To obtain pH 8, multiply the [H+] concentration at pH 6 by 0.01
How to determine the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+] at pH 8From the question given above, the following data were obtained:
pH = 8Hydrogen ion concentration [H+] =?pH = –Log [H+]
8 = –Log [H+]
Multiply through by –1
–8 = Log [H+]
Take the anti-log of –8
[H+] = anti-log (–8)
[H+] = 1×10⁻⁸ M
How to determine the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+] at pH 6pH = 8Hydrogen ion concentration [H+] =?pH = –Log [H+]
6 = –Log [H+]
Multiply through by –1
–6 = Log [H+]
Take the anti-log of –6
[H+] = anti-log (–6)
[H+] = 1×10⁻⁶ M
Comparison of [H+] at pH 6 and pH 8[H+] at pH 6 = 1×10⁻⁶ M[H+] at pH 8 = 1×10⁻⁸ M[H+] at pH 8 / [H+] at pH 6 = 1×10⁻⁸ / 1×10⁻⁶
[H+] at pH 8 / [H+] at pH 6 = 0.01
Cross multiply
[H+] at pH 8 = 0.01 × [H+] at pH 6
Thus, to obtain pH 8, multiply the [H+] at pH 6 by 0.01
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In the first 70.0 ss of this reaction, the concentration of nono dropped from 1.32 mm to 0.400 mm . calculate the average rate of the reaction in this time interval.
The reaction will be thermodynamically spontaneous if the temperature is below 175 K.
According to this formula, when:
ΔG = ΔH - T*ΔS
when the reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous ΔG < 0
∴ ΔH - T* ΔS = 0
∴T*ΔS = ΔH
∴ T = ΔH / ΔS
when we have:
ΔH = -70KJ
and ΔS = -0.4 KJ/K
So by substitution:
T = -70KJ /- 0.4
= 175 K
∴the certain temperature below which the reaction will be thermodynamically spontaneous is 175
What is thermodynamics ?The rules of thermodynamics explain how energy in a system evolves and whether a system can make use of its environment to produce productive work.
In an automobile, the engine is a thermodynamic system that burns fuel inside the cylinder; the radiator, piston, exhaust system, and ambient air make up the system's environment.
Thermodynamics abides by four laws. They discuss heat, work, temperature, and entropy. They are employed in chemistry, among other sciences, as well as in thermodynamics.
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What is the molar solubility of marble (i.e., [ca2 ][ca2 ] in a saturated solution) in normal rainwater, for which ph=5.60ph=5.60 ?
the molar solubility of marble (i.e., [ca2 ][ca2 ] in a saturated solution) in normal rainwater, for which Ph=5.60ph=5.60 is 0.0142.
What do you mean by saturated solution?A saturated solution is a solution that contains maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under the condition at which the solution exists.
In chemistry, after studying solutions and properties of solution, one can understand that a solution can reach a status of saturation. This state is when solution has reached a point in which no more solute can be added. Addition of solute after this point would result in solid precipitate or gas being released. Such mixture is called a saturated solution.
Ksp of(CaCO3)= 4.5 x 10 -9
Ka1 for (H2CO3) = 4.7 x 10^-7
Ka2 for the (H2CO3) = 5.6 x 10 ^-11
1) The equation 1 for Ksp = 4.5 x 10^-9
CaCO3(s)→ Ca +2(a q) + CO3-2(a q)
2) The equation 2 for Ka1 = 4.7 x 10^-7
H2CO3- + H2O → HCO3- + H3O+
3) equation 3 for Ka2 = 5.6 x 10^-11
HCO3-(a q) + H2O(l) → CO3-2 (a q) + H3O+(a q)
so, form the equation 1& 2&3 we can get the overall equation:
CaCO3(s) + H+(a q) → Ca2+(a q) + HCO3-(a q)
note: you could get the overall equation by adding the equation 1 to the inverse of equation 3 as the following:
when inverse of equation 3 is :
CO3-2 (a q) + H3O+ (a q) ↔ HCO3- (a q) + H2O(l) Ka2^-1 = 1.79 x 10^10
when we add it to the equation 1
CaCO3(s) ↔ Ca2+(a q) + CO3-2(a q) Ksp = 4.5 x 10^-9
∴ overall equation will be as we have mentioned before:
when H3O+ = H+
CaCO3(s) + H+(a q) ↔ Ca2+ (a q) + HCO3-(a q) K= 80.55
from overall equation:
∴K = [Ca2+][HCO3-] / [H+]
when we have [Ca2+] = [HCO3-] we can assume both = X
∴K = X^2 / [H+]
when we have the PH = 5.6 we can get [H+]
PH = - ㏒[H+]
5.6 = -㏒[H]
∴[H] = 2.5 x 10^-6
so, by the substitution on K expression:
∴ 80.55 = X^2 / (2.5 x10^-6)
∴X = 0.0142
∴[Ca2+] = X = 0.0142.
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Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that shields the planet from the sun's uv radiation and helps prevent global warming.
a. true
b. false
False, Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas doesn't shields the planet from the sun's uv radiation and helps prevent global warming.
When particular gases, referred to as greenhouse gases, build up in the Earth's atmosphere, the greenhouse effect occurs. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone (O3), and fluorinated gases are examples of greenhouse gases.The sun's light can reach Earth's surface thanks to greenhouse gases, which then trap the heat that is reflected back from the surface inside Earth's atmosphere.That is ozone layer which shields the planet from the sun's uv radiation and helps prevent global warming. It is layer in stratosphere which doesn't allow harmful sunrays to enter earth surface because it can cause many health issues to human being like skin cancer etc.Thus it is not cabondioxide that protect planet from UV rays.
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How to find the substrate concentration of the master mix?
The master mix now contains: 0.16 mL of 10 µM ethanol, 0.2 ml of 10 µM NAD, and 0.54 mL buffer. The substrate concentration of the master mix is
a = 0.0016 mM
This is further explained below.
How do find the substrate concentration of the master mix?Generally, Ethanol is acting as the substrate for this master mixture.
The following formula is used in order to determine the amount of ethanol that is included in the master mix:
CiVi= CfVf
Ci equals the starting concentration of ethanol, which is equal to 10 muM. 0.16 milliliters is equal to the volume of ethanol that was consumed initially.
Cf = final concentration, often known as the amount of ethanol present in the master mix = a Vf = final volume, which also refers to the final volume of the master mix = 1 milliliter
Introducing the values into the equation:
CiVi= CfVf
10 uM X 0.16 ml = a X 1 ml
a = (10 uM X 0.16 ml ) / 1ml
a = 1.6 uM
a = 1.6/ 1000 mM ... ( 1\muM = 1/1000 mM )
a = 0.0016 mM
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Calcium oxide is used to remove the pollutant so2 from smokestack gases. the overall reaction is:____.
Calcium oxide is used to remove the pollutant so2 from smokestack gases. the overall reaction is:
CaO(s)+SO2(g)+ 1/2 O2(g)CaSO4(s)
What is calcium oxide?
Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly referred to as quicklime or burnt lime, maybe a widely used chemical compound. it's a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at temperature.
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What change is illustrated in the diagram?
HELP ME PLS!
The change illustrated in the diagram is atoms that formed molecules; option C.
What is matter?Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Matter can exist as pure or impure substances.
Pure substances are the elements and compounds.
Impure substances are the mixtures.
All forms of matter are composed of atoms.
When atoms of substances combine, the form molecules of the same element or molecules of a compound.
Atoms can also form ions by the loss or gain of electrons.
Therefore, the illustrated diagram shows atoms of the same substance combining to form molecules.
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determine whether an observational or experimental study is appropriate to address the following statement. a gas station owner wants to identify if a need for additional staffing exists.
If a gas station owner wants to identify if a need for additional staffing exists, an observational study could suffice here.
What is an observational study?The term observational study refers to a study in which the research only dependent on what could be obviously seen with out trying to compare the effects of an independent on a dependent variable by empirical means.
If the owner of a gas station wants to know if there is need for more staffing. All he needs is to observe the rate of work in the hands of the current staff strength and make projection. Only a observational study could suffice here.
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ortuso, roberto d., and kaori sugihara. "detailed study on the failure of the wedge calibration method at nanonewton setpoints for friction force microscopy." the journal of physical chemistry c, vol. 122, no. 21, american chemical society (acs), may 2018, pp. 11464–74, doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b03583.
'The detailed study on the failure of the Wedge Calibration Method at Nanonewton Setpoints for Friction Force Microscopy', by the author Ortuso, Roberto Diego and Kaori, Sugihara, published in the journal of physical chemistry C., 2018, vol. 122, no. 21, p. 11464-11474, American Chemical Society (acs) is widely popular calibration technique in friction force microscopy to convert raw lateral laser deflection signals (volt) into the forces (newton).
There has been recent trends nanotechnologies which demands the use of the method at nanonewton force ranges, but this range is a failure for small forces.
Conventional Wedge calibration method has been a failure at nanonewton force ranges and studies has been going on to identify the reason behind the failure of this method.
The equation used shows experimental errors by order of magnitude at setpoints due to its mathematical expressions.
This low tolerance against experimental errors in nanonewton force ranges is the reason for failure of wedge calibration method.
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Complete the flowchart about the scientific method
Answer:
A scientific problem is often discovered when an observation is made, which leads to a question.
A hypothesis is formed when an explanation is proposed for an observation.
Testing a proposed explanation requires designing an experiment.
For the results of the experiment to be accepted, the experiment must produce the same results when repeated.
An explanation may become a theory if the same results are found after many tests.
What form of carbamate is used mainly as an herbicide? a. carbaryl b. metam sodium c. thiocarbamate d. dithiocarbamate e. none of these is correct.
The form of carbamate mainly used as a herbicide is dithiocarbamate.
The esters of carbamic acid is are known as Carbamate compounds. They are mainly used as insecticides and referred as N-methylcarbamate. The general formula for RHNCOOR'. Carbamate compounds are highly soluble in water, polar and are chemically reactive. Carbamates can be easily hydrolyzed, they have low level of persistence in soil as well as water.
Dithiocarbamates are the small group of organic molecules. They have been extensively used in agricultural industry for more than 50 years. They have strong chelating ability for inorganic species and have anti-oxidant property. Molecular weight of dithiocarbamate is 171.26.
Carbon disulfide with ammonium or either primary/secondary amine gives Dithicarbamates in presence of NaOH or amine. The reaction is an exothermic reaction.
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Is the correlation between time spent studying each day positive or negative?
Answer:
Positive.
Explanation:
The slope is positive and increasing, thus meaning there is a positive correlation between time spent studying each day and performance.
What is the boiling point of the automobile radiator fluid prepared by mixing 1.09 l of ethylene glycol (hoch2ch2oh, density = 1.114 g/ml) with 1.16 l of water (density = 1.000 g/ml)?
Final temp = 108.05.
What is Density? The relationship between a substance's mass and the amount of space it occupies is known as its density (volume). The density of a substance is determined by the mass, size, and arrangement of its atoms. Density (D) is defined as the product of a substance's mass and volume.For instance, a block of the harder, lighter element gold (Au) will be denser than a block of the heavier element lead (Pb) (Au). Styrofoam blocks are less dense than bricks. Mass per unit volume serves as its definition.Definition of density: A material's density is determined by how closely it is packed. As the mass per unit volume, it has that definition.What is the boiling point of the automobile radiator fluid prepared by mixing 1.09 l of ethylene glycol (hoch2ch2oh, density = 1.114 g/ml) with 1.16 l of water (density = 1.000 g/ml)?
Delta T = 1*.52*1000*1.114*1000/1160*62
=8.05 deg C
final temp = 108.05
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Which element has similar properties to neon (Ne)?
O Chlorine (CI)
O Selenium (Se)
O Krypton (Kr)
O Bromine (Br)
Answer:
Krypton
Explanation:
They're both inert gases
How many grams of lead (ii) oxide will be produced by the decomposition of 2.50 g of lead (ii) carbonate?
The mass of lead (ii) oxide produced by the decomposition of the reaction will be 2.09 grams.
To find the mass, the given data's are,
Mass of PbCo₃ = 2.50 g
Molar mass of PbCo₃ = 267.21 g/mole
Molar mass of PbO = 223.2 g/mole
What is decomposition reaction?A decomposition reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which one reactant breaks down into two or more products.
The given balanced chemical reaction is:
PbCo₃(s) → PbO (s) + Co₂ (g)
Here, calculating the moles of PbCo₃,
Moles of PbCo₃ = ( Mass of PbCo₃ / Molar mass of PbCo₃ )
= ( 2.50 g /267.21 g/mole )
= 0.00936 moles.
Now we have to calculate the moles of PbO,
From the reaction, we conclude that
As, 1 mole of PbCo₃ react to give 1 mole of PbO,
So, 0.0936 moles of PbCo₃ react to give 0.00936 moles of PbO.
So, Calculating the mass of PbO,
Mass of PbO = Moles of PbO × Molar mass of PbO
= 0.00936 moles × 223.2 g/mole
= 2.09 moles.
Therefore, the mass of lead (ii) oxide produced by the decomposition of the reaction will be 2.09 grams.
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Destabilization that occurs in a molecule when two non bonded atoms are too close together is called?
Destabilization that occurs in a molecule when two non bonded atoms are too close together is called Van der Waals repulsion.
When two non bonded atoms come close together then in such situation there are two types of forces that come into play.
First one is Van der Waal attractive forces and the second one is van der Waal repulsion forces.
Van der Waal attractive forces are the forces of attraction between the electronic cloud of one atom/molecule with the nucleus of the other atom/molecule and van der Waal repulsive forces are the force of repulsion between the electronic cloud of the both the atoms/molecules and the repulsion between the nucleus of both the atoms/molecules.
Attractive forces causes stabilization whereas repulsive forces causes destabilization.
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how are the balanced or unbalanced forces related to rotational motion?
Answer: When the forces are balanced, neither of the teams, but if the rope moves away in a particular direction or if a team wins, then the forces applied by both teams are unbalanced. Practically anything that moves is a result of the exertion of unbalanced forces on it.
Explanation:
The balanced or unbalanced forces are related to rotational motion by the occurrence of the constant and altered changes in the speed of the object.
What is Rotational motion?Rotational motion may be defined as a type of motion that involves the movement of an object along an axis in a circular path with a common angular velocity.
Balanced forces maintain the state of an object at a constant speed. It means that its velocity remains unchanged during the course of the time interval. While unbalanced forces stimulate the alteration in the velocity of an object. It either reduces or enhances the initial speed of an object.
Therefore, the balanced or unbalanced forces are related to rotational motion by the occurrence of the constant and altered changes in the speed of the object.
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it takes to break a carbon-carbon single bond. calculate the maximum wavelength of light for which a carbon-carbon single bond could be broken by absorbing a single photon.
One mole of the C-C bond can be broken with the provided energy of 348 kJ.
Thus, the amount of energy needed to dissolve one C-C bond is 348 x 1000 / 6.023 x 10^23.
Required energy is 5.78 x 10^-19 Joules.
The relationship between wavelength and energy is
E = hc / λ
where wavelength is λ
Planck's constant is h.
the speed of light, c
5.78 X 10^-19 Joules = 6.62 X 10^-34 X 3 X 10^8 / λ
The highest wavelength of light at which a single photon may break a carbon-carbon single bond is 3.44 X 10-7 m = λ
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2. 3.80 km to meters
T
2.380km= 2e+3m.
A kilometer is a unit of measurement, as is the mille. It additionally translated as 10,000-steps meters, creating a strolling aim that, thru the decades, by some means has become embedded in our global awareness and fitness trackers. however contemporary exceptional science suggests we do now not need to take 10,000 steps an afternoon, which is ready five miles, for the sake of our health or toughness.
The CDC recommends that on foot 10,000 steps a day is sufficient to stay in a suitable form, but the general public needs to hit 20,000 steps as a part of their fitness desires. if you need to try the 20000 steps a day weight reduction, you can expect notable results: decreased belly fat, progressed sleep, boosted immune response, and so on. As excellent as it sounds, taking walks 20000 steps a day of weight loss has its cons. They include emotions of tiredness and starvation, plus it steals a big chew of your day.
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10.0g of potassium iocide is dissolved in 50.0g of water. Calculate the percent mass of the solute in the solution
Answer:
100/6% =16.67%
Explanation:
16.67%
someone pls explain how I do this work
Answer:
Explanation:
Element #of protons Mass #. # of electrons Atomic #. Neutron
Se. 34. 78.96. 34 34 45
Si. 14. 28. 14. 14 14
H. 1. 1. 1 1 0
Ca. 20. 40.078. 20. 20. 21
Fe. 26. 56. 26. 26. 30
Na. 11. 23. 11. 11. 12
2 some organisms feed on other organisms without immediately killing them. what term describes this act? a. commensalism b. parasitism c. mutualism d. predation
Answer:
b
Explanation:
It's because parasites actually don't kill the host immediately but after at least a good time the host starts to experience some side effects which can lead to death
a mixture consisting of 1 mol of h2o(g) and 1 mol co(g) is placed in a 5 l reaction vessel at 800 k. at equilibrium, 0.411 mol co2(g) is present as a result of the reaction co(g) h2o(g) ⇀↽ co2(g) h2(g). what is kc at 800 k?
If you have .387mol steam, then you used .387 mol CO, and 3*.387 mole H2. to seek out the molar concentration of CO and H2, subtract what was used from the initial. the quantity of CH4 of course is the same as H2O.
co(g) h2o(g) ⇀↽ co2(g) h2(g).
What is equilibrium?
Equilibrium is the state in which market supply and demand balance each other, and as a result, prices become stable. Generally, an over-supply for goods or services causes prices to travel down, which ends up in higher demand. The balancing effect of supply and demand leads to a state of equilibrium.
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Explain why the value obtained for the density of the metal is likely to have a larger percentage
error than that found for the liquid.
When comparing the density of metals to that of liquids, the percentage error is more likely to rise.
What is liquid density?A liquid's density is a gauge of how heavy it is relative to the amount being measured. The liquid that weighs heavier is more dense if you weigh two liquids with similar volumes or amounts. A substance less dense than water will float when it is gradually introduced to the water's surface.
How is the density determined?The mass to volume ratio of an object determines its density. The unit of density is frequently grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Keep in mind that the volume is measured in cubic centimeters, not grams (the same volume as 1 millilitre).
Briefing :Direct measurement of a solid's volume is impossible. A solid, especially one with an irregular shape, has a higher potential for measurement error than a liquid.
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at a particular temperature, the solubility of co₂ in water is 0.13 m when the partial pressure is 1.5 atm. what partial pressure (in atm) of co₂ would give a solubility of 0.080 m?
The partial pressure of CO₂ which will give a solubility of 0.080 m is 0.93 atm, at a particular temperature.
Using Henry's Law,
Henry's law states that, solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas and mole fraction of gas is proportional to partial pressure of the gas.
It is expressed as -
Sgas = Kh Pgas
where,
Sgas = Solubility of
Kh = Henry's law constant
Pgas = Partial pressure of gas
Putting the values in the above expression,
Sgas = Kh Pgas
0.13 M = Kh x 1.5 atm
Kh = 0.13 M
1.5 atm
Kh = 0.086
For partial pressure,
Sgas = Kh Pgas
0.080 M = 0.086 x Pgas
Pgas = 0.080 = 0.93 atm
0.086
Partial pressure of CO₂ is 0.93 atm
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Which group of elements has the most similar chemical properties? (1 point)
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
uranium, plutonium, and lead
fluorine, chlorine, and iodine
aluminum, silicon, and phosphorus
Answer:
Fluorine,chlorine,Iodine
Explanation:
What is the ph of a solution that results from adding 0.059 mol naoh (s) to 1.47 l of a buffer comprised of 0.391 m benzoic acid, c6h5cooh and 0.391 m sodium benzoate, c6h5coona?
The pH of a solution that results from adding 0.059 mol Na (s) to 1.47 l of a buffer comprised of 0.391 m benzoic acid, c6h5cooh and 0.391 m sodium benzoate, c6h5coona is 5.418.
What do you mean by pH?pH is a measure of how acidic/basic the water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being the neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate the acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen ions is the acidic, whereas water that has more free hydroxyl ions is basic. Since the pH can be affected by chemicals in the water, pH is an important indicator of water that is changing chemically. pH is reported in the "logarithmic units". Each number represents a 10-fold change in acidity/basicness of the water. Water with a pH of five is ten times more acidic than the water having a pH of six.
pH, quantitative measure of acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. The term, widely used in the chemistry, biology, and agronomy, translates the values of the concentration of the hydrogen ion—which ordinarily ranges between about 1 and 10−14 gram-equivalents per liter—into the numbers between 0 and 14.
molarity of NaOH= 0.059mol/1.47L
= 0.0401 M
Molarity of acid= 0.391 M
Molarity of buffer= 0.391 M
The pKa value of = 4.19
Henderson - Hasslbach Equation:
pH = pKa + log(salt/acid)
=pKa+ log[( salt + C)/(acid-C)]
= 4.19 + log[(0.391 M + 0.0401 M)/ (0.391 M - 0.0401 M)]
= 4.19 + 1.22
= 5.418
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The resting potential of a neuron that is submerged in a solution with zero extracellular potassium will __________________ because __________________________.
The answer would be for this question will be hyperpolarize; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases.
The resting potential of a neuron that is submerged in a solution with zero extracellular potassium will hyperpolarize because the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases.
Hyperpolarization is the process in which the membrane potential looks good on more negative at a specific spot on the neuron's membrane where as depolarization is when the membrane potential became less negative.
At this point at which the neuron is hyperpolarized, in the middle of –70 mV and –75 mV. After hyperpolarization the potassium passage encloses and the natural permeability of the neuron to sodium and potassium permits the neuron to come back to its recline potential of –70 mV.
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Cells taken from a frog and a human are placed in a salt solution. The frog cells swell and burst o
while the human cells shrink. Explain these results.
If the frog cells swell and burst while the human cells shrink means that the solution will be hypotonic for frog cells while for human cells the solution will be hypertonic.
Why do these changes happen?These changes will occur because in the frog cell there will be higher concentrations of ions than in the extracellular space, so water will enter the cell by osmosis to equalize the concentrations of the cells. While in the human cell there will be a lower concentration of ions than outside the cell, for this reason the water leaves it in order to equalize the concentrations both inside and outside the cell. Being then the hypotonic solution for the frog cell and hypertonic for the human cell.
Therefore, we can confirm that if the frog cells swell and burst while the human cells shrink means that the solution will be hypotonic for frog cells while for human cells the solution will be hypertonic.
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which indicator is most appropriate for the titration of acetic acid with naoh? the ka for ch3co2h is 1.8×10−5. explain the reasoning for your answer:
An endpoint is observed using a phenolphthalein indicator when titrating CH3COOH against NaOH.
What is phenolphthalein ?Phenolphthalein is a shorthand notation for the chemical compound C20H14O4, which is frequently written as "HIn," "HPh," "phph," or just "Ph." In acid-base titrations, phenolphthalein is commonly employed as an indicator. It is a member of the group of colors known as phthalein dyes.
For use in studies, phenolphthalein is typically dissolved in alcohols because it is only marginally soluble in water. It is a weak acid that can dissolve and lose H+ ions. The double-deprotonated phenolphthalein ion is fuchsia, whereas the nonionized phenolphthalein molecule is colorless.
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The desired product will not form if a strong base is applied to the starting material right away in reaction 1. why does this synthetic route fail to product the desired alkene product?
Synthetic route fail to product the desired alkene product because the base will deprotonate the alcohol and form an alkoxide product.
What to you mean by synthetic route?When a chemist working in lab embarks upon the synthesis of a compound, he or she follows a “synthetic route”— a series of steps by which a chemical compound is assembled from the smaller, less complex bulk chemicals. These routes can be devised based on chemist’s experience and by searching the scientific literature to learn from the experience of other chemists who may have attempted similar synthetic paths in the past.
How do you choose a synthetic route?Chemical yieldingThe Cycle timeNumber of the chemical steps and convergenceUse of the higher molecular weight protecting group and reagentsNumber of the energy-consuming operationsImplementing this approach is the key to reducing API development time as complexity grows and budgets shrink. As with any risk management plan, goal is to be proactive in finding and mitigating sources of risk. This is accomplished by the removing unwanted variability in each stage of a process.
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