means that they are responsible for presenting evidence to support their position and to prove that they did not violate any regulations or laws that are within the jurisdiction of the agency. The burden of proof may shift in some circumstances, such as when the agency initiates the hearing or when the respondent asserts an affirmative defense, but in general, the burden is on the respondent.

An agency hearing is a legal proceeding before a government agency that is designed to resolve disputes between the agency and the individuals or businesses that it regulates. These hearings are often used to determine whether an individual or business has violated regulations or laws that are within the jurisdiction of the agency.

The burden of proof is the responsibility to prove or disprove a particular fact or allegation. In an agency hearing, the burden of proof usually falls on the respondent, which is the individual or business that is the subject of the hearing. This means that the respondent is responsible for presenting evidence to prove that they did not violate the regulations or laws that are within the jurisdiction of the agency.

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The statement "Under the agent negotiation rule, if a contract falls within the statute of frauds if negotiated by a person, it must also be in writing even if negotiated by that person's agent" is true.

The Statute of Frauds is a legal rule that requires certain types of contracts to be in writing and signed by the parties in order to be enforceable. The rule also applies to contracts that are negotiated by an agent on behalf of a person.

Under the agent negotiation rule, an agent negotiating a contract on behalf of a person is considered to be the same as if the person negotiated the contract themselves. This means that if a contract falls within the Statute of Frauds, it must be in writing regardless of whether the negotiations were carried out by the person or their agent.

For example, if a person hires a real estate agent to negotiate the sale of their property, and the sale falls within the Statute of Frauds, then the contract must be in writing even if the negotiations were conducted by the agent. This ensures that all parties involved are aware of the terms and conditions of the contract and helps prevent misunderstandings and disputes down the line.

In summary, if a contract falls within the Statute of Frauds, it must be in writing even if negotiated by an agent on behalf of a person. This is known as the agent negotiation rule and is an important legal principle that ensures the validity and enforceability of contracts.

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The River City Council, the Santa Clara County Board, the Texas state legislature, and the U.S. Congress all have the authority to enact laws, which would constitute statutory law.

Statutory law is the body of laws enacted by legislative bodies, such as city councils, county boards, state legislatures, and the federal Congress. This type of law is distinguished from other types of law, such as case law or administrative law, which are created through court decisions or administrative regulations, respectively.

Therefore, the correct answer is: c. statutory law.

The laws enacted by the River City Council, the Santa Clara County Board, the Texas state legislature, and the U.S. Congress constitute c) statutory law.

Statutory law refers to laws that are created and enacted by legislative bodies, such as city councils, county boards, state legislatures, and the federal government. These laws are codified in written form and are part of the body of law that governs our society.

Its important to note that statutory law is one of three main types of law in the United States, along with case law and administrative law. Case law refers to legal decisions made by judges in court cases, while administrative law refers to the rules and regulations created by government agencies.

The laws enacted by the River City Council, the Santa Clara County Board, the Texas state legislature, and the U.S. Congress constitute statutory law, which is one of the three main types of law in the United States. It's important to understand the differences between statutory law, case law, and administrative law in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the legal system.

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When determining whether a contract falls under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), one must first determine if the transaction involves the sale of goods.

Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) governs the sale of goods in the United States. To determine whether a contract falls under Article 2 of the UCC, the first step is to determine whether the transaction involves the sale of goods.

Under the UCC, a "sale" is defined as the passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price. In general, a sale of goods involves tangible, movable property that is primarily used for personal, household, or business purposes. Examples of goods that would fall under Article 2 of the UCC include clothing, electronics, furniture, and vehicles.

If the transaction involves the sale of goods, then the contract is subject to Article 2 of the UCC. This means that the parties must comply with the requirements and obligations set forth in Article 2, such as the requirements for the formation of a contract, warranties, and remedies for breach of contract.

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Leased appliances may not be covered under a Condominium Commercial Unit-Owners Coverage Form.

Generally, a Condominium Commercial Unit-Owners Coverage Form provides coverage for the personal property owned by the commercial unit-owner and used in their business operations, including alterations, improvements, and fixtures. Leased appliances may not be covered under a Condominium Commercial Unit-Owners Coverage Form.  However, leased appliances are not owned by the commercial unit-owner and therefore may not be covered under this type of policy. It is important to carefully review the specific terms and conditions of any insurance policy to determine what is and is not covered.

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Answer:

True

Explanation:

The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) establishes the rulemaking procedures for federal administrative agencies, and all agencies are required to follow these procedures. However, agencies may also have their own rules and regulations that they must follow in addition to the APA.

a. true All federal administrative agencies are governed by the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), in addition to their own rules and regulations.

Federal administrative refers to the branch of government responsible for implementing and enforcing laws and policies at the federal level. It includes various agencies, departments, and other organizations that are responsible for carrying out a wide range of activities, such as regulation, oversight, and providing services to the public. The federal administrative system is designed to be a neutral and impartial entity that operates independently from political influence or bias. Its primary goal is to ensure that federal laws are enforced in a fair and consistent manner, and that the interests of the public are protected and promoted.

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b. false Judicial oversight does not make it permissible for the charging officer and the hearing officer to be the same person, as this can create a conflict of interest and undermine the fairness of the proceedings.

A charging officer is a legal professional who is responsible for reviewing evidence in criminal cases and deciding whether or not to file charges against a defendant. In the United States, charging officers are typically employed by the government, such as district attorneys or attorneys general, and they have significant discretion in determining which charges to file based on the strength of the evidence and the public interest in prosecution. The charging officer's primary duty is to ensure that the charges filed are legally sound and supported by sufficient evidence to establish probable cause. The charging officer may also be involved in negotiating plea bargains, dismissing charges, or presenting evidence at trial. Overall, the role of the charging officer is critical in the criminal justice system, as they play a key role in determining which cases proceed to trial and which defendants face criminal charges.

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The answer is a. true. The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requires federal agencies to disclose all information requested by the public.

These exemptions include information related to national security, personal privacy, law enforcement investigations, and confidential business information. The goal of the FOIA is to promote transparency and accountability in government by allowing citizens to access information about government activities and decision-making. It is important to note that the FOIA only applies to federal agencies and does not cover information held by state or local governments, private businesses, or individuals. Additionally, there may be instances where information requested under the FOIA is redacted or withheld due to one of the exemptions. In such cases, the agency must provide a justification for the withholding of information and the requester has the right to appeal the decision.

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Answer:

Hilda is known as the "assignor" and George is the "assignee".

Explanation:

Hilda is known as the assignor and George is known as the assignee. In a contract, the party who transfers the rights to a third party is called the assignor.

And the party to whom the rights are transferred is called the assignee. The assignor essentially hands over their rights and obligations under the contract to the assignee. This means that the assignee steps into the shoes of the assignor and has the right to enforce the terms of the contract against the other party, and to receive the benefits and fulfill the obligations under the contract. The assignor, however, typically remains liable to the other party for performance of the contract, unless there is a novation (i.e., a new contract) that releases them from liability.

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When constitutional objections are raised within an administrative proceeding concerning an agency's rules or procedures, that issue will initially be decided by an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) or the agency head, depending on the specific agency's organizational structure and the nature of the proceeding.

Administrative proceedings involve disputes between individuals or organizations and administrative agencies. These agencies have the power to create rules, adjudicate disputes, and enforce regulations as granted to them by the legislative and executive branches of the government. When a party believes that an agency's rules or procedures violate the constitution, they can raise these objections during the administrative proceeding.
Administrative Law Judges are impartial decision-makers who oversee the administrative proceeding and ensure that the process is fair and adheres to relevant laws and regulations. They possess the authority to make initial determinations on constitutional objections, which can be further appealed within the agency or ultimately to a judicial court.
The agency head, who is typically responsible for the overall management and direction of the agency, may also have the authority to decide on constitutional objections in some cases. This could occur when the agency's organizational structure allows the head to review ALJ decisions or when the agency head is directly involved in the adjudication process.
In summary, constitutional objections raised within an administrative proceeding concerning an agency's rules or procedures will initially be decided by either an Administrative Law Judge or the agency head, depending on the specific circumstances and the agency's structure. This decision may be subject to further review and appeal within the agency or the judicial system.

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Answer:

Explanation:In a legal context, there are several elements that can cut off the liability of the defendant, depending on the type of case and the applicable laws. Here are a few examples:

Statute of limitations: This is a time limit set by law for filing a lawsuit. Once the statute of limitations has expired, the plaintiff can no longer sue the defendant, regardless of the merits of the case.

Contributory or comparative negligence: In some jurisdictions, if the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to their injury, the defendant may not be liable or may only be partially liable for damages.

Assumption of risk: If the plaintiff voluntarily engages in a dangerous activity or assumes a known risk, the defendant may not be liable for any resulting harm.

Consent: If the plaintiff consents to the defendant's actions, they may not be able to sue the defendant for any harm caused by those actions.

Lack of causation: In order to hold a defendant liable, the plaintiff must show that the defendant's actions caused their harm. If there is no causal link between the defendant's actions and the plaintiff's harm, the defendant may not be liable.

A legal way that designates someone else to make healthcare decisions when he/she is unable to do so is through a document called a healthcare power of attorney. This is a legal document that allows an individual (referred to as the "principal") to appoint a trusted person (referred to as the "agent" or "attorney-in-fact") to make healthcare decisions on their behalf if they become unable to do so due to a medical condition or incapacity.

To create a healthcare power of attorney, the principal must be of sound mind and able to make their own decisions at the time of signing. The document must also be signed in the presence of witnesses or a notary public, depending on the state's requirements. The agent is obligated to make healthcare decisions in accordance with the principal's wishes and preferences, as stated in the document or otherwise communicated to the agent.

In addition to a healthcare power of attorney, some states also recognize a living will, also known as an advance directive. This is a document that allows an individual to specify their end-of-life wishes in advance, such as whether or not they want life-sustaining treatments to be used if they become terminally ill or in a permanent vegetative state. A living will can work in conjunction with a healthcare power of attorney to ensure that the principal's wishes are carried out in the event that they are unable to communicate their wishes themselves.

It is important to note that each state has its own laws regarding healthcare powers of attorney and living wills. It is recommended that individuals consult with an attorney or healthcare professional to ensure that their wishes are properly documented and legally binding.

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Answer:

60.7M adults (23.2 percent) volunteered 4.1B hours.

In this scenario, the bank that held the first mortgage would have the first lien on the property, meaning that they would have the first claim to any proceeds from the sale of the property to pay off the outstanding debt.

The lending company that held the second mortgage would have a secondary lien on the property, meaning that they would only be able to claim proceeds from the sale of the property after the first mortgage had been paid off in full. If the land was sold for less than the total amount owed on the mortgages, the bank would receive their portion of the proceeds first, up to the amount of the outstanding debt on the first mortgage. The lending company would then receive any remaining proceeds, up to the amount of the outstanding debt on the second mortgage. If there were still funds left over after paying off both mortgages, the remaining funds would go to the landowner. If the land was sold for more than the total amount owed on the mortgages, the bank would receive the full amount of their outstanding debt on the first mortgage, and the lending company would receive the full amount of their outstanding debt on the second mortgage. Any remaining funds would go to the landowner.

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Under ordinary circumstances, a party's duty to perform a promise agreed to in a contract may be changed to a different promise, but it is not necessarily easy to do so.

A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties, and any changes to that agreement must be made with the agreement of all parties involved. This means that changing a promise in a contract may require negotiations, modifications to the contract, and the consent of all parties.

In some cases, contracts may include provisions for modifying the agreement, such as clauses that allow for changes to be made with the consent of all parties. However, even in these cases, it may not be easy to make changes, as negotiations and discussions may still be required to come to an agreement.

Furthermore, changing a promise in a contract can have legal implications, and parties should be careful to ensure that any changes made are done so in accordance with the law and with the advice of legal counsel if necessary. Overall, while it is possible to change a promise in a contract, it is not necessarily an easy process, and parties should proceed with caution to ensure that any changes are made in a legally binding and enforceable manner.

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The highest percentage of Social Security benefits that may be taxed is 85%, and this tax only applies to moderate to high-income taxpayers. For those with lower incomes, no tax is assessed on their Social Security benefits.

However, for those in the higher income brackets, up to 85% of their Social Security benefits may be taxed.The income thresholds for determining whether Social Security benefits are subject to taxation depend on an individual's filing status. For example, for individuals who file as single, head of household, or qualifying widow(er), if their combined income is between $25,000 and $34,000, up to 50% of their Social Security benefits may be taxed. If their combined income is above $34,000, up to 85% of their benefits may be taxed.For married couples filing jointly, if their combined income is between $32,000 and $44,000, up to 50% of their Social Security benefits may be taxed. If their combined income is above $44,000, up to 85% of their benefits may be taxed.It is important to note that Social Security benefits are not taxed at the federal level in all states. Some states have their own tax laws regarding Social Security benefits, and some do not tax them at all. It is important to consult with a tax professional or research the laws in your state to determine how your Social Security benefits may be taxed.

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Many courts hold the defendant liable for the injuries of bystanders who attempt to rescue victims injured by the defendant's negligence under what is known as the rescue doctrine.

Rescue doctrine allows bystanders who suffer harm while attempting to rescue a victim to recover damages from the defendant whose negligence caused the initial harm.

The rationale behind this doctrine is that the defendant's negligent actions created a dangerous situation that required the bystander's intervention to prevent further harm, and therefore, the defendant should be responsible for any injuries resulting from that intervention.

However, not all states recognize the rescue doctrine, and the specific requirements for its application may vary depending on the jurisdiction.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The expert witness who would testify on previously broken bones of a victim is a Medical expert. Medical experts are professionals who have extensive knowledge and experience in the medical field and can provide expert opinions on medical issues related to a particular case. In this case, the medical expert would examine the victim's medical records, x-rays, and other relevant medical information to determine the nature and extent of the injuries sustained by the victim, including the previously broken bones. They would then provide expert testimony in court to explain their findings and opinions to the judge and jury.

If a taxpayer cashes out a life insurance policy before death due to a chronic illness, she may exclude from income the amount used to pay for her qualified long-term care expenses.

The exclusion is only available to the extent that the cash surrender value of the life insurance policy is used to pay for qualified long-term care expenses. Qualified long-term care expenses are those expenses that are necessary to provide medical or other necessary services to a chronically ill individual. The term "chronically ill individual" means an individual who has been certified by a licensed healthcare practitioner as being unable to perform at least two activities of daily living (such as eating, dressing, or bathing) for a period of at least 90 days due to a loss of functional capacity or requiring substantial supervision due to a cognitive impairment.

It is important to note that the exclusion is only available for the portion of the cash surrender value that is used to pay for qualified long-term care expenses. Any portion of the cash surrender value that is not used for qualified long-term care expenses will be subject to income tax. Additionally, if the taxpayer is eligible for the exclusion, she must report the exclusion on her tax return and attach a statement to the return certifying that she meets the eligibility requirements.

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It is important to critically evaluate biological theories of crime and consider other factors that may influence criminal behavior.

Early biological theories of crime can be critiqued on several grounds. Firstly, they rely on deterministic assumptions that individuals are biologically predisposed to criminal behavior, which fails to account for environmental and social factors that contribute to criminal behavior. Secondly, these theories often use flawed or biased research methods, such as small sample sizes, lack of control groups, and subjective interpretation of data, which undermines the validity of their findings. Thirdly, biological theories often perpetuate stereotypes and stigmatization of certain groups, such as those with mental illness or genetic predispositions, which can lead to discrimination and prejudice. Finally, biological theories may not account for the complexities of human behavior and may oversimplify the factors that contribute to criminal behavior.

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Under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), a federal agency generally has 20 business days to respond to a request. However, if the agency needs more time due to the complexity of the request or the need to consult with other departments, they may grant themselves a 10-business-day extension.

Under the federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), federal agencies are generally required to respond to a FOIA request within 20 business days after receiving it. However, this does not necessarily mean that the agency will provide all of the requested information within that timeframe. In some cases, the agency may need to seek additional time or ask for clarification before it can fully respond to the request. Overall, the FOIA is an important tool for ensuring transparency and accountability in the federal government. It allows individuals and organizations to request and receive information from federal agencies about their operations and decision-making processes. While agencies are generally required to respond to FOIA law requests within a reasonable timeframe, there are some exceptions and limitations to this rule. It is important for requesters to understand their rights and obligations under the FOIA, and to work with experienced legal professionals when necessary to ensure that their requests are handled properly.

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state sanitary code            

In Massachusetts, the law that requires landlords to provide a clean and safe environment for tenants is the State Sanitary Code.

This code sets specific standards for things like heating, plumbing, ventilation, and pest control that landlords must adhere to in order to ensure their rental properties are safe and habitable for tenants. Landlords are responsible for maintaining their properties to these standards and can be held liable for any injuries or health issues that arise due to their failure to do so.

The state sanitary code, also known as 05 CMR 410, establishes the criteria used to evaluate shelter in the Commonwealth. The phrase's full name is "Minimum Standards of Fitness for Human Habitation." The state's sanitary code should be followed by all residents. Throughout the duration of your lease, you have the right to a safe and livable home. Tenants and the general public are protected by the State Sanitary Code from harm to their health, safety, and well-being. The Code is enforced by your local Board of Health in the city or town where you are renting.

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