WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!! PLS HELP!!!

105.00g mass of NaOCl to react with HCl and produce 100.0 g of Cl₂.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaOCl and HCl is:

NaOCl + HCl → NaOH + Cl₂  

From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of NaOCl reacts with 1 mole of Cl₂. Therefore, we need to determine the number of moles of Cl₂ that are required, and then use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to calculate the corresponding number of moles of NaOCl required.

The molar mass of Cl₂ is 2 x 35.45 g/mol

= 70.90 g/mol.

We can use this molar mass to calculate the number of moles of Cl₂ required:

100.0 g / 70.90 g/mol

= 1.41 mol

Therefore, 1.41 mol of NaOCl is required to react with 1.41 mol of HCl to produce 1.41 mol of Cl₂. The molar mass of NaOCl is 74.44 g/mol, so we can calculate the mass of NaOCl required as:

1.41 mol x 74.44 g/mol

= 105.00 g

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The reactor needs to process 2,488,076 m³/hour of ethylene to remove 0.8219 metric tons/day of acetylene. The reactor design will depend on the specifics of the plant, such as the available space, pressure and temperature requirements, and the desired efficiency of the process.

To remove 1% acetylene from 1.5 million metric tons per year of ethylene, we need to calculate the flow rate of ethylene and acetylene. Let's assume that the ethylene stream contains 2% acetylene, so we need to remove 1% of 2%, which is 0.02%.

1.5 million metric tons per year of ethylene is equivalent to 4,109.59 metric tons per day. To calculate the flow rate of acetylene, we multiply the flow rate of ethylene by the concentration of acetylene:

Acetylene flow rate = 4,109.59 metric tons/day x 0.02% = 0.8219 metric tons/day

Now we can use the given information about the catalyst to design a reactor. The weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) is defined as the weight of reactants per hour per weight of catalyst. We can use the following equation to calculate the required weight of catalyst:

WHSV = (Weight of reactants per hour) / (Weight of catalyst)

Weight of catalyst = (Weight of reactants per hour) / WHSV

Since we know the WHSV and the acetylene flow rate, we can calculate the required weight of ethylene per hour:

Weight of ethylene per hour = (Weight of acetylene per hour) / (0.9 × 0.5 × WHSV)

Weight of ethylene per hour  [tex]=\frac{(0.8219)}{(0.9*0.5*800*24)} = 1,368.94[/tex] metric tons/hour

Assuming a density of 0.55 kg/L for ethylene, the volumetric flow rate of ethylene is:

Volumetric flow rate of ethylene = Weight of ethylene per hour / (Density of ethylene x 1000 L/m³)

Volumetric flow rate of ethylene [tex]= \frac{(1,368.94)}{(0.55 * 1000)} = 2,488,076[/tex] m³/hour

This indicates that in order to remove 0.8219 metric tons of acetylene per day, the reactor must process 2,488,076 m³/hour of ethylene each hour. The reactor design will be determined by the characteristics of the facility, including the amount of space available, the necessary pressure and temperature, and the desired process efficiency. Based on these variables, the catalyst weight and reactor size will need to be determined.

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the complete question is:

Acetylene is formed as a by-product in the manufacture of ethylene. It is removed by selective hydrogenation using noble metal catalysts (see for example US 7453 017). A particular catalyst achieves 90% acetylene saturation with 50% hydrogen selectivity for acetylene at a weight hourly space velocity of 800 h-1 based on ethylene Design a reactor to remove 1% acetylene from ethylene in a plant that produces 15 million metric tons per year of ethylene using this catalyst.

The half-life of sodium-24 is 15 hours, which means that after 15 hours, half of the original sample will decay, leaving half of the sample remaining. After another 15 hours (30 hours total), half of that remaining sample will decay, leaving a quarter of the original sample remaining. After another 15 hours (45 hours total), half of that remaining sample will decay, leaving an eighth of the original sample remaining. Finally, after another 15 hours (60 hours total), half of that remaining sample will decay, leaving a sixteenth of the original sample remaining.

To calculate the amount remaining after 60 hours, we can use the formula:

Amount remaining = (initial amount) x (1/2)^(t/h)

where "t" is the time elapsed and "h" is the half-life.

Plugging in the values we have, we get:

Amount remaining = (10.0 g) x (1/2)^(60/15)

= (10.0 g) x (1/2)^4

= (10.0 g) x 0.0625

= 0.625 g

Therefore, after 60 hours, approximately 0.63 g of the original 10.0 g sample of sodium-24 will remain. Rounded to the nearest hundredth place, this is 0.63 g.

[tex]Pb(NO_{3})_{2} ,And K_{2} S, Ba(NO_{3})_{2} and K_{2}CO_{3} ,K_{2}CO_{3} and Ni(NO_{3})_{2}[/tex]can be tested in the interactive, these can form precipitate (ppt), so it can be tested in interactive.

[tex]K_{2} SO_{4} and K_{2} CO_{3} , KI and K_{2} SO_{4}, NI(NO_{3} )_{2} and BO(NO_{3} )_{2}[/tex] cannot be tested in the interactive. There is no formation of precipitate (ppt), therefore it cannot be tested in interactive. When certain cations and anions interact in an aqueous solution, precipitates are insoluble ionic solid products of the process. The variables that affect how a precipitate forms can be different. Certain reactions, like those involving buffer solutions, are temperature-dependent, whereas others just depend on the concentration of the solution.The following is an illustration of a precipitation reaction: One of the products is solid, and both reactants are watery. The reactants dissociate and are soluble since they are ionic and watery.

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Answer:

 The molar mass of copper (II) nitrate is 187.5 g/mol.

Explanation:

Given that the masses of species involved are given in atomic mass units below each species, and 1 amu can create 932 meV of energy. Therefore, the energy liberated due to the transformation of mass into energy during this reaction is 1285.44 MeV.

The energy liberated due to the transformation of mass into energy during this reaction can be found by using the following formula: E = (Δm)c² Where E = Energy liberated during the transformation of mass into energy.

Δm = Change in mass during the transformation.

c = Speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 x 10⁸ m/s)

Given that, the masses of species involved are given in atomic mass units below each species, and 1 amu can create 932 meV of energy.

Therefore, first find the mass difference between the reactant and product as shown below: N + O → P + Q

Species Mass N 14 amu

O 16 amu

P 16 amu

Q 14 amu

Total 60 amu

Mass of reactants = 14 + 16 = 30 amu

Mass of products = 16 + 14 = 30 amu

Δm = (Mass of reactants - Mass of products)Δm = 30 - 30Δm = 0amu

Now, calculate the energy liberated as follows: E = (Δm)c²E = 0 x (3 x 10⁸)²E = 0 x 9 x 10¹⁶E = 0 MeV

Therefore, the energy liberated during the transformation of mass into energy is 0 MeV, which indicates that the reaction is not exothermic or endothermic.

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The oxygen that is released during the light reactions comes from water.

Let's know more about photosynthesis:

1. Photosynthesis is the process by which the plant can produce food. The process of photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy, which organisms can use. In this process, water and carbon dioxide produce oxygen and glucose. This process is carried out in the chloroplasts of plants.

2. Light Reaction: During the process of photosynthesis, two types of reactions take place, light reaction, and dark reaction. The light reaction takes place in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. It needs light to occur. Here, the light energy is absorbed by pigments such as chlorophyll. This light energy is converted into chemical energy. ATP and NADPH are the two products of the light reaction.

3. Oxygen is also released during the light reaction. The oxygen that is released during the light reactions comes from water. This reaction also helps in the formation of the electron transport chain.

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Answer:

Elements placed in Group VIIIA of the periodic table are also known as the noble gases, and they are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn).

These elements do not take part in chemical reactions because they have a full outermost electron shell, also known as the valence shell. This means that their valence shell contains the maximum number of electrons that it can hold, and therefore, these elements do not have any electron available for bonding with other atoms.

In other words, their outermost electron shell is already stable, which means they have very low reactivity with other elements. Because of their unreactive nature, noble gases are often referred to as inert gases.

Answer:

Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, release carbon back into the atmosphere.

The processes would be decomposition, diffusion, erosion, respiration, and combustion.

Explanation:

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Therefore, the pH at the equivalence point in the titration of a 15.4 mL sample of a 0.344 M aqueous hypochlorous acid solution with a 0.412 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is 7.542.

The pH at the equivalence point in the titration of a 15.4 mL sample of a 0.344 M aqueous hypochlorous acid solution with a 0.412 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution can be calculated using the following steps:

1. First, determine the number of moles of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the 15.4 mL sample:
[tex]0.344 M * 0.0154 L = 0.00530[/tex] moles of HOCl

2. Next, determine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) needed to reach the equivalence point:
0.00530 moles of HOCl * (1 mole of NaOH / 1 mole of HOCl) = 0.00530 moles of NaOH

3. Calculate the volume of the 0.412 M NaOH solution needed to reach the equivalence point:
0.00530 moles of NaOH / 0.412 M = 0.0129 L or 12.9 mL

4. At the equivalence point, the moles of HOCl and NaOH are equal, and the resulting solution contains only water and the salt sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The pH of the solution will depend on the dissociation of the salt:
NaOCl → Na+ + OCl-

5. The hypochlorite ion (OCl-) can undergo hydrolysis to form hypochlorous acid and hydroxide ions:
OCl- + H2O → HOCl + OH-

6. The presence of the hydroxide ions will increase the pH of the solution. To calculate the pH, we can use the Kb value for the hypochlorite ion, which is [tex]2.9 x 10^{-7}[/tex]:
[tex]Kb = [HOCl][OH-] / [OCl-][/tex]

7. Assuming that the initial concentration of OCl- is equal to the concentration of NaOH at the equivalence point (0.412 M), we can rearrange the Kb equation and solve for the concentration of OH-:
[tex][OH-] = Kb * [OCl-] / [HOCl]\\\\ [OH-] = (2.9 * 10^{-7} ) * (0.412) / (0.344)\\\\ [OH-] = 3.48 * 10^{-7} 10^-7 M[/tex]

8. Finally, we can use the concentration of OH- to calculate the pH of the solution:
[tex]pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(3.48*10^{-7} ) = 6.458[/tex]
[tex]pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 6.458 = 7.542[/tex]

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The 0.68 M HNO₂ solution has a pH of 1.96. This demonstrates how acidic the solution is.

The equation for the dissociation of nitrous acid is as follows:

HNO₂ (aq) ⇌ H+ (aq) + NO₂- (aq)

The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction is:

K = [H+][NO₂-]/[HNO₂]

We are given the value of K and the initial concentration of HNO₂. We can assume that x is the concentration of H+ and NO₂- produced when the HNO₂ dissociates.

Using the equilibrium constant expression and the given values, we can write:

4.0 x [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] = x² / (0.68 - x)

Because x is small compared to 0.68, we can approximate (0.68 - x) as 0.68:

4.0 x [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] = x² / 0.68

Solving for x gives us:

x = √(4.0 x [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] x 0.68) = 0.011 M

The pH of the solution can be calculated using the formula:

pH = -log[H+]

Therefore, the pH of the 0.68 M HNO2 solution is:

pH = -log(0.011) = 1.96

Therefore, the pH of the 0.68 M HNO2 solution is 1.96. This indicates that the solution is acidic.

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The temperature of the xenon gas in the balloon is approximately 276 K.

We can use the Ideal Gas Law to solve for the moles of xenon gas present in the balloon:

PV = nRT

where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is gas constant, and T will be the temperature in Kelvin.

Converting the given values to the correct units:

P = 954 Torr = 954/760 atm

= 1.2553 atm

V = 2.37 L

n = 0.115 mol (given)

R = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K (gas constant)

T = ? (unknown)

Substituting the values and solving for T:

T = PV/nR = (1.2553 atm)(2.37 L)/(0.115 mol)(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)

≈ 276 K

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The addition of 1.25 g of sodium formate increases the pH of the solution by 2.12 units.

To calculate the change in pH, we need to determine the new concentrations of the formic acid and its conjugate base after the addition of the sodium formate. We can then use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the new pH.

First, let's calculate the initial concentration of formic acid:

0.50 M = moles of formic acid / 0.027 L

moles of formic acid = 0.50 x 0.027 = 0.0135 mol

Now, we need to calculate the concentration of formate ion (HCOO-) after adding 1.25 g of sodium formate (HCOONa) to the solution. Since sodium formate dissociates completely in water, the number of moles of formate ion added will be the same as the number of moles of sodium formate:

moles of HCOO- = moles of NaHCOO = 1.25 g / (68.01 g/mol) = 0.0184 mol

Next, we can calculate the new concentrations of formic acid and formate ion:

[ HCOOH ] = (0.0135 mol) / (0.027 L) = 0.5 M

[ HCOO- ] = (0.0135 mol + 0.0184 mol) / (0.027 L) = 1.15 M

Now, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the new pH:

pH = pKa + log([ HCOO- ] / [ HCOOH ])

pKa = -log(Ka) = -log(1.8 x 10^-4) = 3.74

pH = 3.74 + log(1.15 / 0.5) = 3.74 + 0.40 = 4.14

Therefore, the change in pH is:

ΔpH = 4.14 - 2.02 = 2.12

So, the addition of 1.25 g of sodium formate increases the pH of the solution by 2.12 units.

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1.82 g of ammonia are created before the reaction comes to an end. By computing the moles of each reactant and comparing their ratios using the balanced chemical equation, we may do this.

We determine the lithium's moles:

1 mol Li divided by 6.941 g Li to get 4.87 g Li equals 0.700 mol Li

The moles of water are then determined:

1 mol H2O divided by 18.015 g H2O in 5.80 g gives 0.322 mol H2O.

As there are fewer molecules of water (0.322 mol) than there are molecules of lithium (0.700 mol), water is the limiting reactant.

We may determine the number of moles of ammonia created by using the mole ratio from the balanced chemical equation:

1 mol NH3 / 3 mol H2O 0.322 mol H2O = 0.107 mol NH3

Finally, we may convert moles to grammes using the molar mass of NH3:

1.82 g NH3 from 0.107 mol NH3 (17.031 g NH3 / 1 mol NH3)

As a result, 1.82 g of ammonia are created before the reaction comes to an end.

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The pH of an acidic solution depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution.

However, in this case, we are given the concentration of fluoride ions (F-) in the solution, which is not directly related to the pH.

Assuming that the acid in the solution is hydrofluoric acid (HF), we can write the following equilibrium expression:

[tex]HF + H2O H3O+ + F-[/tex]

where HF is the weak acid, H2O is water, H3O+ is the hydronium ion, and F- is the fluoride ion.

The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction is:

[tex]Ka = [H3O+][F-]/[HF][/tex]

At equilibrium, the concentration of HF will be equal to the initial concentration minus the concentration of F-, since one F- ion reacts with one H+ ion to form HF:

[HF] = [HF]initial - [F-]

Assuming that the initial concentration of HF is also 1 x 10^-3 M (since the problem does not give this information), we can substitute these values into the equilibrium expression and solve for the concentration of H3O+:

[tex]Ka = [H3O+][F-]/([HF]initial - [F-])1.8 x 10^-4 = [H3O+][1 x 0^-3]/(1 x 10^-3 - 1 x 10^-3)1.8 x 10^-4 = [H3O+][1 x 10^-3]/0[/tex]

Since the denominator is zero, this equation is undefined and cannot be solved. Therefore, we cannot determine the pH of the solution based on the given information.

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Answer:

solution

Explanation:

Alloy is solid solution as it is a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal.

The color of the new bonds that form between a solute and solvent depends on the specific solute and solvent involved, as well as the nature of the bonding between them, and it may or may not result in a visible color change.

The color of the new bonds that form between the solute and solvent depends on the specific solute and solvent involved, as well as the nature of the bonding between them. In general, the formation of new bonds between a solute and solvent may not necessarily result in a visible color change.

However, there are some cases where the formation of new bonds can result in a change in color. For example, in the case of transition metal complexes, the formation of new coordination bonds between a transition metal ion and a ligand can result in a change in color due to the absorption of light by the metal-ligand complex.

This is known as a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) or metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition, and the resulting color change can be used to identify and quantify the complex.

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Answer:

To solve the problem, we need to convert the given quantity of AlBr to grams of Br₂ using the given molar ratios:

70.6 g AlBr * (1 mole AlBr / 266.68 g AlBr) * (3 moles Br₂ / 2 moles AlBr) * (159.80 g Br₂ / 1 mole Br₂) = 94.3 g Br₂

Therefore, 94.3 g of Br₂ are required.

The gas law that applies to this scenario is the Ideal Gas Law, which states:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Rearranging the Ideal Gas Law to solve for pressure (P), we get:

P = nRT/V

Substituting the given values, we get:

P = (36.0 mol)(0.0821 L•atm/K•mol)(25.0 + 273 K) / 12.4 L

P = 98.9 atm

Therefore, the hydrogen gas must be compressed to a pressure of 98.9 atm.

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The amount of energy released would be 1917.96 kJ.

We can start by calculating the number of moles of methane used up in the reaction:

Number of moles = mass / molar mass

molar mass of CH4 = 12.01 + 4(1.01) = 16.05 g/mol

Number of moles = 38.0 g / 16.05 g/mol = 2.37 mol (rounded to two decimal places)

Next, we can calculate the total energy released by the combustion of this amount of methane:

Energy released = energy released per mole x number of moles

Energy released = 808 kJ/mol x 2.37 mol = 1917.96 kJ (rounded to two decimal places)

Therefore, if you used up 38.0 g (or 2.37 mol) of methane in 5 minutes, you would have released approximately 1917.96 kJ of energy.

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The formula 3Mg(O3H2)3 represents a molecule composed of 3 magnesium atoms and 9 groups of hydroxide ions (O3H2), each containing 3 oxygen atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms.

What is a Molecule?

A molecule is a colle-ction of two or more than two atoms that are held toge-ther by chemical-bonds. These atoms could be of the same or different elements. For example, H2O (water) is a molecule made up of two (2) hydrogen-atoms and one oxygen atom.

Another example is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a molecule consisting of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Molecules are the fundamental building blocks of many substances, and their unique arrangement and properties play a critical role in various chemical reactions and biological processes.

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The mass of the Dinitrogen tetroxide that contains a million oxygen atoms is 23 x 10⁶ .

Atoms and molecules are very small in both size and mass. One sample mole's weight is the molar mass. To get the molar mass, connect the atomic masses (atomic weights) of each atom in the molecule. Using the mass listed in the Periodic Table or Atomic Weight Table, determine the atomic mass for each element.

To calculate the molecular mass of a molecule, multiply the subscript (number of atoms) by the atomic mass of each element in the molecule and add those masses together. Typically, molar mass is stated in either grammes (g) or kilogrammes (kg) (kg).

From the molecular formula of dinitrogen tetroxide ;

molar mass of dinitrogen tetroxide = 92 g/mol

hence;

92 g of dinitrogen tetroxide contains 4 atoms of oxygen

x g of dinitrogen tetroxide will contain 1 x 10⁶ atoms of oxygen

x = 92 x 1 x 10⁶/4

x =23 x 10⁶ atoms of oxygen.  

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Complete question:

Calculate the mass of dinitrogen tetroxide (N₂O₄) that contains a million (1.000 x 10₆) oxygen atoms. Be sure your answer has a unit symbol if necessary, and round it to 4 significant digits.

An argumentative, plausible view of the literary work being evaluated is the claim in a literary analysis.

The claim in a literary analysis, which is an interpretation of a literary work, is the author's argument or viewpoint regarding the relevance or meaning of the work.

The assertion needs to be clear, debatable and backed up by textual evidence.

The claim in literary analysis is the main viewpoint or argument that the author is advancing regarding the relevance or meaning of the literary work under consideration.

The assertion should be a reasonable, disputed opinion that can be backed up by textual evidence, and it should be sufficiently detailed to be convincing and understandable to the reader.

For instance, in an interpretation of William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet," a writer can contend that, rather than a lack of courage, Hamlet's hesitation to exact revenge on his father's murderer stems from his desire for justice and his battle with indecision.

This assertion is both plausible and problematic because different readers or critics may interpret Hamlet's actions differently.

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Answer: Segment B

Explanation:

On a graph, a line traveling upwards from left to right is considered positive. A line traveling downwards from left to right is considered negative. A line neither traveling upwards or downwards is neutral. Based on this, we can see that segment B is traveling downwards, so it would represent a negative acceleration.

One way to prove that all the products were formed when sodium bicarbonate solution and calcium chloride solution were combined is by carrying out some simple tests for the presence of each product.

Calcium Carbonate: Calcium carbonate is a white solid that is insoluble in water. To test for its presence, add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to the solution obtained from the reaction. If calcium carbonate is present, it will react with the acid to produce carbon dioxide gas, which can be seen as bubbles in the solution. Alternatively, you can filter the solution and wash the solid with water to remove any soluble salts. The solid residue left after drying is calcium carbonate.

Sodium Chloride: Sodium chloride is a soluble salt that dissolves completely in water. To test for its presence, simply evaporate the solution obtained from the reaction to dryness. If sodium chloride is present, it will remain as a white solid after evaporation.

Water: Water is a liquid that cannot be easily separated from the other products. However, you can test for its presence by using a drying agent such as anhydrous calcium chloride or silica gel. Simply add a small amount of the drying agent to the solution and stir for a few minutes. If the drying agent absorbs water, then water is present in the solution.

Cabon Dioxide:r Carbon dioxide is a gas that is released during the reaction. To test for its presence, you can bubble the gas through lime water (calcium hydroxide solution). If carbon dioxide is present, it will react with the lime water to form a white precipitate of calcium carbonate.

By carrying out these tests, you can prove that all the products have been formed and that no reactants are left in the solution.

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a) Carbon dioxide can be dissolved in the blood on the right side of heart.

b) Carbon dioxide

c) Oxygen-rich blood flows from the lungs to the left atrium.

8)  Circular Motion

9)Valves

10. Ventricular septum

11)  Higher altitudes have fewer oxygen molecules per volume of air.

One carbon atom is covalently double linked to two oxygen atoms in each of the compounds that make up carbon dioxide, which has the molecular formula CO2. At ambient temperature, it exists as a vapour.

In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide serves as a greenhouse gas because it captures infrared energy despite being invisible to visible light. It has increased from pre-industrial values of 280 ppm to a minor gas in the Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm), or approximately 0.04% by volume (as of May 2022).

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The mass fraction is 0.122  for the sample that has been solved here for the solution of the CH3COOH in 3 liters of its 2M.

The term "mass fraction" refers to the proportion of a component's mass of the substance that we have in the system and it is common that we expresses this value as a percentage accordingly.

Mass of the solution = DV

Mass = 0.981 * 3000 mL

= 2943 g

We know that;

Number of moles = CV

Moles = 2M * 3 L

= 6 moles

Mass = Number moles * molar mass

= 6 * 60 g/mol

= 360 g

Mass fraction = 360 g/2943 g

= 0.122

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Answer: 85.73 cm^3

Explanation:

Combined Gas law (temperature must be in Kelvin)

V2= P1V1 T2/(T1 x P2)

P1 = 320 mmHg

V1= 220 cm^3

T1= 295.15 K

T2= 273.15 K

P2 = 760 mmHg

320 x 220 X 273.15/(295.15 X 760) = 85.72697201 cm^3

The enthalpy of the formation of cesium chloride is -68.4 kJ/mol.

The enthalpy of formation of caesium chloride (CsCl) can be calculated using the following equation:

ΔHf⁰(CsCl) = ΔHf⁰(Cs) + ΔHf⁰(Cl) - ΔHf⁰(CsCl)

We are given the enthalpy of sublimation of caesium, which tells us the energy required to convert solid caesium into gaseous caesium:

ΔHsub⁰(Cs) = +77.6 kJ/mol

Since the enthalpy of formation of an element in its standard state is zero, we can assume that:

ΔHf⁰(Cs) = 0

The enthalpy of formation of chlorine gas (Cl₂) is -95.7 kJ/mol. The enthalpy change for the reaction that forms CsCl can be written as:

Cs(s) + 1/2 Cl₂(g) → CsCl(s)

The enthalpy change for this reaction is equal to the enthalpy of formation of CsCl:

ΔHf⁰(CsCl) = ΔHf⁰(Cs) + 1/2 ΔHf⁰(Cl₂) - ΔHrxn

where ΔHrxn is the enthalpy change for the reaction. We can use Hess's Law to calculate ΔHrxn by considering the following two steps:

Cs(s) → Cs(g) ΔHsub⁰(Cs) = +77.6 kJ/mol (endothermic)

1/2 Cl₂(g) → Cl(g) ΔHdiss⁰(Cl) = +121 kJ/mol (endothermic)

Adding these two reactions gives:

Cs(s) + 1/2 Cl₂(g) → Cs(g) + Cl(g) ΔHrxn = ΔHsub⁰(Cs) + 1/2 ΔHdiss⁰(Cl)

Substituting the values we have for ΔHsub⁰(Cs) and ΔHdiss⁰(Cl) gives:

ΔHrxn = +77.6 kJ/mol + 1/2(+121 kJ/mol) = +138.3 kJ/mol

Substituting all the values into the equation for ΔHf⁰(CsCl) gives:

ΔHf⁰(CsCl) = 0 + 1/2(-95.7 kJ/mol) - (-138.3 kJ/mol)

ΔHf⁰(CsCl) = -68.4 kJ/mol

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Answer:

a

Explanation: