Steps of Double Fertilization.
It was discovered by S.G. Nawaschin (1897) Lilium are Fertillaria sps.1. Germination of pollen on stigma :
(i) By absorbing secretion of stigma pollen swells up and outer layer exine ruptures whereas inner lintine comes out in the form of pollen tube.
(ii) Branched polen tube is formed in amentiferae group.
(iii) In families malvaceae, cucurbitaceae, etc. polysiphonous condition (many pollen tubes from a single pollen) is found.
2. Path taken up by pollen tube :
(i) Pollen tube pierces through stigmatic papilla into the tissue of style.
(ii) Filiform apparatus of synergids secrete some chemotropically active substances, which promotes porogamy.
(iii) Obturator (special structure) act as a bridge for growth of pollen tube.
(iv) Cations are naturally occurring chemotropic agents in the pistil.
3. Entry of pollen tube into embryo sac :
(i) It enters into the ovule by either of the two methods; porogamy, chalazogamy or mesogamy.
(ii) Irrespective of the mode of entry of pollen tube into the ovule, the pollen tube always enters into embryo sac at micropylar end (Porogany).
(iii) If enters through chalaza (base) it is termed chalazogany.
(iv) If pierces through integuments, it is called mesogamy.
(v) Tip of pollen tube penetrates embryo sac and reaches egg apparatus.
4. Syngamy (Generative fertilization)
(i) Pollen tube burst as tube nucleus disorganises.
(ii) One of male gametes fuses with egg cell or oosphere.
(iii) Deploid oospore or zygote is formed.
5. Triple fusion (Vegetative fertilization) :
The other gamete fuses with secondary nucleus forming triploid primary endosperm (PEN) which later give rise to endosperm.
Answer:
Double fertilization is a process unique to flowering plants (angiosperms) in which two sperm cells fertilize two different structures within the female reproductive system. The steps of double fertilization are:
Pollination: transfer of pollen grains from the male to the female flowerGermination: the pollen grain forms a pollen tube and grows down the style towards the ovuleSyngamy: the first sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote (2n)Endosperm formation: the second sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid cell (3n) which undergoes cell division to form the endospermEmbryo formation: the zygote undergoes several rounds of cell division and differentiation to form the embryoDouble fertilization leads to the formation of both the embryo and endosperm within the ovule, which ultimately results in the development of a seed.
Pour each bag of candy into a separate container or dish so you can see all the colors in each bag. Assign a letter to each color of chocolate candies and fruit candies, and record your key.
For example, red=R, purple=P
Without looking, randomly choose nine candies from each container one at a time. Using the letter symbols, record each candy as it is removed. Record your results using the following table. Example, R for red, Bl for blue, and so on.
Color
Color
Color
Color
Color
Color
Color
Color
Color
Number of different colors in total for this trial
Fruit Candy Trial 1
Fruit Candy Trial 2
Fruit Candy Trial 3
Chocolate Candy Trial 1
Chocolate Candy Trial 2
Chocolate Candy Trial 3
Count the number of species in each sample. Each color represents a different plant in the habitat.
Example: R, Bl, G, G, Y, Y, G, Bl, Bl has 4 species of plants (R, Bl, G, and Y).
You will then be dividing the # of different species (which is the # of different colors) in the next step.
Calculate the diversity index of both the bag of chocolate candies and fruit candies using the following formula for each trial.
Diversity Index = # of species
# of samples
Example:
R, Bl, G, G, Y, Y, G, Bl, Bl is 4/9 = 0.44
The # of species is 4 because there are 4 different colors.
Put the diversity index for each of the 6 trials in this table. This will always be a number less than 1, but more than zero.
Calculate the average from the three trials.
Diversity Index Table
Sample
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Average
Fruit
Chocolate
Analysis (Make sure you scroll down to see all 7 questions.)
How did the diversity index values vary from the chocolate candies and fruit candies? Which habitat is the most diverse?
Why are communities that are more diverse usually more stable? Include resistance to disease and predation in your answer.
Assume two habitats have the same number of species. One habitat is predominantly one species with just a few of the other species. The other habitat has equal numbers of all the different species. Which will have the highest diversity index?
Why do you think the process was repeated three times?
There are many human-caused losses of biodiversity, such as habitat destruction and introduction of invasive species. Are there any natural events that could alter the diversity index?
How do invasive species change the diversity index?
What do you think would happen to a habitat if the plant diversity declines?
please help fast!!!!
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Invasive species can potentially change the diversity index in a number of ways. They may come to an area where they have no natural predators, leading to overpopulation and rapid consumption of ecosystem resources.
Invasive species are capable of causing extinctions of native plants and animals, reducing biodiversity, competing with native organisms for limited resources, and altering habitats.
The impacts of alien invasive species at the ecosystem level include changes to trophic structures, changes in the availability of resources such as water and nutrients, and changes in the disturbance regimes.
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Why do offspring usually look like their parents?
Their parents choose their features and make sure they look similar to themselves.
The offspring adapt to their surroundings making them look more like their parents
Offspring receive characteristics that have been passed down from their parents
Offspring dominant characteristics that have been passed down from their parents
Hemoglobin is useful because it
A. transports oxygen with a higher efficiency.
B. transports carbon dioxide with high efficiency.
C. transports food molecules and releases them to cells in need of nutrients.
D. acts as a carrier for hormones.
E. All of the choices are correct.
What are the complementary base pairs in a dna molecule
Answer:
DNA base pair. Under normal circumstances, the nitrogen-containing bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) pair together, and cytosine (C) and guanine (G) pair together. The binding of these base pairs forms the structure of DNA .
Explanation:
What are 3 activities that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?
Answer:
Burning fossil fuels, releasing chemicals into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of forest cover, and the rapid expansion of farming, development, and industrial activities are releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and changing the balance of the climate system.
What are the top 3 human activities that produce CO2?
Eighty-five percent of all human-produced carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil, including gasoline. The remainder results from the clearing of forests and other land use, as well as some industrial processes such as cement manufacturing.
What causes carbon dioxide to increase in the atmosphere?
Human Activity Is the Cause of Increased Greenhouse Gas Concentrations. Over the last century, burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This increase happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO2.
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7. In the Everglades, a system of canals and levees diverts water to urban areas and the Everglades National Park. This water management system has caused changes in
natural flow of the water during the wet and dry season. Wading birds are especially sensitive to wet and dry seasonal changes. How have water cycle disruptions MOST
affected wading birds?
O The release of water dilutes food sources for their young.
O The higher water levels allow longer-legged birds to survive and reproduce.
O The water quality for feeding has been improved by runoff.
The reduced salinity results in more eggs being laid.
Answer:
Explanation:
The water cycle disruptions have most affected wading birds by:The release of water dilutes food sources for their young.This is because wading birds depend on the natural flow of water to bring in fish and other small aquatic organisms which are a vital part of their diet. When the water cycle is disrupted by the canals and levees, the water flow changes, and the amount and timing of these organisms can be impacted, making it harder for wading birds to find food for their young. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.Option (b) is incorrect because longer-legged birds are not necessarily more adapted to survive in higher water levels.Option (c) is incorrect because water quality may not necessarily improve due to runoff.Option (d) is incorrect because reduced salinity may not be a direct cause of increased egg-laying.
You are the senior software engineer at a start-up company developing an exciting new product that will allow salespeople to generate and email sales quotes and customer invoices from their smartphones.
Your company’s sales force has led a major corporation to believe your product will be available next week. Unfortunately, at this point, the software still contains quite a few bugs. The leader of the testing group has reported that all of the known bugs appear to be minor, but it will take another month of testing for his team to be confident the product contains no catastrophic errors.
Because of the fierce competition in the smartphone software industry, it is critical that your company be “first to market.” To the best of your knowledge, a well-established company will release a similar product in a few weeks. If its product appears
first, your start-up company will probably go out of business.
1. Should you recommend release of the product next week?
2. Who will benefit if the company follows your recommendation?
3. Who will be harmed if the company follows your recommendation?
4. Do you have an obligation to any group of people that may be affected by your decision?
5. What additional information, if any, would help you answer the previous
As a senior software engineer, I cannot recommend the release of a product with known bugs, as it could cause harm to users and damage the reputation of the company. Therefore, I would suggest delaying the release until the testing team is confident that the product is free of catastrophic errors.
If the company follows my recommendation, customers who purchase the product will benefit from a more stable and functional software product.
If the company releases a buggy product, customers could be harmed by losing trust in the product and potentially experiencing financial or other types of losses. The company's reputation could also be harmed, leading to potential harm to the company's employees and shareholders.
As a professional, I have an obligation to act in the best interest of the customers and the company. This means ensuring that the product is of high quality and meets customer expectations, even if it means delaying the release.
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Although survivors felt strongly that the Holocaust be remembered so that it would not be repeated, they
were reluctant to share their experiences with their children. In fact, several of the adult children of study
participants asked the researchers for a copy of their parents' interview so that they could learn more
about their parents' Holocaust experience.
Explain why survivors of the Holocaust would want the world to know about what they
endured during the Holocaust, but not their children? Explain.
During what is called as raynauds attacks the skin may turn white and blue for a short time
Answer:
Raynaud causes you to have episodic spasms, called vasospastic attacks, in response to cold temperatures or stress.
Explanation:
During a Raynaud's attack, the arterioles and capillaries in your fingers and toes tighten more than they should. As a result, your skin in the affected area turns white and then blue
here’s the other part
Answer:
first read the passage. then learn how to add an answer. if you dont understand it i would suggest you ask a peer.
Explanation:
(PLEASE HELP QUICKLY)
Marco’s little brother is watching a TV program about the gene that causes the genetic disease hemophilia. People with this disease cannot make a protein that is needed for blood to clot. After a few minutes, he turns to Marco and asks, “what exactly is a gene, anyway?”
Which of the following BEST describes a gene?
(A) A gene is a random change to an organism’s DNA.
(B) A gene is a structure in a cell that contains the cell’s chromosomes.
(C) A gene is made of DNA and contains the instructions for building proteins.
(D) A gene is a protein that makes up an organism’s structure and helps it function.
Answer:
(C) A gene is made of DNA and contains the instructions for building proteins.
Explanation:
The height, h, in centimeters of a species of mammal that is t years old can be modeled by the equation below.
h = 37.8(2.07t)^1/3 + 78.6
What is the best interpretation of (2.07t)^1/3?
A. the product of 2.07, the age of the mammal, and one-third
B. the product of the cube root of 2.07 and the age of the mammal
C. the product of 2.07 and the cube root of the age of the mammal
D. the cube root of the product of 2.07 and the age of the mammal
The best interpretation is going to be: the product of 2.07 and the cube root of the age of the mammal.
How to get the interpretation hereThe mathematical statement (2.07t)^1/3 employs an exponent of 1/3 to carry out the cube root operation, where t indicates the age of a mammal as measured in years.
To break down the expression step by step:
Multiply 2.07 by the age of the mammal (t): 2.07tTake the cube root of the result from step 1: (2.07t)^(1/3)Therefore we have the product of 2.07 and the cube root of the age of the mammal
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Describe the results of the investigation
Note that the above investigation tested the protective effect of various oncentraion of two crypprotectants , trehalose and glycrrol on an rspiratory enzyme that was subjected to very low temperatures to the freezing pint. and then allowed to go back to the optimum temprature.
What was the outcome?The graph shows that trehalose had a more significant protective effect thatn glycerol.
It also shows that the exposure to optimum temperatures was to test the level of protection given by the cryoprotectants.
Note that the objective of the investigation was to see how effective cryoprotectants can be in preserving the actions of enzymes for future usage.
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how can secondary response be artificially prompted
The secondary response can be artificially prompted by injecting a recipient with exogenous antibodies.
How can a secondary immune response be artificially induced?The response can be induced in differnt ways such as through the naturally by transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies in a case whereby one is dealing with a developing fetus,.
It should be noted thta this can be done by injecting a recipient with exogenous antibodies hoever the secondary immune response can be seen as the important features of immune systems this is due to the fact that the the immune system can eliminate the antigen especially in the case of primary invasion.
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The European starling entered North Americe in the late 1800s. It proved very successful and was presented States by 1955. The survival or
reproduction of starlings MOST likely limited the population size of which organisme within thabiti?
its mutualists
its competitors
its decomposers
its predators
The success of the European starling in North America is most likely to have limited the population size of option b- its competitors, as they are likely to compete for the same resources such as food, nesting sites, and territory.
With the introduction of a new species that can exploit these resources, the competition becomes more intense, and the populations of other bird species may decline as a result.
The survival and reproduction of starlings may also indirectly impact the population size of predators, as they provide a new prey source for them to feed on. The impact on mutualists and decomposers is less clear, as they may not have a direct relationship with the European starling.
The introduction of European starlings to North America is likely to have had a negative impact on other bird species that compete with starlings for resources such as food, nesting sites, and territory.
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We used different color to stain different chromosomes: orange for Christine X yellow for Christine y green for Christine 13 blue for chrose 18 and red for chromosome 21. Based on the slide analysis do you think that the baby would have any Christine abnormaity?
If the newborn possesses a pair of sex chromosomes, it would be able to identify the sex of the child based on the chromosomes' staining colors.
The child is thought to have one chromosome X and one chromosome Y, the sex chromosomes that determine male features, according to the colors used in the analysis. A person's sex is determined by a pair of chromosomes called the "sex chromosomes." In humans, males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY), while females have two X chromosomes (XX). Consequently, the baby would be male.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Which of the
following is a
statistical test?
A. theory
B. ANOVA
C. hypothesis
D. area
Area is not a statistical test. The correct option is D.
What are statistical tests?
Statistical tests are mathematical tests performed on data collected from research to make the interpretation of the research easily discernable.
There are two types of statistical tests:
Descriptive statistical tests
Inferential statistical tests
Descriptive statistical tests only arrange data in tables, lines, graphs, etc. It does so that trends can be seen just at a glance.
Inferential statistical tests are performed in order to arrive at logical conclusions based on the data obtained during research. They include t-tests, analysis of variance tests, tests for significant differences, and so on.
In other words, area is not part of any statistical test
Answer ANOVA
Explanation: it is the most statistical
How would a change in soil bacteria affect an ecosystem?
Answer: A change in soil bacteria could have a significant effect on an ecosystem. Soil bacteria play an important role in the cycling of nutrients and energy within an ecosystem. Bacteria help break down organic matter, releasing essential nutrients into the soil which can then be taken up by plants. They also help to convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form that can be used by plants. As a result, a change in soil bacteria could impact the availability of nutrients, the rate of decomposition, and the amount of energy and carbon cycling within an ecosystem. This could have a ripple effect on the entire ecosystem, potentially affecting the populations of plants and animals and their interactions with each other.
Explanation:
How do authors present and develop characters? Choose four answers.
which part of a list is most difficult to remember and thus requires additional practice
The middle part of a list is often the most difficult to remember and may require additional practice.
Why is a list important?A list is useful for organizing information, ideas, or chores in a clear and organized manner. It may also be used to remind of what has to be done or what has already been done. Lists are very useful when there are a lot of items to keep track of or a lot of information to recall.
This is known as the serial position effect, where items in the middle of a list are not as well remembered as items at the beginning or end of the list.
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Pls Help I need help, I need a drawing of model
Throughout human existence we have relied on the oceans – for food, as a waste dump, for recreation, for economic opportunities and so on. However, it’s not only our activities in the marine environment that affect life in the sea – it’s also the things we do on land.
It is hardly unexpected that our actions are having an impact, given that more than half of the world's population currently resides within 100 kilometers of the coast. With our quick population growth, major technological advancements, and huge changes in land usage, human impacts have risen. New Zealand is not an exception when it comes to the effects of overfishing, pollution, and alien species on marine life.
The ocean and the creatures that dwell there are coming under growing pressure from human activity, both at sea and on land.
The ocean has probably always provided sustenance for people who live near the coast. However, many fish stocks all around the world have decreased dramatically as a result of improvements in fishing gear, bigger ships, and new tracking technologies. Many people now believe that the fish populations on the continental shelf have been over- or totally fished. Unsustainable fishing methods can harm the marine environment in other ways besides diminishing fish stocks. For instance, certain fishing methods like trawling and dredging can significantly harm marine habitats and creatures that live on the sea floor. Additionally, bycatch, or non-target species, are frequently caught using these approaches and discarded.
Unsustainable fishing practices refer to the use of different fishing techniques to catch or harvest fish at a rate that causes fish populations to decline over time.
Thus, In addition to being used as a technique for overfishing, which causes fish populations to decline at a rate that cannot be sustained, these tactics are seen to enable the destructive fishing practices that devastate ocean ecosystems.
These unsustainable fishing techniques can be carried out using anything from consumer-level gear like fishing rods and nets to commercial-grade machinery like bottom trawling.
These fishing techniques are not sustainable since they are used in conjunction with rising fishing demands brought on by social behaviors like over-exploitation and over-fishing.
Thus, Unsustainable fishing practices refer to the use of different fishing techniques to catch or harvest fish at a rate that causes fish populations to decline over time.
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list the differences between the dorsal and ventral aspects of the frog
Part A
Which statement best explains what caused some
theropods to develop feathers?
A mutation in DNA affected the types of
proteins produced by placodes.
b
A protein in the placodes caused a mutation
in the gene that produces feathers.
a
A mutation in the placode gene caused
placodes to produce different DNA.
A mutation in DNA caused the placodes that
control genes to grow feathers.
Part B
Which information is evidence that best supports the
answer to Part A?
The DNA of modern-day vertebrates codes for
the proteins in placodes.
b
All vertebrate embryos have the same genetic
mutations in their placode DNA.
Placodes in all modern-day embryos contain
the same number of mutations.
d
A single placode can spontaneously develop
into any type of body covering.
The statement that best explain the cause of some theropods to develop feathers is (option D) A mutation in DNA caused the placodes that control genes to grow feathers.
The information that best supports the answer to Part A is (option A) The DNA of modern-day vertebrates codes for the proteins in placodes.
What are placodes?Placodes develop during embryonic growth from thickened regions of epithelium that give rise to vital sensory organs and structures including teeth, feathers, hair follicles and specific glands. These delicate patches represent the cornerstone for morphogenesis by initiating the differentiation into complex tissue patterns.
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An example of a Climate Change scenario
Answer: global warming
Explanation:
A climate change scenario could involve a city experiencing an increase in extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts.
The rising global temperatures caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities can contribute to these extreme weather patterns.
As a result, the city may need to invest in infrastructure to withstand the impacts of these events, such as building sea walls to protect against flooding and implementing water conservation measures during droughts.
In addition, the city may need to adapt its emergency response plans to address the increased frequency and severity of these extreme weather events. This is just one example of a potential climate change scenario that could impact a community.
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What is one likely result of protecting environmental resources for future generations
Answer:
Our environment supports and houses our ecosystems, allowing them to grow and thrive. If we fail to protect our environment, we will put the lives of humans, animals, plants and more at risk.
Why is it important to preserve natural resources for future generations?
Conservation is the practice of caring for these resources so all living things can benefit from them now and in the future. All the things we need to survive, such as food, water, air, and shelter, come from natural resources. Some of these resources, like small plants, can be replaced quickly after they are used.
How do environmental problems affect the life of the future generation?
Children's immune systems are still developing, leaving their rapidly growing bodies more sensitive to disease and pollution. Extreme events can destroy homes, schools, childcare centers and infrastructure critical to children's well-being. Droughts and flooding can destroy crops and cut access to clean water.
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Answer:
One likely result of protecting environmental resources for future generations is that it will help mitigate the effects of climate change and preserve biodiversity. According to the web search results123, protecting environmental resources such as forests, wetlands, oceans, and soil can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance carbon storage, prevent land degradation, conserve water resources, and support the survival of various species of plants and animals. This can benefit not only the future generations but also the current ones by improving their health, well-being, and livelihoods. Protecting environmental resources for future generations also requires sustainable use and management of natural resources, which can foster innovation, efficiency, and cooperation among different stakeholders
Explanation:
Container closure integrity is the process of accounting for all of the starting material after processing.
The statement "Container closure integrity is the process of accounting for all of the starting material after processing" is not an accurate definition of container closure integrity. Therefore, while accounting for starting material after processing is important for ensuring product quality and safety, it is not an accurate definition of container closure integrity.
Container closure integrity (CCI) refers to the ability of a container and its closure system to maintain a barrier that protects the contents from environmental and microbial contamination throughout its intended shelf life. It is a critical aspect of product quality and safety, especially for sterile products and those that are sensitive to moisture, oxygen, or other environmental factors.
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a muscle contracting and pulling the hand away is shown by
The essential muscles that get worked during a Draw Up are the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, deltoids, rhomboids and pectoralis major; However, this exercise also involves many other smaller muscle groups.
When the thin actin and thick myosin filaments pass each other, muscle contraction occurs. Cross-bridges that extend from the myosin filaments and cyclically interact with the actin filaments during the hydrolysis of ATP.
Smooth muscles is a muscle that does most of the body's automatic work involuntarily. found in the walls of the majority of the body's tubular structures, such as blood vessels and the Gastrointestinal track.
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Select all that apply. People with high blood pressure should reduce their consumption of
fat.
protein.
sugar.
salt.
vegetables.
mention the methods of drying fruits and vegetable?
Answer:
There are several methods for drying fruits and vegetables:
Sun-drying: This involves spreading the produce out in direct sunlight to dry naturally.
Oven-drying: This method involves placing the produce in a low-temperature oven to dry it out slowly.
Dehydrator: A dehydrator uses low heat and a fan to circulate air and remove moisture from the produce.
Air-drying: This method involves hanging the produce in a well-ventilated area to allow air to circulate and dry it out.
Freeze-drying: This method involves freezing the produce and then removing the water content through a process of sublimation.
Microwave drying: This is a quick method of drying small quantities of produce in a microwave oven.
The method used depends on the type of produce being dried, the available equipment, and the desired outcome.
_____ can cause acid deposition