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CONTENTS
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
Chapter 2 Minerals
2.1 Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms
All matter, including mineral crystals, is made up of atoms, and all atoms are made up of three main particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. As summarized in Table 2.1, protons are positively charged, neutrons are uncharged and electrons are negatively charged. The negative charge of one electron balances the positive charge of one proton. Both protons and neutrons have a mass of 1, while electrons have almost no mass.
Table 2.1 Charges and masses of the particles within atoms
Elementary Particle Charge Mass
Proton +1 1
Neutron 0 1
Electron −1 ~0
The element hydrogen has the simplest atoms, each with just one proton and one electron. The proton forms the nucleus, while the electron orbits around it. All other elements have neutrons as well as protons in their nucleus, such as helium, which is depicted in Figure 2.2. The positively charged protons tend to repel each other, and the neutrons help to hold the nucleus together. The number of protons is the atomic number, and the number of protons plus neutrons is the atomic mass. For hydrogen, the atomic mass is 1 because there is one proton and no neutrons. For helium, it is 4: two protons and two neutrons.
For most of the 16 lightest elements (up to oxygen) the number of neutrons is equal to the number of protons. For most of the remaining elements, there are more neutrons than protons, because extra neutrons are needed to keep the nucleus together by overcoming the mutual repulsion of the increasing numbers of protons concentrated in a very small space. For example, silicon has 14 protons and 14 neutrons. Its atomic number is 14 and its atomic mass is 28. The most common isotope of uranium has 92 protons and 146 neutrons. Its atomic number is 92 and its atomic mass is 238 (92 + 146).
helium atom
Figure 2.2 A depiction of a helium atom.
The dot in the middle is the nucleus, and the surrounding cloud represents where the two electrons might be at any time. The darker the shade, the more likely that an electron will be there. An angstrom (Å) is 10-10m . A femtometre (fm) is 10-15m. In other words, a helium atom’s electron cloud is about 100,000 times bigger than its nucleus.
Electrons orbiting around the nucleus of an atom are arranged in shells — also known as “energy levels.” The first shell can hold only two electrons, while the next shell holds up to eight electrons. Subsequent shells can hold more electrons, but the outermost shell of any atom holds no more than eight electrons. The electrons in the outermost shell play an important role in bonding between atoms. Elements that have a full outer shell are inert in that they do not react with other elements to form compounds. They all appear in the far-right column of the periodic table: helium, neon, argon, etc. For elements that do not have a full outer shell, the outermost electrons can interact with the outermost electrons of nearby atoms to create chemical bonds. The electron shell configurations for 29 of the first 36 elements are listed in Table 2.2.
Why water can be unsafe in a pool?
Answer:People can drown or call or slip in
Explanation:
3. What is the picture displayed? *
1 point
a.atom
b.molecule
c.element
d.compound
molecule (hope this helps :))
convert 5.3 g water to mL water
Answer:
5.3 mL
Explanation:
1 g = 1 mL
5.3 g
= 5.3 x 1
= 5.3 mL
If 8.0 g of sulfur dioxide came in contact with a cloud containing 2.2 g of oxygen, indicate the
Limiting Reactant and calculate the theoretical yield (in grams) of sulfur trioxide produced.
Answer:
Limiting reactant= SO₂, Theoretical yield = 9.6g SO₃
Explanation:
The first step is is to find the limiting reactant; you do this using stoichiometry.
The reactant that produces the smallest amount of sulfur trioxide SO₃, is the limiting reactant.
In this problem, SO₂ is the limiting reactant.
Now to find the theoretical yield we will use the smallest value of SO₃.
I have uploaded a picture to better illustrate the problem and hope it helps.
Which element has the highest electronegativity and why?
Answer:
See below
Explanation:
Hello there!
Electronegativity is the atom's tendency to attract electrons in a chemical bond
There are two trends to electronegativity:
Electronegativity increases from bottom to top in a group (Li has a greater electronegativity than Fr, for example) Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period (the further right the group, the greater the electronegativity)Looking at a period table, Sb, Sn, Te, and I are all in the same period, so we'll need to decide which element has the highest electronegativity based on the group.
Sn belongs to group 4A (group 14) Sb belongs to group 5A (group 15)Te belongs to group 6A (group 16) I belongs to group 7A (group 17)As I belongs to group 7A, the group that is the farthest right based off of the options given, I has the highest electronegativity
Hope this helps!
In the equation above an element is identified by which latter
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Option C points to Sr which is the element Strontium
Calculate the mass of 3.4 x10^16 atoms of aluminum
Answer:
1.5232 × 10^-6 grams
Explanation:
The mass of 1 mole of phosphorus atoms is how many
grams.
Answer:
approximately 30 g.
The mass of 1 mole of phosphorus atoms is approximately 30 g.
Explanation:
Hope this helps.
In a living organism, the organic material contains 0.22 Bq of 14C per gram of carbon. A sample of charcoal from a campfire contains 0.055 Bq of 14C per gram of carbon. How long ago was this campfire in use? (14C half-life is 5730 yr)
Answer:
6
Explanation:
The age of the charcoal sample in the campfire in use is equal to the time taken for the decay of 0.22 of C-14 to 0.055 Bq. Hence its age is 11552.45 years.
What is radioactive decay?Unstable radioactive isotopes of atoms undergo nuclear decay by the emission of charged particles such alpha or beta particles. Radioactive decay is a first order reaction. Thus, the decay constant is written as:
k = 1/t ln (W0 / Wt)
where W0 be the initial weight and Wt be the weight after time t.
The decay constant is related to the half life time of the sample by the expression:
k = 0.693 / t1/2.
Given that t1/2 of C-14 = 5730 years.
Thus, k = 0.693 /5730 = 0.00012 yr⁻¹.
Now, we can calculate the time t using the first order equation.
t = 1/k ln ln (W0 / Wt)
= [ ln (0.22 Bq/ 0.055 Bq) ] / 0.00012 yr⁻¹
= 11552.4 years.
Therefore, the age of the sample of charcoal is 11552.4 years.
To find more on radioactive decay, refer here:
http://brainly.com/question/1770619
#SPJ2
Scientists believe the evidence to support the Big Bang Theory is that the Universe is________
Shrinking
Still expanding
Answer:
The Universe will continue to expand :)
Explanation:
Dark matter reverses the effect of gravity in some cases, and the Doppler effect also supports this claim, in which it states that the later the star has formed, the farther away it will be from the center/origin point of our universe.
Hope this helps! Mark me brainliest :)
Can somebody please help me do the last part of the paper with the help of the information on top
Answer:
i dont know the answer of this question... im sorry
Help me with this plz
Answer:
EVEN DOE IT TOO LATE, ITS B
Explanation:
An image of Earth's layer is above.
Which layer is the most dense?
layer A
layer B
layer C
layer D
Answer:
d
Explanation:
il answer in comments if you brainly me
Hi! ❤️ i need some help here thank you! ill give brainliest if able to.
Which Liquid, A or B, would float on top of the other if the two liquids were put in the same container?
Liquid A = 8 g/ml
Liquid B = 3 g/ml
Answer:
liquid B
Explanation:
because of the density of liquid A being 8, liquid B being 3 would be less dense
why do ionic compound form crystals ?
Answer:
Ions bound together by electrostatic attraction form ionic crystals.Stability of ionic solids depends on lattice energy, which us released in the form of heat when two ions are brought together to form a solid. Lattice energy is the sum of all the interactions within the crystal.If an ionic compound has a 2- charge how does that affect the total number of electrons in a Lewis structure
In the situation where an ion has a charge of -2, the Lewis structure is affected because it must add two additional electrons.
The Lewis structure is a term to refer to the graphical representation that shows the pairs of electrons in dashes or points of bonds between:
The atoms of a moleculeThe lone electron pairs that may existAdditionally, the charge of an ionic compound is calculated using the difference in electrical charge between the electrons. On the other hand, an ion is formed by adding or removing electrons, so the magnitude of the resulting charge depends on the number of electrons added or removed.
According to the above, if an ionic compound has a -2 charge, the Lewis structure must add two electrons.
Learn more in: https://brainly.com/question/1488567
Look at diagram 2 above. What type of eclipse is shown based on the alignment of the Earth, Sun, and Moon?
Solar eclipse
Lunar eclipse
Answer:
solar eclipse is when the sun hits earth and lunar means moon or when the sun hits the moon for an eclipse
Explanation:
2567 milliliters to liters
Answer:
2.567
Explanation:
To change milliliters into liters you divide by 1000
So when you divide 2567 by 1000 you get 2.567
Given the reaction below, how many grams of Li3N can be formed from 6.07 g of Li? Assume an excess of nitrogen.
6 Li(s) + N2(g) → 2 Li3N(s)
Answer:
About 10.2 g Li₃N.
Explanation:
We are given the reaction:
[tex]\displaystyle \text{6 Li(s) + N$_2$(g) }\longrightarrow \text{2 Li$_3$N(s)}[/tex]
And we want to determine the amount of Li₃N that can be formed from 6.07 g of Li and an excess of nitrogen.
To convert from g Li to g Li₃N, we can: (1) convert from g Li to mol Li, (2) mol Li to mol Li₃N, and (3) mol Li₃N to g Li₃N.
The molecular weight of Li is 6.94 g/mol. From the equation, six moles of Li yields two moles of Li₃N. And the molecular weight of Li₃N is 34.83 g/mol as shown below.Molecular weight of Li₃N:
[tex]\displaystyle \begin{aligned}\text{MW}_\text{Li$_3$N} & = (3 (6.94) + 14.01) \text{ g/mol} \\ \\ & =34.83\text{ g/mol} \end{aligned}[/tex]
This yields three ratios:
[tex]\displaystyle \frac{1 \text{ mol Li}}{6.94 \text{ g Li}}, \frac{2 \text{ mol Li$_3$N}}{6 \text{ mol Li}}, \text{ and } \frac{34.83 \text{ g Li$_3$N}}{1 \text{ mol Li$_3$N}}[/tex]
From the initial value, multiply:
[tex]\displaystyle 6.07 \text{ g Li} \cdot \frac{ 1 \text{ mol Li}}{6.94 \text{ g Li}} \cdot \frac{2 \text{ mol Li$_3$N}}{6 \text{ mol Li}} \cdot \frac{34.83 \text{ g Li$_3$N}}{1 \text{ mol Li$_3$N}} = 10.2\text{ g Li$_3$N}[/tex]
In conclusion, 10.2 g of Li₃N is formed from 6.07 g of Li and an excess of nitrogen.
Which type of element Is not likely to react chemically with other elements to form a compound?
Answer:noble gases
Explanation:
Which of the following would have more inertia than a car:
A)a person
B)airplane
C)skateboard
D)bicycle
PLEASE HELP
A student makes a diagram that shows the layers of Earth. The student incorrectly claims that the density of each layer is the same. Which of these accurately describes the
layers of Earth?
The density of Earth's layers increases from the center to the surface,
The density of Earth's layers increases as you move down toward the center.
The mantle is less dense than the layer above it but denser than the layer below it.
The outer core is denser than the layer below it but less dense than the layer above it.
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/collision-lab/latest/collision-lab_all.html
Answer:
its not pulling up ? ;(
Explanation:
How does the rock cycle and plate tectonics interfere with geochemists trying to determine the age of the Earth? Chose the best answer.
The rock cycle and plate tectonics cause Earth to lose its outer layer every one billion years as it creates new crust.
The rock cycle and plate tectonics cause Earth's rocks to break down over time and they are recycled through natural processes.
The rock cycle and plate tectonics cause Earth's original rocks to be buried deep in the ocean where they cannot be discovered.
Answer:
The rock cycle and plate tectonics cause Earth's rocks to break down over time and they are recycled through natural processes.
Explanation:
Rock cycle(Attachment-1)
The rock cycle and plate tectonics cause Earth's rocks to break down over time and they are recycled through natural processes is the best answer.
What are rock cycle?The rock cycle is defined as the process through which the three main rock types i.e. igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock transfer from one type to another type.
The plate tectonics is defined as a theory that earth's outer shell is divided into large slabs of solid rocks known as "plates" that glide over earth mantle, the rocky inner layer above earth's core.
Thus, the rock cycle and plate tectonics cause Earth's rocks to break down over time and they are recycled through natural processes is the best answer.
To learn more about rock cycle, refer to the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/9584128
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Explain how changing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere affects the flow of heat out of Earth's atmosphere.
Explanation:
The added greenhouse gases absorb the heat. They then radiate this heat. Some of the heat will head away from the Earth, some of it will be absorbed by another greenhouse gas molecule, and some of it will wind up back at the planet's surface again. With more greenhouse gases, heat will stick around, warming the planet.
Explain why “advancing water contact angles are more sensitive to the hydrophobic property of a surface whereas receding water contact angles are more sensitive to the hydrophilic property of a surface”.
Answer: Surface tension has a more complicated effect on capillary pressure: on the one hand, capillary pressure is directly proportional to surface tension. High surface tension liquids, on the other hand, typically have higher contact angles, which lowers capillary pressure.
Explanation: Does this help??
A measure of how much substance is packed into a space
A) Density
B) Mass divided by volume
C) Water
D) Element
Answer:
a
Explanation:
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Density is the amount of space that atoms are compacted in a substance.Apr 25, 2017
The tides of the oceans and large lakes that occur on Earth are caused by_______
The gravitational pull from the moon and sun
The earth’s rotation
Answer:
The gravitational pull from the moon and sun
Explanation:
Answer: gravity
Explanation:
Gravity is one major force that creates tides. In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton explained that ocean tides result from the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon on the oceans of the earth (Sumich, J.L., 1996).
Which describes an element?
They can combine with other elements to form atoms.
They were all discovered at the same time.
They cannot be broken down any further.
C12H22O11 is an example of a(n):
ionic compound
empirical compound
molecular compound
salt compound
Answer:
molecular compound
Explanation:
it has two or more nonmetal elements and are covalently bonded