T cells are responsible for the rejection of the client's transplanted organ.
The immune system of a transplant recipient fights the transplanted organ or tissue during the process of transplant rejection.The recipient of an organ may be made aware of the alien nature of the organ by their immune system after transplant surgery. This is due to the fact that mismatched organs, or organs that are not closely enough matched, might result in a blood transfusion reaction or transplant rejection. The immune system of the patient detects this because the antigens on the cells of the organ are different or not "matched." An intricate web of interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems, with T cells playing a key role, leads to the rejection of solid organ allografts.
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A ________ is an infertile offspring produced when organisms of two ____________ mates. a. heterozygote, different phenotypes b. endemic organism, endangered species c. genus, different communities d. hybrid, different species
A hybrid is an infertile offspring produced when organisms of two different species mates.
Hybrids are the offspring produced by the sexual reproduction between two different species. These offspring may or may not be the intermediate of the two species. Generally hybrids are produced to mix the superior characteristics of both the parents in one organism. Plant and animal breeding is a very common practice especially for farming purposes.
Species is the lowermost level of hierarchy in the classification of organisms. It consists of organisms that have similar types of characteristics, require similar resources and most essentially they can breed among themselves and produce fertile offspring.
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coupled scrna-seq and intracellular protein activity reveal an immunosuppressive role of trem2 in cancer
Coupled scrna-seq and intracellular protein activity reveal an immunosuppressive role of trem2 in cancer regulatory myeloid cells.
Integration of signalling, epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic pathways controls cell activity and function. Here, we present INs-seq, a combined method for massively parallel recording of intracellular protein activity and single-cell RNA sequencing. By assessing various intracellular signs of immunological signalling, transcription factor combinations, and metabolic activity, we show the broad applicability of INs-seq for identifying new immune subsets. Discovery of novel Arg1+ Trem2+ regulatory myeloid cells and identification of markers, metabolic activity, and pathways associated with these cells are the results of thorough mapping of Arginase 1-expressing cells within tumour models, a metabolic immune signature indicating suppressive activity.To learn more about cancer.
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how you would classify the transport carried out by na-k pumps which move na out of the cell? why do you choose this classification? question 21 options: 1) as facilitated diffusion as they use carrier proteins but no energy is required. 2) as simple diffusion as they transport na and k down a concentration gradient 3) as active transport as they transport against a concentration gradient and energy is utilized. 4) as osmosis as they use energy and transport against a concentration gradient
The transport of na -k molecules is Active transport.
Is the Na K pump an antiport?An antiporter transport protein is the sodium-potassium pump. This pump uses roughly 30% of the body's ATP, which results from the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule as three Na+ molecules are pumped out of the cell and two K+ molecules are pumped in.
Option 3 will be correct as active transport as they transport against a concentration gradient and energy is utilized.
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Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. this causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. which type of feedback does oxytocin trigger?
Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. this causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix is positive feed back.
What is positive feedback mechanism?Positive feedback systems are uncommon. Instead of undoing changes, it increases them. Positive feedback mechanisms are demonstrated by the posterior pituitary gland's production of oxytocin during labor.Oxytocin causes the muscular contractions that push the baby towards the delivery canal. During labor, the release of oxytocin causes contractions to be stronger or more frequent. Up until the moment the baby is outside the birth canal, the contractions get stronger and stronger. Labor contractions stop when the stimulus to the pressure receptors quits, which also causes the production of oxytocin to stop.Positive feedback mechanisms regulate self-replicating, potentially uncontrollable phenomena without the need for constant modification. In systems that produce positive feedback, the initial stimulus is reinforced rather than suppressed. Positive feedback makes a difference from the optimum normal value bigger.Learn more about the positive feedback mechanism with the help of the given link:
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Which statement forms part of cell theory?
Answer:
all living things are composed of one or more cells
Explanation:
Why doesn’t it matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E? What would it take to increase the rate of enzyme activity?
It does not matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E due to the no substrate on which the enzyme act.
Why doesn’t it matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E?It does not matter if enzymes is added to graph E because there is no increase occur in the graph's slope due to limited amount of substrate. If more substrate is added then the enzyme is continuously added and the rate of activity or chemical reaction is also increases.
What would it take to increase the rate of enzyme activity?It would take more substrate in order to increase the rate of enzyme activity because enzyme act as catalyst that is responsible for increasing the rate or speed of the chemical reaction. More substrate means more enzyme activity.
So we can conclude that it does not matter if enzymes keep getting added to graph E due to the no substrate on which the enzyme act.
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Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? a. limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount b. influence of temperature on competition among plants c. influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers d. effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
Effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community and is denoted as option D.
What is Top-down control ?This is a biological term which is used to describe how predation by higher trophic levels will affect the accumulation of biomass at lower trophic levels.
The predators commonly found in grassland communities are herbivores such as bison which graze and feed on grasses so as to ensure they survive in the ecosystem. Their grazing intensity affects the availability of biomass such as plant species.
This is therefore the reason why option D was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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droin c, kholtei je, bahar halpern k, hurni c et al. space-time logic of liver gene expression at sub-lobular scale. nat metab 2021 jan;3(1):43-58. pmid: 33432202
The center of systemic metabolic balance is the mammalian liver. Hepatocytes operate in repeated lobules in the spatially organized liver tissue, and sub-lobule zones have specific tasks.
The interaction of the circadian clock, internal signals, and food rhythms controls the liver's broad temporal regulation. However, liver chronobiology has previously been examined at the tissue level, and hepatic zonation has been examined as a static phenomenon.Here, we study the interaction between gene regulation in space and time using single-cell RNA-seq. We discover that numerous genes in the liver are both zonated and rhythmic, and majority of them exhibit multiplicative space-time effects using mixed-effect models of messenger RNA expression and smFISH validations.These dual-regulated genes span important hepatic processes like lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism as well as previously unrecognized activities involving protein chaperones. Our findings further imply that rhythmically generated Wnt ligands from non-parenchymal cells close to the central vein could account for the rhythmic and localized expression of Wnt targets. The liver clock is resistant to zonation, as evidenced by the expression of core circadian clock genes in a non-zoned manner. Our scRNA-seq data shows how liver function is spatially and temporally partitioned at the sub-lobular scale.To learn more about mammalian liver visit:
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Suppose a person began breathing very rapidly while resting. Describe the effect on blood CO2 levels and the steps by which the negative-feedback circuit would restore homeostasis.
Gas exchange in the lungs also contributes to the body's acid-base balance. When the pH of the blood gets excessively acidic, the pace of breathing rises.
What impact does CO2 have on breathing rate?The air might lose oxygen if the concentration is high. Rapid breathing, a quick heartbeat, clumsiness, emotional instability, and weariness might occur when there is less oxygen available for respiration. Vomiting, collapsing, having convulsions, going into a coma, and dying can happen when oxygen availability decreases.
What results in an increase in blood CO2 levels?There are a variety of potential causes, such as chronic diarrhoea or liver or renal illness. Due to lung or breathing issues, such as hyperventilation, you may have respiratory alkalosis, a disease in which your blood is not acidic enough (rapid, deep breathing).
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Each subject was given a different protocol on each of the three nights, and the order of the protocols was varied among the subjects that so that one third had each protocol each night. What factors were the researchers attempting to control for with this approach?
The correct answer is A fresh therapy was given to a subject every night. One-third of the individuals underwent a procedure each night after the researchers switched up the order of the treatments.
The goal of the study was to reduce biases brought on by differences in the night environment or treatment order.
The study, which examined the levels of ACTH in the human body during both spontaneous and induced awakening techniques, involved 20 subjects. To measure the level of ACTH, blood samples were examined in a lab.
ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland found close to the base of the brain. Cortisol, a different hormone, is controlled by ACTH. Cortisol is made by the two tiny adrenal glands, which are situated above the kidneys.
Stress and disease are aided by the hormone cortisol.
Each participant in the experiment was asked to follow a unique controlled protocol. First, the anticipated waking time for the lengthy protocol was 9 a.m., which was close to the actual waking time.
Briefly, the anticipated wake call was at 6 a.m., which was close to the actual waking time.
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According to Hobbes, why do humans participate in a social contract? Check all that apply.
Which molecule has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and is found in plasma membranes?
The primary constituents of the bilayer of phospholipids that composes the plasma membrane. Because they are amphipathic, or have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas, they are ideally suited for this function.
A phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic for what reason?Because the hydrocarbon tails of two fatty acids are still hydrophobic but the phosphate group end is hydrophilic, phospholipids are soluble in both water and oil (amphiphilic). The main constituent of lipid bilayers, which make up cell membranes, is phospholipid.
Aluminum foil is one example of a hydrophilic metal surface. Lotus leaves are extremely hydrophobic and cause water to bead because of their surface structure. Hydrophobic surfaces tend to reject water, forcing it to form droplets.
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Explain how the feedback loop works in this model?
Answer:
this refers to the process of using customer or employee feedback to create a better product or workplace.
Explanation:
If an insect that eats plant seeds containing 100 J of energy uses 30J of that energy for respiration and excretes 50 J in its feces, what is the insect's net secondary production? What is its production efficiency?
The insect's net secondary production is 20J energy.
Respiration is the movement of oxygen from the out of doors surroundings to the cells within tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide within the contrary course to the surroundings.
Secondary production entails changing raw meal elements into extra useful or paperwork. Secondary food products are subtle, purified, extracted, or converted from minimally processed number one food merchandise. Organisms accountable for secondary production include animals, protists, fungi, and plenty of bacteria. Secondary manufacturing can be envisioned via a number of exceptional strategies together with increment summation, elimination summation, the instantaneous increase technique, and the Allen curve method.
Plant seeds containing 100 J of energy.
Uses energy for respiration is 30J.
Respiration and excretes 50 J in its feces.
The insect's net secondary production is 100J - 50 J - 30J.
= 20J.
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When more than one wild-type allele occurs in a population, the phenomenon is called?
When more than one wild-type allele occurs in a population, the phenomenon is called genetic polymorphism.
In the field of genetics, genetic polymorphism can be described as a phenomenon in which more than one allele is present as specific gene loci. These different alleles are expressed in different organisms of the same species.
Both the wild-type alleles, that occur through genetic polymorphism, have the ability to express themselves in a population. These variations are present in more than 1% of the population.
The most common example of genetic polymorphism is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In the field of genetics, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be described as a change that occurs in a single nucleotide at specific gene loci.
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If you removed the root cap from a root, would the root still respond to gravity? Explain.
Answer: No, the root would not respond to gravity because the gravity sensing cells are in the root cap.
which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?
The process that is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers is B Nitrogen fixation. In this case, nitrifying bacteria or lighting converts atmospheric nitrogen N2N2 to ammonia
What is nitrogen fixation?The process by which nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere's molecular form (N2) and transformed into nitrogen compounds helpful for other biological processes is known as nitrogen fixing. Fixation may be brought on by industrial, biological, or atmospheric (lightning) activities.
Any natural or artificial process known as nitrogen fixation causes free nitrogen (N2), a relatively inert gas present in large quantities in the atmosphere, to chemically interact with other elements to generate more reactive nitrogen compounds like ammonia, nitrates, or nitrites. carbon cycle.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?
A Nitrogen assimilation
B Nitrogen fixation
C Photosynthesis
D Weathering
among organisms such as humans, groups of cells with similar functions make up tissues.
Among multicellular organisms such as humans, groups of cells with similar functions make up tissues.
What is multicellular and unicellular?Unicellular creatures are composed of only one cell that performs all of the organism's tasks, whereas multicellular organisms need many cellular components to function. Bacteria, protists, and yeast are examples of unicellular creatures.
Multicellular organisms :In contrary to a unicellular creature, a multicellular organism is made up of more than one cell. A multicellular organism is one made up of many cells that are interconnected and independent to variable degrees. Humans, animals, and plants are examples of multicellular creatures.
What are the characteristics of multicellular organisms?The fact that multicellular creatures contain numerous cells is their greatest distinguishing feature. Such cells are specialized and perform several roles to aid the organism.
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According to the ______ species concept, a species is a groups of populations whose members have the potentional to interbreed
According to the biological species concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed.
In the field of biology, a species can be described as organisms that can interbreed in order to form fertile offspring. 'Species' is a classification group in the taxonomic classification system and it lies below the taxa of 'genus'.
In the biological species concept, the species that are living together in a particular area at a particular time are referred to as a population. A population of species interacts with the biotic and abiotic factors of its ecosystem. In the biological concept, the more the species is adapted to an ecosystem, the more are its chances of survival.
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Describe how to make a wet mount slide of your cheek cells.
Answer:
Explanation:
5 steps for creating a wet mount slide?
Wet Mount:
Place a drop of fluid in the center of the slide.
Position sample on liquid, using tweezers.
At an angle, place one side of the cover slip against the slide making contact with outer edge of the liquid drop.
Lower the cover slowly, avoiding air bubbles.
Remove excess water with the paper towel.
the neurotransmitter is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. the degeneration of these neurons results in disease.
The neurotransmitter dopamine is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. The degeneration of these neurons results in Parkinson disease.
What is Parkinson's disease?Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease in which movement is affected. This happens because the nerve cells do not produce enough dopamine. Parkinson's symptoms begin gradually with tremors in the hands, arms, legs, slowness of movement with balance and coordination problems. As time goes by, these problems begin to worsen until they disable the individual from simple skills.
This disease usually appears in old age around 60 years old, it is more common in men and it is not a disease that has a cure but if there are medications that can improve the symptoms, even surgery or stimulation can be given in severe cases in the brain.
Therefore, we can confirm that the neurotransmitter dopamine is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. The degeneration of these neurons results in Parkinson disease.
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Please help me on this
Give me 3 things
Answer:
dinosaurs, the bottom of the ocean, or atoms and molecules.
Why are the four macromolecules important to living organisms?
Answer:
Explanation:
For example, macromolecules provide structural support, a source of stored fuel, the ability to store and retrieve genetic information, and the ability to speed biochemical reactions. Four major types of macromolecules—proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids—play these important roles in the life of a cell.
Answer:
Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates , Lipid, Protein
Explanation:
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are nucleotides that make up ______.
Answer:
DNA
Explanation:
All of these nucleotide's are all found in DNA.
According to the principle of competitive exclusion, what outcome is expected when two species with identical niches compete for a resource? Why?
Because one species will utilise the resources more effectively and reproduce more quickly than the other, the two species cannot coexist in the same area for an extended period of time.
What does the resource mean?An available means: a supply or support source (typically used in the plural). An abundant or lucrative natural resource; frequently used in plural. a natural phenomena or characteristic that improves the standard of living for people.
What types of resources are examples?A resource is anything that improves your life and is useful. A "Resource" is any part of the natural world that is beneficial to humans, including things like air, water, food, plants, animals, minerals, and metals. Each of these resources has a different value depending on its usability and other elements.
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Lynn has developed cancer. an oncologist tells her the cancer is located in the lower portion of her uterus. the cancer is located in lynn's _____.
If the oncologist tells her the cancer is located in the lower portion of her uterus, then the cancer is located in the cervix.
What is cervical cancer?Cervical cancer is a special type of cancer disease associated with uncontrolled growth of cells in the cervix, which is found the lower portion of the female uterus.
Cervical cancer may be one of the most harmful types of cancers and therefore it should be diagnosed at time to avoid major health complication in the individual who is suffering this disease.
In conclusion, if the oncologist tells her the cancer is located in the lower portion of her uterus, then the cancer is located in the cervix.
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Perforating canals connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to what other structures?
Perforating canals connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the Haversian canal.
Haversian canals supply blood to mature, dense bones. Individual lamellae form concentric rings that surround larger longitudinal canals (~50 µm in diameter) within the bony tissue, leading to the formation of Haversian canals. Haversian canals typically run along the long axis of the bone and are parallel to the surface. The canals and their surrounding lamellae (8-15) are called the Haversian system or osteon.Haversian canals often have one or two capillaries and nerve fibers. In addition to communicating with osteocytes in the lacunae (areas within the dense bone matrix that house living bone cells) via canaliculi, Haversian canals also surround nerve cells throughout the bone. This particular configuration makes it easy to preserve the deposits of mineral salts that give the bone tissue its tensile strength.Therefore, the correct answer is haversian canal.
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A species is a group of organisms capable of mating and producing fertile offspring, and speciation is the process of forming a new species.
One way a new species may form is by geographic isolation. This occurs when members of a population are physically separated, for example, by a river, or a desert.
After the separation the two populations, responding to different conditions, will adapt differently, and so their evolutionary paths will
Answer:
A species is a group of organisms capable of mating and producing offspring, and speciation is the process of forming a new species. One way a new species may form is by geographic isolation. This occurs when members of a population are physically separated, for example, by a river, or a desert. converge.
Explanation:
WHAT IF? A locus that affects susceptibility to a degenerative brain disease has two alleles, V and v. In a population, 16 people have genotype V V, 92 have genotype V v , and 12 have genotype v v . Is this population evolving? Explain.
The Hardy-Weinberg theory states that as long as a population has the same allelic and genotypic frequencies through generations, it is in equilibrium, and is not evolving. This population IS EVOLVING.
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theory that states that when a population is in equilibrium, it is not evolving.
The allelic frequencies in a locus are represented as p and q.
Assuming a diallelic gene,
Alleic frequencies,
The frequency of the dominant allele p(X) is pThe frequency of the recessive allele p(x) is qThe genotypic frequencies after one generation are
p² (Homozygous dominant genotypic frequency), 2pq (Heterozygous genotypic frequency), q² (Homozygous recessive genotypic frequency).Allelic and genotypic frequencies remain the same through generations in a population that is in H-W equilibrium. As long as they remain the same, the population is not evolving.
The addition of the allelic frequencies equals 1
p + q = 1.
The sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
In the exposed example, we need to see if the population is evolving or not.
To do it, we will take the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the current generation, and then we will take the expected genotypic frequencies for the next generation to compare them and see if they are the same or different.
Diallelic gene
Dominant allele VRecessive allele vPopulation size = 120 individuals
VV individuals = 16Vv individuals = 92vv individuals = 12Genotypic frequencies (current generation - observed data)
F(VV) = p² = 16/120 = 0.1333
F(Vv) = 2pq = 92/120 = 0.7667
F(vv) = q² = 12/120 = 0.1
Allelic frequencies
f(V) = p = p² + 1/2 2pq = 0.1333 + 0.7667/2 = 0.5166
f(v) = q = q² + 1/2 2pq = 0.1 + 0.7667/2 = 0.4833
According to these allelic frequencies, the expected genotypic frequencies for the following generation would be as follow,
F(VV) = p² = 0.5166² = 0.2668 ≅ 0.267
F(Vv) = 2pq = 2 x 0.5166 x 0.4833 = 0.499
F(vv) = q² = 0.4833² = .02335 ≅ 0.234
And the expected numbers of individuals from the following generation expressing each gentoype would be,
VV = 0.267 x 120 = 32
Vv = 0.499 x 120 = 60
vv = 0.234 x 120 = 28
As we can see, genotypic frequencies change from one generation to the other. We can assume that this population is not in H-W equilibrium and, hence, it is evolving.
p₁² ≠ p₂²
0.1333 < 0.267
2pq₁ ≠ 2pq₂
0.7667 > 0.499
q₁² ≠ q₂²
0.1 < 0.234
The homozygous genotypes are increasing their frequency.
This population is EVOLVING and probably disruptive selection is going on.
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Using Figure 17.5 , identify a 5' → 3 ' sequence of nucleotides in the DNA template strand for an mRNA coding for the polypeptide sequence Phe-Pro-lys. a. 5'-UUUGGGAAA-3' b. 5 '-GAACCCCTT-3' c. 5 '-CTTCGGGAA-3' d. 5 '-AAACCCUUU-3
Answer: 5′-CTTCGGGAA-3′
Explanation: