Answer:
The answer is A. Test variable (independent variable)! :)
Explanation:
Hope this helps; I took the test and got it correct!!
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Running for a long period of time, such as during a marathon, can result in muscle fatigue. Which process is important to a runner at the end of a marathon?
A. lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP without oxygen
B. Alchoholic fermentation to release carbon dioxide
C. The Krebs cycle to produce NADH and FADH2
D. The electron transport chain to produce ATP
The process that is important to a runner at the end of a marathon is lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP without oxygen (Option A).
Cellular respiration refers to the reactions by which aerobic cells normally produce energy in the form of ATP by using energy stored in the chemical bonds of foods and oxygen.Muscle cells can produce ATP by both cellular respiration (aerobic conditions) and acid lactic fermentation (anaerobic conditions).Acid lactic fermentation is energetically much less efficient than cellular respiration, but ATP production in cellular respiration is much slower than in fermentation, thereby muscle cells use this pathway (fermentation) when they cannot get oxygen fast enough to meet their energy requirement.In conclusion, the process that is important to a runner at the end of a marathon is lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP without oxygen (Option A).
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1. The histogram below shows the total estimated new breast cancer cases diagnosed in 2003.
Histogram
2. The results in this table below are from a 2007 study investigating BRCA mutations in women diagnosed with breast cancer. All of the women in the study had a family history of breast cancer.
BRCA Mutations in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
BRCA1 mutation
BRCA2 mutation
No BRCA mutation
Total
Number of patients
89
35
318
442
Average age at diagnosis
43.9
46.2
50.4
Preventive mastectomy*
6
3
14
23
Preventive oophorectomy*
38
7
22
67
Number of deaths
16
1
21
38
Percent died
18
2.8
6.9
8.6
*A mastectomy is the surgical removal of one or both breasts, either partially or fully. An oophorectomy is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.
Things to address in your summary essay:
Describe how mutations lead to genetic variations.
Which appears to be more dangerous: the BRC1 or BRC2 mutation?
Analyze a woman’s risk of dying of cancer if she carries a mutated BRC1 gene.
How do heredity and inheritance relate to the data presented in these charts?
What data would you need to see in order to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of preventive surgeries?
What does the age at diagnosis tell you about the mutation?
Explain how breast-cancer genes are still present in the population, despite cancer-related surgeries and deaths.
Answer:
Explanation:
Mutations are effectively errors in the DNA copying or transcription processes. They can occur naturally or be caused by mutagens, either chemical such as benzene or environmental such as ultraviolet light. These mutations concern the basses on DNA and can be as small as one base changing to another or as complex and detrimental as the insertion of a new base along the strand. Such mutations can drastically change the proteins created by an organism and affect entire chromosomes or genes. Some mutations that affect gametes can be passed down from parent to offspring and are called germline mutations. Such mutations can create entirely new alleles and increase a populations genetic variation. One such genetic mutation that occurs in humans in cancer. Cancers are errors in a cells DNA caused by mutations that allow the cell to grow and multiply uncontrollably copying the mutated DNA along the way. One specific type of cancer is breast cancer. Breast cancer has two different types of mutations. There are the BRCA 1 and 2 varieties. According to the charts, the BRCA 1 mutation appears to be more deadly. If a woman carries the BRCA 1 mutation, she has, once again according to the chart, an 18 percent chance of death. All of the women in the table above had a family history of cancer. This would point to the fact that cancer can be passed down as well as contracted from a certain type of mutagen known as a carcinogen. The table also references preventative surgeries in a number of women carrying both the BRCA 1 and 2 mutations as well as some without either. Unfortunately, given the data shown, it is impossible to determine the effectiveness of such procedures. To be able to judge this, data about the survival rates of women who underwent the procedures versus those who did not would be required. The bar graph above the chart also mentions ages. It shows that the numbers of cases of breast cancer increase rather quickly until ages 50-59 and then steadily and slowly decline. Most breast cancer cases occur in women 50-59 years old. This tells us that the mutation takes quite a few years to manifest as it is a genetic mutation and is furthered by the sufferers decreased ability to fight off carcinogens with age. If cancer can be removed by surgeries or by the death of the afflicted, why does it still exist in our population? The answer is simple. Cancer can be passed on hereditarily but that is not the only way for it to be contracted. Carcinogens that exist as chemicals or as environmental factors are present everywhere and can mutate one’s DNA and therefore genes. This can then be passed on to offspring as well.
Genetic variations occur as a result of recombination and mutation. Variations enable organisms to adapt to environmental conditions.
What do you mean by genetic variations?Genetic variations can arise from gene variants (also called mutations) or from a normal process in which genetic material is rearranged as a cell is getting ready to divide (known as genetic recombination).
The genetic diversity has three different sources: mutation, recombination and immigration of genes. Mutation is the driving force of genetic variation and evolution.
Genetic diversity is important because it gives species a better chance of survival. However, genetic diversity can be lost when populations get smaller and isolated, which decreases a species' ability to adapt and survive.
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c) Explain why antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections, but not viral infections
Answer:
antibiotics cannot kill viruses, they can only kill bacteria
Explanation:
What are the primary of water pollution
It occurs when foreign harmful materials like chemicals, waste matter, or contaminated substances are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies. ... Any alterations in the chemical, physical, or biological water properties qualify as water pollution.
restriction enzymes cut DNA at totally random places. true of false?
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Restriction enzymes, also called restriction endonucleases, are enzymes found in bacteria that cut DNA. They recognise target sequences and cut DNA at or near these sequences. These sequences are called restriction sites.
They act as a defense mechanism against invading pathogens. However, they are routinely used in molecular biology labs to perform DNA technologies such as genetic engineering.
Fragmentation occurs when a large area of ecosystem is divided into smaller, isolated areas due to deforestation. After fragmentation, changes to the ecosystem can occur. Which is most likely an effect of fragmentation on an ecosystem?
a. Animal species in the fragmented area utilize new food sources in the deforested area.
b. Plant species from the deforested area alter conditions at the edge of the fragmented area.
c. The nutrient cycle is replenished by new species colonizing the deforested area.
d. Most native species disappear from both deforested and fragmented areas.
Answer:B
Explanation:
how do skin cells replace itself after an injury?
a) skin cells go through the process of budding to make new identical cells.
b) skin cells go through the procces of mitosis to make new identical cells.
c) skin cells go through the process og photosynthesis to make new identical cells.
d) skin cells go through the process of cellular respiration to make new identical cells.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
as a result of accumulation of waste products in the body , these substances are removed from the body via the skin hence they undergo cellular respiration
Answer:
b) skin cells go through the process of mitosis to make new identical cells.
Explanation:
The skin is the largest organ in the human body; it forms a protective barrier that keeps out external pathogens, and is integral to waste removal. When the organ is injured, damaged cells initiate an immune response, while healthy cells nearby begin to replicate.
This type of cell replication involves somatic cells and results in the diploid number of chromosomes called mitosis. Skin cells are somatic- they contain all 24 pairs of human chromosomes. During replication, the chromosomes are unwound, and copied- then, the newly copied chromosomes separate into two identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number.
what is the fundamental unit of matter?
the atom is the fundamental unit of matter.
(hope this helps ^^)
Which system helps regulate body
temperature and water loss?
A. Outegumentary
B. Integumentary
C. Excretory
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Integumentary system helps regulate body temperature and water loss. Thus option B is correct.
What is the integumentary system?In our body integumentary system is present in the outer layer. It’s made up of your skin, nails, hair, and the glands and nerves on your skin. It acts as a physical barrier — protecting your body from bacteria, infection, injury and sunlight. It also helps regulate your body temperature and allows you to feel skin sensations.( like hot and cold.)
Integumentary system present in skin:-
Dermis, epidermis, Hypodermis
Integumentary system present in nails:-
Nail plate, Nail bed, Cuticle, Matrix, Lunula
Integumentary system present in hair:-
Hair shaft, Hair bulb
Functions of integumentary system:-
Provides physical protection against bacteria and germs.Protects you from the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays and sunburn.Helps you feel heat, cold and detect other sensations.Synthesizes vitamin D.
Hence, integumentary system is more important in body for the regulate temperature and water loss. Thus option B is correct.
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How are two organisms who descend from the same common ancestor related?
a.)geographically
b) slightly
c) distantly
d) closely
Answer:
d i think, Hope this helped.
Explanation:
Answer:D
Explanation:
What is insulin and why do people with Type 1 diabetes need it to survive?
Answer:
Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells. Inside the cells, glucose is stored and later used for energy. With type 1 diabetes, beta cells produce little or no insulin.
Where are coral reefs located?
A. estuaries
B. neritic zone
c. intertidal zone
D. oceanic zone
Answer:
c
Explanation:
intertidal zone
Compare and contrast the TWO classes of "seeded "plants.
Answer:
The seed plants are often divided arbitrarily into two groups: the gymnosperms and the angiosperms. The basis for this distinction is that angiosperms produce flowers, while the gymnosperms do not.
Explanation:
The seed plants are often divided arbitrarily into two groups: the gymnosperms and the angiosperms. The basis for this distinction is that angiosperms produce flowers, while the gymnosperms do not. This is poor form, since it defines the gymnosperms by the absence of a character, and not by any features that the organisms actually share. The gymnosperms do share a number of features, but, as should be obvious from the above cladogram, they are not more closely related to each other than to the angiosperms (Anthophyta). The features shared by gymnosperms were likely present in the early ancestors of the flowering plants as well. It should also be noted that the "progymnosperms" are represented by a box of a different color, in order to make it clear that they are not actually seed plants, but rather are included here because they are believed to be the closest relatives of the seed plants.
Systematics within the seed plants is poorly understood. Part of the problem is that most of the major groups have gone extinct, and several of the groups alive today consist primarily of plants with highly derived morphologies. The above cladogram is based largely on the work of Jim Doyle, a professor at UC Davis, and Michael Donoghue, currently at Harvard, and is therefore somewhat preliminary. It includes some questionable groupings not explicitly supported in their papers.
5. Describe the different causes of climate change.
Answer:
natural factors, changes in the sun, emissions from volcanoes, variations in Earth's orbit and levels of carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
What system do we use to bind periods, eras, etc., of time together?
Answer:
The Geological Time Scale
Explanation:
The Geological Time Scale is the framework in which the history of the Earth is inscribed. It combines a numerical scale that uses the million years as a unit (chronometric scale) and a scale that is expressed in relative time units (chronostratigraphic scale).
The chronometric scale is based on the measurement of certain physical properties of rocks, generally the relationship between the content of stable and unstable isotopes of the same element.
Why does salt affect water potential? (Osmosis related)
Answer:
Explanation: Las sales reducen el potencial osmótico del agua, aumentando la necesidad de energía que requieren las plantas para extraer la humedad del suelo, volviéndolas más susceptibles al marchitamiento.
Which of these describes an amphiarthrosis joint?
A joint in the elbow that permits movement in one plane.
A joint in the ankle that allows rotational movement.
A joint at the base of the skull that permits flexion and extension of the neck.
A joint in the spine that is slightly movable and separated by cartilage.
Answer:
D. A joint in the spine that is slightly movable and separated by cartilage.
Explanation:
got it from edge2020
Answer: A joint in the spine that is slightly movable and separated by cartilage.
Explanation:
Define concentration gradient.
Answer:
A concentration gradient occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another. In passive transport, particles will diffuse down a concentration gradient, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, until they are evenly spaced.
No need to explain, just give me the answer cuz I have to submit my HW in 10 minutes:(
Which molecule drops off its electrons first in the ETC?
1) NADH
2) FADH2
Answer:
I think the answer is NADH
Some scientists predict that if global warming continues over the next few centuries, melting of the polar caps will raise the level of the oceans, causing some peninsulas to become islands. How might this change eventually affect the species that live on these peninsulas
Read the article and use the information to answer the question that follows.
Forensic DNA
How can DNA be used to help solve a crime?
Answer:
Each person’s DNA is unique.
Scientists use variable regions in DNA to create a DNA profile.
DNA samples can be taken from blood, bone, hair, or other body tissues and
products.
DNA from a crime scene can be compared to DNA from a suspect.
DNA typing can be used to solve old cases.
Explanation:
edge 2021
DNA can be used to solve a crime as the sample of the DNA of a person can be compared to the evidence that's gotten from a crime scene.
Deoxyribonucleic acid which is commonly referred to as DNA is the molecule that has all the information that's vital to build an organism. Each person’s DNA is unique.
DNA contains the genetic information of everyone. DNA samples can be taken from blood, bone, hair, or other body tissue.
To solve a crime, DNA from a crime scene can be compared to DNA from a suspect. If the DNA collected is the same as the one that's seen at the crime scene, then it shows that the person is responsible for the crime.
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two features of indirect democracy
Answer:
trump
Explanation:
what do you think about the human and his structure how it's made all the human structure
Answer:
its a thousand of generation evolution i think as of darwins law of evolution
Answer:
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Molecules that make up living things and contain carbon are called __________ molecules.
Molecules that make up living things and contain carbon are called organic molecules.
Organic molecules are those that derive their three-dimensional configurations primarily from their carbon skeletons.
Organic molecules are essential for the birth, development and functioning of all cells that make up living organisms.
About organic molecules:
All organic molecules contain carbon and practically always hydrogen, it is also frequent that they have oxygen or nitrogen.These chemical elements enable multiple and covalent bonds to be established, allow carbon atoms to develop three-dimensional skeletons, and give rise to multiple functional groups. Proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are organic biomolecules, which are synthesized by living organisms.Therefore, we can conclude that molecules that make up living things and contain carbon are called organic molecules, which a living being needs to develop normally.
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Can Plastic Waste Degrade Into The Soil?
Yes or no and explain
Answer:
Yes, but the process is too slow
Explanation:
We pack almost everything in this material and plastic has become a very normal occurrence in the modern world. Each year, people used 1.6 million barrels of oil just to make plastic bottles.
On the other hand, nature takes about 1000 years to develop a single plastic object, while plastic material takes about 240 years.
When you mix salt with water in a beaker, the salt is no longer visible. What
happens to the salt?
A. The salt changes state from a liquid to a gas.
B. The salt reacts with the water to make a new substance.
C. The salt dissolves in the water.
D. The salt is destroyed by the water.
please help, i’ll mark brainliest if you get it right! please please only answer if you know the answer though, don’t guess i’m taking a test and i can’t fail as it’s the last one before the quarter ends ( tomorrow ) id appreciate it!! thank youuu
Answer:
C. The salt is dissolved by the water
Explanation:
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the individual ions separate and get surrounded by water molecules—a process called solvation. Because the salt ions are charged, they dissolve much better in a polar solvent, which is also slightly more charged than a nonpolar solvent
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Why is soil important and how do we protect it
Answer:
Soil provides plants with foothold for their roots and holds the necessary nutrients for plants to grow; it filters the rainwater and regulates the discharge of excess rainwater, preventing flooding; it is capable of storing large amounts of organic carbon; it buffers against pollutants, thus protecting groundwater ...
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What is the source of oxygen as a reactant in cellular respiration?
Answer:
The Reactants
What goes into the cell? Oxygen and glucose are both reactants of cellular respiration. Oxygen enters the body when an organism breathes. Glucose enters the body when an organism eats.
Explanation:
Hope this helped, Thanks :)
Cellular respiration has been the chemical process that uses glucose to produce energy. Oxygen is the reactant of the process that comes from the air (breathing) produced by photosynthesis.
What is cellular respiration?Cellular respiration has been defined as the process vital for living organisms that use oxygen and sugar molecules to produce energy to drive the activities and functions of the body. The reactant of the process includes glucose and oxygen gas.
Oxygen and sugar are known to be the product of the photosynthetic reaction that uses carbon dioxide and water. The oxygen gas is present in the atmosphere and enters the body through breathing.
Therefore, oxygen acts as a reactant in cellular respiration that comes from the breathing process.
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how will you describe the process that is shown in the diagram
Answer:
what diagram are u talking about
Which element is not found on most main sequence stars?
Answer:
Nitrogen is the right answer.