which hill's criteria, addressing whether the exposure comes before or after the effect, is the only criteria that must be met 100% for a causal relationship to be possible?

Answers

Answer 1

Hill's Criteria of Strength is the only criteria that must be met 100% for a causal relationship to be possible.

The Criteria of strength is Hill's first test for causation. He stated that the likelihood of an association being causative increases with the size of the connection between exposure and disease. Hill used Percival Pott's investigation into the prevalence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps to highlight this issue. Since the correlation between that occupation and sickness was so strong (almost 200 times more than in other jobs), it was concluded that chimney soot was probably a contributing factor. On the other hand, Hill argued that minor connections are less indicative of causation since they are more likely to be explained by other underlying factors (such as bias or confounding).

To evaluate possibly causative associations, it is essential to define what is meant by a "strong" correlation. Scientists may now distinguish between strong and weak associations using more mathematically sound criteria than Hill had in mind because of developments in statistical theory and computing capacity. Strength is no longer just understood as an association's magnitude. Furthermore, multi-factorial disorders and the existence of determinant risk variables that are tiny in magnitude but statistically significant have received more attention from researchers. The recognized standard for determining the strength of an observed correlation and, hence, its potential causation, is statistical significance today rather than the magnitude of the association.

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Related Questions

Help me answer this what’s wrong with this problem

Answers

Answer:

See below

Step-by-step explanation:

The  equation is

y = [tex]x^{2}[/tex] + x

x equals the step

We see steps: 1, 2,3 and 4

y equals the number of squares that you see in each step.

If you look at step 1, you see [tex]1^{2}[/tex] + 1 = 2

Step 2: [tex]2^{2}[/tex] + 2 = 6

Step 3: [tex]3^{2}[/tex] + 3 = 12

Step 4: [tex]4^{2}[/tex] + 4 = 20

Can you see at each step there is a square of the number and then a little extra?  That little extra equals the number of the stop.

In the equation

y = 4x -2

Step 1

y = 4(1) -2

y = 2  It works!

Step 2:

y = 4x -2

y = 4(2)  - 2

y = 8 - 2

y = 6  It works!

Step 3:

y = 4x -2

y = 4(3) - 2

y = 12 - 2

y = 10  It does not work!

Step 4:

y = 4x -2

y  = 4(4) - 2

y = 16 - 2

y = 14  It does not work!

The equation y= 4x -2  only worked for the first 2 steps.

Sky is wrong because y is supposed to be the total amount instead of playing the role of small squares.

suppose that the lifetime of a transistor is a gamma random variable x with mean of 24 weeks and standard deviation of 12 weeks. what is the probability that the transistor will last between 12 and 24 weeks?

Answers

The probability that the transistor will last between 12 and 24 weeks is 0.424

X= lifetime of the transistor in weeks E(X)= 24 weeks

O,= 12 weeks

The anticipated value, variance, and distribution of the random variable X were all provided to us. Finding the parameters alpha and beta is necessary before we can discover the solutions to the difficulties.

X~gamma([tex]\alpha ,\beta[/tex])

E(X)= [tex]\alpha \beta[/tex]                 [tex]\beta[/tex]= [tex]12^{2}/24[/tex]=6 weeks

V(x)= [tex]\alpha \beta ^{2}[/tex]                [tex]\alpha[/tex]=24/6= 4

Now we can find the solutions:

The excel formula used to create Figure one is as follows:

=gammadist(X, [tex]\alpha[/tex], [tex]\beta[/tex], False)

P([tex]12\leq X\leq 24[/tex])

P([tex]12/6\leq G\leq 24/6[/tex])

P([tex]2\leq G\leq 4[/tex])

P= 0.424

Therefore, probability that the transistor will last between 12 and 24 weeks is 0.424

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Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

0.424 is the probability that the transistor will last between 12 and 24 weeks.

X= lifetime of the transistor in weeks E(X)= 24 weeks

Standard deviation= 12 weeks

Finding the parameters alpha and beta X~gamma(αβ)

E(X)= αβ             β =6 weeks

V(x)=αβ^2           α =24/6= 4

Now we can find the solutions:

The excel formula used to create Figure one is as follows:

=gammadist(X,α,β,False)

P(12≤X≤24)

P(12/6≤G≤24/6)

P= 0.424

Therefore, probability that the transistor will last between 12 and 24 weeks is 0.424

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Solve 4h = 92 for h.h = ___

Answers

Answer:

23

Step-by-step explanation:

4h = 92

Divide both sides by 4 to get h by itself

h = 23

Find the area of the region that is inside the square and outside the circle. The circle has a diameter of 8 inches. Round to the nearest tenth.

Answers

The area of the region within the square and without the circle is equal to 13.7 square inches.

What is the area of a region generated by a square and a circle?

In this problem we find the case of figure generated by a square and an inscribed circle. Then, the area of the region is found by subtracting the area of the circle from the area of the square. Then, the area is:

A = L² - 0.25π · D²

Where:

L - Side length, in inches.D - Diameter, in inches.A - Areas, in square inches.

If we know that D = L = 8 in, then the area of the region is:

A = (8 in)² - 0.25π · (8 in)²

A = 64 in² - 50.265 in²

A = 13.735 in²

The area of the region is equal to 13.7 square inches.

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Solve for x -3x-9=-15

Answers

Answer:

[tex]x = 2[/tex]

Step-by-step explanation:

Let's solve your equation step-by-step.

−3x−9=−15

Step 1: Add 9 to both sides.

−3x−9+9=−15+9

−3x=−6

Step 2: Divide both sides by -3.

−3x/−3 = −6/−3

x=2

What is the maximum volume of a rectangular prism (or box) if the prism has a square base and a total surface area of 100 cm^2?

A) First, let x = the side length of the base and h = the height of the prism. Write and solve the equation for h.

B) Write a function for the volume of the box, V, in terms of x.

Answers

a. The equation for h is h = 100/x²

b. The function for the volume of the box V, in terms of x is:

v(x) = x²×h

Given, the prism has a square base and a total surface area of 100 cm².

A) let x = the side length of the base and

h = the height of the prism.

equation for h = ?

Volume = b × h

100 cm² = x² × h

h = 100/x²

B) a function for the volume of the box, V, in terms of x.

we know that x is the base and h is the height.

So, volume in terms of x :

v = b×h

v = x² × h

Hence we get the required answers.

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6. Write the equation for the line: (Hint: there are two points given to you!) 1 (3-1) 4 Homework Packet 3,1-3143.pdf hit ng

Answers

. Write the equation for the line: (Hint: there are two points given to you!)

________________________

y= mx + b

the slope is m

or

(y - y1) = m (x - x1)

___________________

points (x,y)

point 1 (4, 4) x1 = 4; y1 = 4

point 2 (3 , -1) x2= 3; y2 = -1

The slope m = (y2- y1) / (x2 -x1)

m=(-1 - 4 )/( 3 - 4)

m= -5/-1 = 5

(In this case, you choose which point you want to put as point one and point two, you will always get the same answer)

____________________

(y - 4) = 5 (x - 4)

y= 5x -20 +4

y= 5x - 16

The equation for the line is y= 5x - 16

__________________

Do you have any questions regarding the solution?

is the ordered pair (-8 1) a solution to the equation y=1/2x-3

Answers

No, the ordered pair (-8,1) is not a solution to the equation y=(1/2)x-3.

In the question ,

an equation y=(1/2)x-3 is given ,

if the ordered pair (-8,1) is a solution of the equation , then it should satisfy the equation .

Substituting x=-8 and y=1 in the equation y=(1/2)x-3 , we get

y=(1/2)x-3

1 = (1/2)(-8) -3

1 = -8/2 -3

1 = -4-3

1 ≠ -7

Since 1≠7 , the ordered pair (-8,1) is not a solution to the equation y=(1/2)x-3 .

Therefore , No , the ordered pair (-8,1) is not a solution to the equation y=(1/2)x-3.

The given question is incomplete , the complete question is

Is the ordered pair (-8,1) a solution to the equation y=1/2x-3  ?

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This is following statement, true or false

Answers

Answer:   False

The lines aren't parallel since they intersect at point B.

Parallel lines never intersect.

Find the smallest whole number bu which 512 must be multiplied in order to give a perfect square

Answers

Answer:

2

Step-by-step explanation:

512÷2=256

256÷2=128

128÷2=64

64÷2=32

32÷2=16

16÷2=8

8÷2=4

4÷2=2

2÷2=1

=(2^2)+(2^2)+(2^2)+(2^2)+2

When 2 is multiplied it will make it a perfect square.

512×2=1024

√1024

=32

Use slope to determine if lines AB and CD are parallel, perpendicular, or neither 10. A(3, 1), B(3,-4), C(-4,1), D (-4,5)m(AB) m(CD) Types of lines

Answers

Answer:

Neither parallel nor perpendicular

Explanations:

The points are:

A(3, 1), B(3,-4), C(-4,1), D (-4,5)

The slope of a line is given as:

[tex]m\text{ = }\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}[/tex]

The slope of the line AB, m(AB), with gthe points A(3, 1), B(3,-4) is given as:

[tex]\begin{gathered} m(AB)\text{ = }\frac{-4-1}{3-3} \\ m(AB)\text{ = }\frac{-5}{0} \\ m(AB)\text{ =- }\infty \end{gathered}[/tex]

The slope of the line CD, m(CD), with the points C(-4,1), D (-4,5) is given as:

[tex]\begin{gathered} m(CD)\text{ = }\frac{5-1}{-4-(-4)} \\ m(CD)\text{ = }\frac{4}{-4+4} \\ m(CD)\text{ = }\frac{4}{0} \\ m(CD)\text{ = }\infty \end{gathered}[/tex]

A line that has an infinite slope is a vertical line

For the two lines to be parallel, m(AB) should be equal to m(CD)

For the two lines to be perpendicular, m(AB) = -1 / m(CD)

None of the conditions for paralleleism and perpendicularity is met, the lines AB and CD are neither parallel nor perpendicular

Is (x-3) a factor of 2x^3 -4x^2-6?

1) (Type yes or no in the first blank)


2) What is the remainder?

(Type the answer in the second blank)

Answers

1. x - 3 is not a factor

2. The remainder is 32.

1. How to determine if x - 3 is a factor of 2x³ - 4x² - 6?

Using the remainder theorem, which states that for a polynomial p(x), if x - a is a factor, then p(a) = 0.

So, p(x) = 2x³ - 4x² - 6 If x - 3 is a factor, then

p(3) = 0

So, substituting x = 3 into the equation, we have

p(3) = 2x³ - 4x² - 6

= 2(3)³ - 4(2)² - 6

= 2(27) - 4(4) - 6

= 54 - 16 - 6

= 54 - 22

= 32

Since p(3) ≠ 0.

x - 3 is not a factor

2. What is the remainder?

Since p(3) = 32,

The remainder is 32.

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The hypotenuse of a right triangle measures 18 cm and one of its legs measures 7 cm.
Find the measure of the other leg. If necessary, round to the nearest tenth.

Answers

The hypotenuse of a right triangle = 19.31cm

What is Hypotenuse?

The longest side of a right-angled triangle, or the side across from the right angle, is called the hypotenuse. The Pythagorean theorem, which asserts that the square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides, can be used to determine the length of the hypotenuse.

Let the measure be,

Perpendicular = 18cm

Base = 7cm

Hypotenuse = ?

To find the Hypotenuse we can Pythagoras Theorem:

Hypotenuse² = Perpendicular²+ Base²

H² = (18)² + (7)²

H² = 324 + 49

H² = 373

H = [tex]\sqrt{373}[/tex]

H = 19.31cm

Hence, The measure of the other leg is²

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f(x)=-2x-3 find f(6)

Answers

f(6)=-15

f(6)=-2(6)-3
f(6)=-12-3= -15

Is this a function (3,2) (-2,6) (3,3)

Answers

Answer:

No, it is not.

Step-by-step explanation:

A function only has exactly one output for each input. In other words, for each X input, there is only one Y output. In the given set of coordinates, 3 is repeated as an input, which makes this set of coordinates not a function.

A set of stickers contains 4 hearts for every 6 stars. Which choice contains an equivalent ratio of hearts to stars?

Answers

2:4

explanation: both would simplify to 1/2 (its like a fraction)

The ratio of people to animals is 40 to 15. There are 27 animals. How many people are there?

Answers

40 x
—- = —-
15 27

15x = 1080
x=72
there are 72 people!!

Answer: is 72 people to 27 animals

Step-by-step explanation:


I can find the ratio by cross multiplying


40/15 to x/27


15x = 1080


x = 72


you can also divide 40/15 for a ratio percent = 8/3

multiply 27 animals x 8/3 = 72


two ways to solve for ratios

Which shows the expression below simplified?
0.0042 - (1.2 x 10-6)

A. 3 x 10^-3
B. 1.1958 x 10^-6
C. 4.1988 x 10^-6
D. 4.1988 x 10^-3

Answers

The shows the expression below simplified 0.0042 - (1.2 x 10-6) as D. 4.1988 x 10^-3.

How can the expression be simplified?

The concept that is been used is subtraction of the first expression from second expression.

The given expression is 0.0042 - (1.2 x 10-6) and this can be expressed in standard form as ( 4.2 *10^-3) - (1.2 x 10-6)

Then then the subtraction can be done as [ ( 4.2 *10^-3) ] - [ (1.2 x 10^-6) ] = 4.1988 x 10^-3

In conclusion, iif we go through the options., then we can see that the forth option is the best option that match the expression.

Therefore, option D is correct.

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A triangle has two sides of length 12 and 12. What is the largest possible whole-number length for the third side?

Answers

The largest possible whole-number length for the third side of the triangle is 23.

The total of any two sides in a triangle with sides a, b, and c MUST be less than the length of the third side.  

You have a line segment, not a triangle if the third side's length equals the sum of the other two sides' lengths.  

Here, the sum of the two sides of the triangle is 12 + 12 = 24.  

Therefore, the length of the third side should be less than 24, and the whole number which is less than 24 is 23.  

Hence, the length of the third side is 23.

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Write the factored form of the polynomial function with real coefficients, a lead coefficient of 1, and zeros of − 2 , − 4 , 3 , and 3 .

Answers

The equation of the polynomial equation is P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 4)(x - 3)(x + 3)

How to determine the polynomial equation?

The given parameters are

Leading coefficient = 1

Zeros =  − 2 , − 4 , 3 , and 3 .

Polynomial equations have their multiplicities to add up to their degree.

This means that the multiplicity of the zeros is 1

The equation of the polynomial is then calculated as

P(x) = (x - zero)^ multiplicity

So, we have

P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 4)(x - 3)(x + 3)

From the question, the polynomial is to be factored

This means that we represent it as

P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 4)(x - 3)(x + 3)

Hence, the polynomial equation is P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 4)(x - 3)(x + 3)

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Polynomial is an expression consisting of indeterminates and coefficients the factored form of polynomial function is (x+2)(x+4)(x-3)(x-3)

What is Polynomial?

Polynomial is an expression consisting of indeterminates and coefficients, which involves  the operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and positive-integer powers of variables

Factors are the numbers which divide the expression or number with a remainder zero.

We need to write the factored form of the polynomial functions with real; coefficients and zeros minus two comma  minus four comma three and 3.

The leading coefficient of the polynomial is 1. Leading coefficient means coefficient of leading term.

Zeros =  − 2 , − 4 , 3 , and 3 .

Let the polynomial is of variable x.

The equation of the polynomial is then calculated as

P(x) = (x - zero)^ multiplicity

(x-(-2))=x+2

(x-(-4))=x+4

(x-3)=x-3

So the factored form is (x+2)(x+4)(x-3)(x-3)

the polynomial is P(x)=(x+2)(x+4)(x-3)(x-3)

Hence the factored form of polynomial function is (x+2)(x+4)(x-3)(x-3).

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11. Find m/Q. The diagram is not to scale.
Q/ R
77°
47°

Answers

Q=56 because a line is 180 so 77 + 47 =124 and then you take 180-124=56 so Q=56

24, 10:33:13
If f(x) = 4x4 - 3x² + 4, then what is the remainder when f(x) is divided by
x + 3?

Answers

Answer:Given : f(x)=x

4

−3x

2

+4

f(2)=(2)

4

−3(2)

2

+4

=16−12+4=8

This can also be verified by the actual divison

A membership at Gym A costs $50 for 5 months. A membership at Gym B down the street costs $40 for 3 months. You write two equations in the form of y=kx to try and figure out which membership would be cheaper for a year. What is the value of k for the cheaper membership?
HELP PLS I NEED A ANSWER QUICKLY

Answers

The cost for a year is cheaper in Gym A.

The value of k for the cheaper membership is $10.

Which gym membership is cheaper?

An equation in the form y = kx is known as a linear equation. A linear equation is an equation that increases at a constant rate.

In the equation : y = kx

y = dependent variable = total cost x = number of months k = constant of proportion / cost per month

k = y/x

Cost per month at Gym A = $50 / 5 = $10

Cost per month at Gym B = $40 / 3 = $13.33

Membership cost at Gym A for a year = $10 x 12 = $120

Membership cost at Gym B for a year = $13.33 x 12 = $160

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Mei Mei is younger than Xin. Their ages are consecutive integers. Find Mei Mei's age if the sum of Mei Mei's age and 5 times Xin's age is 143.

Answers

Mei Mei's age if the sum of Mei Mei's age and 5 times Xin's age is 143. is 23 years.

Let the ages be x and x+1 since they're consecutive numbers.

In this case the sum of Mei Mei's age and 5 times Xin's age is 143. This will be:

x + 5(x + 1) = 143

x + 5x + 5 = 143

Collect like terms

6x + 5 = 143

6x = 143 - 5

6x = 138

Divide

x = 138 / 6

x= 23

Mei Mei is 23 years.

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Can Some one help PLEASEE

Answers

The variable x is 9 and the two adjacent angles have measures of 117° and 63°, respectively.

How to find the variable associated to the measure of two angles in a parallelogram

Parallelograms are quadrilaterals with two pairs of parallel sides of equal length. According to Euclidean geometry, the measures of two adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary. Thus,

13 · x + 7 · x = 180°

Now we clear the variable x:

20 · x = 180°

x = 9

And the missing angles are:

13 · 9 = 117°

7 · 9 = 63°

The value of the variable x is 9 and the measures of the two adjacent angles are 117° and 63°, respectively.

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Question 3 (5 points) Convert the decimal 0.929292... to a fraction.

Answers

Answer:

92 over 100

Step-by-step explanation:

3 points
Simplify the following expression

Answers

I WILL USE THE LAWS OF EXPONENTS

[tex] {x}^{n} \times {x}^{m} \\ = {x}^{n + m} [/tex]

AND

[tex] \frac{{x}^{n}}{ {x}^{m} } \\ = {x}^{n - m} [/tex]

[tex] \frac{3 {x}^{ - 2 + 5} }{ {x}^{8} } \\ = \frac{3 {x}^{3} }{ {x}^{8} } \\ = 3 {x}^{3 - 8} \\ = 3 {x}^{ - 5} [/tex]

ATTACHED IS THE SOLUTION.

Answer:

i hope this one is good for you

270 bottles are packed in 10 boxes. how many bottles are there in each box?​

Answers

Answer:

27

Step-by-step explanation:

Divide 270 by 10

During two games, the number of points scored by a basketball team increased from 5 to 3 by what did the number of points scored increase?

Answers

EXPLANATION

Let's see the facts:

The increasing rate is:

[tex]Increa\sin g\text{ rate=}\frac{5}{3}=1.67[/tex]

The increasing rate is 1.67

In percentage this is:

[tex]Increa\sin g=\frac{3}{5}\cdot100=\frac{3}{5}\cdot100=60[/tex]

The percentage of increasing is of 60%.

Explain how you could build on know the decimal form of 1/5, to find the decimal form of 3/6. Then, write the decimal.

Answer in Atleast two complete sentences.

Answers

The decimal figure that would be added to 1/5 to give 3/6 = 0.3

What is decimal form?

A decimal form is defined as the expression of figures that are more than a whole number with the use of decimal point.

Examples of figures that are in decimal form include the following: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.2, 2.2,3.3 and 4.4.

To represent the given fractions in decimal form;

1/5 = 0.2

3/6 = 0.5

Therefore, X + 0.2 = 0.5

make X the subject of formula,

X = 0.5 - 0.2

X= 0.3

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