White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess.
In the field of social sciences, white privilege can be described as discrimination or bias that occurs in certain societies in which white people are given priority over dark ones.
White privilege has become so common that mostly in many cases white people do not even recognize that they are being favored above the other group of people in society. They are unaware that they are receiving certain privileges just because they have a white skin color.
White privilege is a common phenomenon that is mostly observed in different places of the world.
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The historical concept of the american identity, as characterized in the excerpt, was most clearly distinguished from the identities of other nations by the.
The historical concept of the american identity, as characterized in the excerpt, was most clearly distinguished from the identities of other nations by the importance of liberal ideas about natural rights and liberties.
Liberalism is a political and ethical philosophy primarily based at the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the law. Liberals espouse numerous views relying on their information of those principles.
A liberal is someone at the left wing of politics — the opposite of a conservative. additionally, a liberal attitude closer to whatever approach more tolerance for trade. there are many meanings for liberal, however they primarily have to do with freedom and openness to change.
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How does the difference between the end point and the equivalence point lead to systematic error in your results?.
When the number of moles of titrant and analyte are equal, the equivalence point is reached. More titrant moles indicate that the end point has been reached. Therefore, the right response is always option (end point is always little further in titration than equivalence point).
The endpoint determination is the main systematic mistake in a titration. The titration error is the difference between the equivalency point and the measured end point. Due to an excessively large amount of titrant being administered, the final concentration is higher than it should be.
The primary distinction between the terms "equivalence point" and "endpoint" is that the former refers to the point at which a chemical reaction ends, whilst the latter refers to the point at which a substance's color changes.
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as mental illness treatment shifted from institutional to community settings, public dollars were allocated on the basis of units of service delivered, not on results of care. discuss the implications of this policy on the deinstitutionalized severely mentally ill.
Deinstitutionalization has led to a significant increase in the number of mentally ill people living in the community. In addition, there aren't many community psychiatric options, such as hospital beds.
- Effect of deinstitutionalization on severely mentally ill patients :
- Homelessness, frequent rehospitalization, and noncompliance with treatment regimens are all effects. 21% of clients struggled with substance misuse. Families attributed a number of issues, such as a lack of case management and social isolation, to the prevalence of substance misuse.
- Since the middle of the 1950s, deinstitutionalization has advanced. It has been a failure for some people even though it has been successful for many others. The rise in homelessness, and violent crimes among people with serious mental illness is clear evidence of system failure. Hospital re-admissions of those for whom deinstitutionalization has failed are rising. People who have spent 20 days in the hospital over the course of ten years are not uncommon. Tragically, there are more people incarcerated with mental illnesses than there are state hospitals.
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Sarah has shared with noel that they are part of their manager’s ingroup. What argument can she use to convince noel of the correctness of her perception?.
She can utilize the argument that they have better performance ratings than other members of their department to persuade Noel that her perception is accurate.
How are employees perceived?The most important factor that can motivate employees to work for an organization is employee perception, which can be used to determine how satisfied an employee is with the company. It should be mentioned that a satisfied employee gave the company his all as opposed to the case with a dissatisfied person.
What elements affect an employee's perception?Employee impression can be affected by several variables, such as how successfully the employer communicates with workers, the nature of the working environment, general corporate policies and procedures, and the degree of mutual respect and trust between managers, workers, and coworkers.
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adele's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. once adele reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. this is an example of
As Adele could only remember the items from the end of the list, this is an example of the recency effect.
In the field of psychology, the recency effect can be described as an effect in which a person is able to only remember recent memories and forget the older ones.
According to the recency effect, such items or things that occurred last are remembered whereas the other ones are forgotten.
In the scenario mentioned in the question, Adele manages to remember those items that were at the end of the list from the things he had to buy from the grocery store but he forgets those items that were in the beginning hence this is an example of the recency effect.
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Students and test administrators do not change, alter , or _______ precoding on students’ answer sheets.
Students and test administrators do not change, alter, or erase
precoding on students' answer sheets.
This line is mentioned in the North Carolina Test Coordinators’ Policies and Procedures in order to smoothly run state-operated education institutions, activities related to employment, and admission in schools without having any kind of discrimination on the basis of sex, religion, color, age, and military services, etc.
This rule handbook shows how one administration should work towards the welfare of a child's education comprising of class test patterns, assessments, and training to field testing and special studies.
Therefore, the above line is mentioning how students and test administrators should go by law with answer sheets.
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How would the final velocity of the car-plus-truck system change if the truck had some initial velocity moving in the same direction as the car? what if the truck were moving in the opposite direction of the car initially? why?.
The final velocity would be greater. It wouldn't matter in which direction the truck was initially moving.
What is Velocity?
When an item is moving, its velocity is the rate at which its direction is changing as seen from a certain point of view and as measured by a specific unit of time.
Velocity (v) is a vector quantity that measures displacement (or change in position, Δs) over the change in time (Δt),
represented by the equation v = Δs/Δt.
The SI Unit for velocity is meters per second (meter/second).
The different types of velocities are
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which is an example of classical conditioning? a. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room b. telling students if they fill up a jar with tokens for good behavior, then they will get a pizza party at the end of the year. c. being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes. d. watching your grandmother make her favorite recipe multiple times, as you help her out, and later discovering you can make the recipe by yourself.
An example of classical conditioning is c. being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes.
In the field of psychology, classical conditioning can be described as a type of conditioning in which a response is formed by relating one stimulus to the context of the other stimuli. The response generated is a result of the association of one stimulus to another stimulus.
In option c, a response of being afraid is being generated because of associating two different stimuli. The stimuli thunder and lightning is the new one which is paired to a previous one where thunderstorms turned into tornadoes, hence this is an example of classical conditioning.
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two trait-like factors have been a focus of research on risk for depression, neuroticism and trait rumination. what does each refer to and what is their relationship to depression?
Depression is a prevalent mental illness. Its distinguishing characteristics include persistent sadness and a lack of interest in formerly gratifying or enjoyable activities. Additionally, it may impair appetite and sleep. Concentration problems and fatigue are frequent.
It has been said that neuroticism is a fundamental personality characteristic. According to the Big Five theory of personality traits, for instance, those who score highly on the neuroticism scale are more prone than the average to be moody and to feel emotions like worry, anxiety, wrath, irritation, envy, and jealously, as well as guilt, a low mood, and loneliness.
Rumination is a type of persistent cognition that emphasizes unfavorable information, usually from the past and present, and causes emotional misery. Rumination was first studied in the psychological literature, notably in studies looking at different aspects of rumination.
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Gil_____ is under significant pressure to resign from the la city council because of his participation in a secretly recorded conversation which included racist remarks.
The majority of local authorities are local councils, which are composed of council members chosen by the general population during local elections.
What serves as a council's purpose?The majority of local authorities are local councils, which are composed of council members chosen by the general population during local elections. To establish and carry out local goals, council members collaborate with residents and partners, including neighborhood businesses and other organizations.A municipality's or local government area's legislative body is the municipal council. It may be referred to as a city council, town council, town board, community Depending on the location and zoning of the municipality, the council may be referred to as the village council or the board of aldermen.Through laws and other means, the City Council is in charge of determining City policy. By enacting Ordinances, which become City statutes, the Council enacts legislation.To learn more about council's refer to:
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whenever the professor asks a question in class, matt looks anywhere in the classroom except at the professor so that she won't call on him. he is afraid of giving a wrong answer and making a fool of himself in front of his classmates. what type of goal orientation is matt demonstrating?
By avoiding the professor so he doesn't call on him, Matt is demonstrating a performance-avoid type of goal orientation.
Performance-avoid type of goal orientation can be described as a goal in which a person wants to avoid doing a certain task. Such a goal orientation might be done for different reasons such as protecting yourself from embarrassment, protecting yourself from getting sick etc.
The goal orientation of Matt during the class is to avoid looking at the professor so that he doesn't ask her any questions. She is afraid that she might not be able to answer them and would feel embarrassed, hence her goal orientation is to avoid the professor. This is a type of performance-avoid goal orientation.
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miguel never thought he would look forward to going to english class, but ever since his teacher started teaching grammar lessons, miguel has eagerly anticipated each class. his teacher has a way of explaining grammar that is interesting and makes sense. what has miguel's teacher created?
Vested interest was Miguel's teacher created while teaching him in such a pleasant way. that's why Miguel has eagerly able to anticipated each class.
How would you describe the many forms of communication?
Answer: Using gestures, tone of voice, body language, and facial expressions to transmit your ideas and feelings is known as nonverbal communication. Even your clothing choices can convey nonverbal messages. Frequently, nonverbal communication augments or supports verbal communication.
Intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication are all examples of communication contexts. Each situation includes pros and cons as well as appropriate and inappropriate usage.
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a diatribe is a conversation in which both people participate fully and equitably, each influencing the encounter in ways that make it a unique creation. true false
False, a diatribe is a conversation in which both people participate fully and equitably, each influencing the encounter in ways that make it a unique creation.
What is diatribe ?A classic example of diatribe is the speech often given by insightful villains to innocent captives just before they attempt to kill them. This usually ends with the victim fleeing. Example 1: A father preaches his son about a wasted life. Hate speech and slander are two types of negative comments. Whether spoken or written, these comments are negative verbal expressions.Hate speech is often considered "talk." Some people use it to show strong disapproval. An alphabetical list of all opposites of baiting. Praise. recognition. Cheers. sigh.To learn more about diatribe from the given link :
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while demonstrating a squat for a personal training client, you see that the bar is not level, and you take a step forward to re balance. this feedback is
The feedback for this action is intrinsic and knowledge of performance.
What is intrinsic knowledge?
The bodily sensation of the movement as it is being carried out is known as intrinsic feedback. It is the sensation that the performer has while carrying out a skill or performance.
To understand intrinsic motivation and how it functions, a variety of hypotheses have been put forth. According to some professionals, every action is motivated by an outside reward, such as money, status, or food. The reward for activities that are organically motivated is the action itself.
People's wants and impulses served as the foundation for the most popular notion of intrinsic motivation. Our biological demands to eat, drink, and have sex must be satisfied in order for us to survive and maintain good health.
What is knowledge of performance?
Knowing how well an athlete did, as opposed to the outcome, is the focus of performance knowledge. A golfer, for instance, might hear that their putting was excellent while having poor drives.
Depending on the source, knowledge of performance might be extrinsic or intrinsic. It's intrinsic if it originates from your own senses; extrinsic if it comes from somewhere else.
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while demonstrating a squat for a personal training client, you see that the bar is not level, and you take a step forward to re balance. this feedback is
the general cultural perspective on such key issues as death, god, and the meaning of life that shapes how you perceive and respond to what happens to you is called a(n) . group of answer choices prospectus ethnicity microculture worldview
The general cultural perspective on such key issues as death, god, and the meaning of life that shapes how you perceive and respond to what happens to you is called a worldview.
The definition of a cultural perspective
Cultural viewpoint is described as: "Cultural perspective refers to the manner in which people are influenced by their circumstances, as well as by social and cultural elements. The nationality, race, and gender of a person are a few examples of such characteristics.
How do culture and death relate to one another?People with different backgrounds and similar belief systems are brought together through culture. Cultures have differed widely in their perspectives on death and what may or may not happen beyond, with each group expressing its own views.
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the spouse is not interested in hearing how you feel when your boss belittles you at work instead , he suggests way you can avoid such criticisam, he is what kind of listener
When your supervisor insults you at work, your spouse is not interested in hearing how you feel about it. Instead, he offers advice on how to steer clear of such criticism. He listens with a task-oriented mindset. The right answer is D.
Hearing and listening are two distinct processes. One listens to people and makes an effort to comprehend what they are trying to say.
Effective listeners show curiosity while also acknowledging what has been spoken. Listening is a crucial skill for both personal and professional life.
Active listening is an essential communication skill since it encourages openness, success, and candid communication. By demonstrating that you are paying attention to your discussion partner, you foster trust and make them feel as though their comments matter to you.
Another term for listening that is task-oriented action-oriented listening, for example. It may considering that the listener is seeking a clear message about what has to be done, show less patience when listening to the justifications for why the work is important. If the causes are complex, this might be especially true.
The complete question is:
Your spouse is not interested in hearing how you feel when your boss belittles you at work. Instead, they suggest ways you can avoid such criticism. He is what kind of listener?
A. Critical
B. Analytical
C. Relational
D. Task-oriented
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What generalizations can you make about the political experience of those who took part in the convention?.
Generalizations regarding the political backgrounds of Constitutional Convention participants show that they understood the value of political compromise and the necessity of strengthening the federal government through discussion.
Delegates' opinions on how the government should preserve the union were revised throughout the Constitutional Convention. The Convention provided an opportunity for participants to discuss politics and reach political agreements. As a result, many participants in the Constitutional Convention changed their positions regarding the best form of government for the union and learnt how to resolve conflicts through dialogue. the practice or act of generalizing. A sweeping notion, legislation, rule, or declaration that made unqualified generalizations about women. A trained reaction to a stimulus that is similar to, but not exactly like, the conditioned stimulus.
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Which classical civilization created the decimal system and numeral writing used in the world today?.
harappa civilisation created the decimal system and numeral writing used in the world today.
What is harappa civilisation?
The subcontinental city of Harappa, which dates back 4,700 years, was unearthed in the 1920s. Following the discovery of towns like as Lothal, Dholavira, Mohenjodaro, and Kalibangan, other cities that came to be known as the Harappan cities or as the beginning of the Harappan Civilization were also discovered. These settlements were found around the Indus River, establishing the Indus Valley Civilization's existence.
hence harappa civilisation is the classical civilization created the decimal system and numeral writing used in the world today.
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doug obtains permission to be on nathan's land for one day to hold a four-wheeling event. doug's truck breaks down, and instead of removing it, he leaves it on nathan's property for several days after the event. doug has most likely committed:
'Doug obtains permission to be on Nathan's land for one day to hold a four-wheeling event. Doug's truck breaks down, and instead of removing it, he leaves it on Nathan's property for several days after the event. Doug has most likely committed trespass to land.
Trespassing is a tort or common law offense committed when a person or someone's property knowingly enters another person's land without a legitimate excuse. Trespassing on property is itself a crime. Thus, an entering party can sue even if no actual damage has been caused.
Florida Law provides that if you intentionally enter a dwelling without the express permission of the owner, you may be prosecuted for trespassing on a structure or dwelling. They may also be charged with trespass if the owner first invites them onto the premises and later refuses to leave.
Trespassing itself is not a crime. However, there are some crimes in which trespassing is a key factor, and this guide lists the most common examples of such crimes.
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based on your readings, in class lectures, notes, and discussions, describe and explain the analytical tenets of a) structural functionalism; b) symbolic interactionism; and c) conflict theory
a) Structural functionalism refers to a framework for developing a theory that views society as a complicated system that function together to promote stability and solidarity. b) Symbolic interactionism refers to a sociological theory that is created from practical considerations and involves specific impacts of communication and interaction in people to make images and normal associations for deduction and correspondence with others. c) Conflict theory refers to the concept that a society is in a state of continual conflict due to competition for limited resources.
Structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory are important concepts in social sciences.
Structural functionalism refers to a school of thought which considers each of the institutions, roles, relationships, and norms that work in cohesion in a society to serve a purpose and each is essential for the continued existence of the society as a whole.
Symbolic interaction is among the several social sciences theories and suggest that people live in the natural and the symbolic environment. Symbolic interaction is a process that brightens the mutual meaning and values through symbols in the mind.
Conflict theory, developed by Karl Marx, is based on the concept that conflict naturally exists among groups of people because they compete for power and resources. Conflict theory postulates that social order in a society is established and maintained by domination and power and not by consensus and conformity.
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what are the rights that people gain as part of belonging to an organized government? responses civil rights civil rights human rights human rights bill of rights bill of rights natural rights
The rights that people gain as part of belonging to an organized government Civil Rights.
What are Civil Rights ?
The term "civil rights" comes from the Latin term "ius civis", which means "rights of a citizen." Anyone who is considered a citizen of a country should be treated equally under the law. Throughout history there have been different civil rights movements.
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state without discrimination or repression.
In other words, only someone who owes the applicant a legal obligation can be subject to a civil right's enforcement. In addition to these obligations, however, people are also subject to the law because of their citizenship. Civic duties and responsibilities are the terms used to describe these commitments.
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using a rewards card at your favorite ice cream shop, in which you receive a free ice cream cone after every 10 purchases, is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
This is an example of Fixed ratio .
What is fixed ratio ?
By examining the phrase itself, it is possible to comprehend the fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule. The distribution of prizes on a set timetable is referred to as "fixed." The term "ratio" describes the quantity of replies necessary to obtain reward.
A fixed-ratio plan may, for instance, entail giving out a reward after every fifth response. A reward is given to the participant when they have responded to the stimulus five times.
Therefore, envision teaching a lab rat to press a button to obtain a food pellet. The rat will be put on a fixed-ratio 15 (FR-15) schedule, you determine. The rat must perform the operant response (push the button) 15 times before it will receive the food pellet.
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an approach in which a researcher gathers a lot of specific data from interviews and, after analysis, develops broad understanding of the topic is referred to as .
A method known as (C) Inductive reasoning is when a researcher collects a lot of detailed information through interviews and then, after analysis, creates a comprehensive grasp of the subject.
What is inductive reasoning?Inductive reasoning is a method where a researcher collects a lot of detailed information from interviews and then, after analysis, creates a broad picture of the subject. The process of inductive reasoning involves moving from the particular to the general in order to arrive at conclusions. Deductive reasoning, where you move from general information to specific conclusions, is typically contrasted with it. Bottom-up reasoning and another name for inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning attempts to develop a theory, whereas deductive reasoning aims to test an existing theory. This is the basic distinction between inductive and deductive reasoning.As it is given in the description itself, Inductive reasoning is a method where a researcher collects a lot of detailed information from interviews and then, after analysis, creates a broad picture of the subject.
So, the correct option is (C).Therefore, a method is known as (C) Inductive reasoning when a researcher collects a lot of detailed information through interviews and then, after analysis, creates a comprehensive grasp of the subject.
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The complete question is given below:
An approach in which a researcher gathers a lot of specific data from interviews and, after analysis, develops a broad understanding of the topic is referred to as ______.
(A) ethnography
(B) content analysis
(C) inductive reasoning
(D) deductive reasoning
How Pakistani working abroad helped the economy?
Answer: workers' remittances are considered to be an important source of foreign exchange.
Explanation:
if an infant in mary ainsworth's stranger situation was unwilling to explore, became very upset by the stranger, and demanded to be picked up by his mother but then kicked to get away, he would most likely be classified as
if an infant in mary ainsworth's stranger situation was unwilling to explore, became very upset by the stranger, and demanded to be picked up by his mother but then kicked to get away, he would most likely be classified as start cooing.
What is infant?The very early offspring of humans are called infants or babies. Infant is a formal or specialised synonym for the term baby. It comes from the Latin word infans, which means "unable to speak" or "speechless." Other organisms' young may also be referred to by the names. In everyday speech, an infant that is only a few hours, days, or even a few weeks old is referred to as a newborn. In medical contexts, an infant in the first 28 days following birth is referred to as a newborn or neonate (from the Latin neonatus, newborn); the word applies to premature, full-term, and postmature newborns.
The child before birth is referred to as a foetus. Infants are commonly defined as infants under the age of one year, but some definitions may also include infants up to the age of two. Instead, a human youngster who begins to walk is referred to as a toddler.
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jill and steve are parents to three young children and are college educated. they are always stressing the importance of a college education to their children. their children are developing a(n) because of this socialization.
A person's total development is directly influenced by socialization and schooling processes. Children who receive an education develop a feeling of discipline and the spirit of cooperation that will aid in their future development as well as the development of the country.
A child learns and develops communication and teamwork skills through the education they receive while still in their early years.
Because it fulfills the derived requirements of the children, a school is a secondary social institution. The secondary socializing agents are the school staff. Secondary socialization can be defined as the process of internalizing standards, values, and behavioral patterns learned in school.
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a researcher wants to study the human sense of taste over a life span. the researcher has a group of participants taste foods that are salty, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami. which study would best allow the researcher to test the sensation of taste as people age, and what is the likely outcome?
The studies that will best allow the researcher to test the sensation of taste as people age, and what is the likely outcome will be: a) the researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases.
In order for study the sensation of taste as people age, the researcher needs to track all the different variables that are required for this study.
In order for the results to be accurate, he needs to check that the participants are the same and should be available for 40 years for tracking their taste buds.
The likely outcome of this study will be that with the increase in age, the number of taste buds decreases in an individual. As a result of this decrease in taste buds, the sense of taste is also minimized in the individual as they get older.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
a researcher wants to study the human sense of taste over a life span. the researcher has a group of participants taste foods that are salty, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami. which study would best allow the researcher to test the sensation of taste as people age, and what is the likely outcome?
a. The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases.
b. The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds decreases, each taste bud becomes more sensitive.
c. The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds at the same time. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases.
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Why is job specialization an important feature of civilization? A. Job specialization creates social classes. B. Job specialization allows for a variety of goods and services to be produced. C. Job specialization allows the government to focus on the most urgent things first. D. Job specialization means that more people can practice religion.
Job specialization is an important feature of civilization because it allows for a variety of goods and services to be produced.
What is job specialization?Job specialization is when an employee has great skills in performing different task in an efficient and effective manner.
When people have different skills, it will affect an economy positively because such skills will be centred towards making available goods and services in larger quantities.
Again, job specialization an important feature of civilization because It gives people something to do in their free time hence have a place in the society. If people have specialized jobs, then they provide something for others and they also have a place in society.
However, the above means that an employee would have undergone the required training inorder to gain the requisite skills, expertise and knowledge for job specialization.
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which nationally based classification system develops reliable information about crime reported to law enforcement that can be used by law enforcement
Uniform crime report is the nationally based classification system which develops reliable information about crime reported law enforcement.
What is uniform crime report?
The Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) programme produces official data on crime in the United States (FBI).Almost 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement organizations voluntarily share statistics on offences brought to their attention, according to UCR, on a national level. The FBI's Crime in the United States series includes annual crime statistics that have been compiled using UCR data. The data is not gathered by the FBI on its own. Instead, the FBI receives the information from police departments all around the country, who then put it into the Reports. Since its inception in 1929, the Uniform Crime Reporting programme has grown to be a crucial source of data on crime for the police, decision-makers, academics, and the media.
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which nationally based classification system develops reliable information about crime reported to law enforcement that can be used by law enforcement
one of the characteristics of complex societies (chiefdoms and states) is centralized political authority. how do we see this in the archaeological record?
We can see centralized political authority in the archaeological record through the presence of large public buildings, such as palaces or temples, which were built and maintained by the elite class.
What is a complex society?
Many academic fields, including anthropology, archaeology, history, and sociology, use the idea of a complex society to define a particular stage of societal development. The idea was developed by academics who wanted to comprehend the development of contemporary governments, particularly the change from tiny kin-based communities to massive hierarchically structured societies.
Stone fences, statues, and roads come to mind when thinking of civilizations, but they are more than just well-built physical structures. People started to build social infrastructure, including economic, political, and religious organizations that produced new social hierarchies, in order to facilitate the organization and management of these sizable, dense settlements. People who played specific jobs, such as professional administrators, farmers, artisans, dealers, merchants, and spiritual leaders, were found in these hierarchies. Cities also needed diplomats, armies, and centralized rulers due to increased commerce and conflict with other civilizations.
The majority of cities originated from villages, while some went on to establish city-states, which are autonomous urban hubs with surrounding agricultural lands. Because some individuals were able to opt out of food production due to the surplus food production produced by other communities, specialised professions and related classes began to emerge.
Leaders, who made up a new social class, were needed to organise vast groups of people to work together on the large-scale building of irrigation systems, monuments, and other projects and to enable cooperation between these many distinct classes. Though strong governments, centralized systems of administration, and command were the norm in the early civilizations, political leadership might take many various forms.
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