What orbitals overlap to form the c-h bond in ethene (h 2c=ch 2)? s-p p-p s-sp3 s-sp2 s-sp

Three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen (1H) are frequently referred to as ¹H ,²H and ³H namely Protium, Deuterium and Tritium respectively. Their symbol, mass number, abundance in nature and atomic mass is given as follows;

Protium

Symbol- ¹H

Abundance in nature- [0.99972]

Mass number- One

Atomic mass- 1.007825 amu

Deuterium

Symbol- ²H

Abundance in nature- [0.00001]

Mass number- Two

Atomic mass -2.014102 amu

Tritium

Symbol- ³H

Abundance in nature-  Trace

Mass number- Three

Atomic mass-3.016049 amu

The symbol, mass number , atomic mass in amu units and natural abundance of the three isotopes of hydrogen are explained where protium is the highest abundant isotope having 99.972% abundance in nature.

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The answer would be ion-dipole forces and dipole induced dipole interaction.

Intermolecular force : The force of attraction by which two atoms or two molecules connected to create a molecule or matter.

1. The strongest type of intermolecular force in pure solute :

The strongest of the intermolecular forces ion-dipole forces. Hydrogen bonding is a particular term for a specifically strong dipole-dipole interaction in the middle of a hydrogen atom and a very electronegative atom (oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen).

2. What is the strongest type of intermolecular force in the pure solvent ?

Dipole-induced dipole interaction is the strongest intermolecular force.

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The frequency of the yellow orange light produced by the sodium-vapor street lights is 5.17 x 10¹⁴ sec⁻¹.

Sodium vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp using sodium in an excited state to produce light at a characteristic wavelength, near 589 nm.

Sodium is an alkali metal having low ionization energy.  So, it release the electron easily. By sodium metal, the light of yellow color is emitted. The radiation of light emitted is an electromagnetic wave. The formula to be used is -

               c = λ x ν

where, c is speed of light, ν is frequency and λ is the wavelength.

 Since, wavelength, time period and frequency are related. So,

          Time Period =         1        

                                    frequency

      frequency =    3 x 10⁸   nm = 5.17 x 10¹⁴ sec⁻¹

                           580 x 10⁻⁹

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Bohr's model lacked orbitals again for electrons or the electron cloud, contrary to Dalton's theory, which was founded on the idea that every element is made up of its own distinct variety of an indivisible atom.

According to the theory, an atom contains a small, dense, positive charge centre known as the nucleus, where practically every bit of mass was concentrated. Light, particles with negative charges called electrons then orbit far from the nucleus in a manner similar to how planets circle the Sun.

Dalton proposed his atomic hypothesis based on all of his observations. It's frequently called the billiards ball model. Due to the lack of understanding of the atomic electrons and the nucleus at the time, he described an atom as a ball-like structure.

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Answer:

B.)Schrodinger's model

Explanation:

The liquid iron flows in a spiral pattern and creates a bipolar magnetic field does the iron in the outer core, spiral because liquid iron has a natural spin that causes the helical spiral pattern. Thus, option (B) is correct.

Helical flow is the cork-screw-like flow of water in a meander. It is one example of a secondary flow. Helical flow is a contributing factor to the formation of slip-off slopes and river cliffs in a meandering section of the river.

Meanders start when friction with the channel bed and banks causes turbulence in the water flow. This results in a spiraling flow of water called helical flow- a corkscrew-like movement of the water as it spirals downstream from bank to bank. Thus, option (b) is correct.

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We know that evaporation is a process that occurs in the environment and in this the liquid or water turns into vapour. So after the rain as the water drains up because of the water is absorbed by the ground and it get vaporise by the sunlight.

Yakutsk  is a place were it it almost cold through out the year. the warm season or the summer lasts only for four months. Precipitation or rainy season lasts around five months, even though it  rains they have drier seasons around seven months. precipitation occurs in a mixed way that is there will be rainfall, snowfall and a mix of both.

the moisture level will be high and it creates a dryness.

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The air is saturated when the relative humidity reaches 100%.

What is humidity?

The human eye typically cannot see water vapor, which is water in a gaseous condition. The level of humidity reflects the possibility of precipitation, dew, or fog.

The temperature and pressure of the target system have an impact on humidity. In cool air compared to warm air, the same amount of water vapor causes a higher relative humidity. The dew point is a related variable. The higher the temperature, the more water vapor is required to reach saturation.

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4.60 × 10²² atoms P = 4.60 × 10²²/6.023 ×10²³ mole of P which is adequate to 0.0763 mole P

What are moles?

A mole is defined because the volume of substance that has the same number of discrete entities as a 12 g sample of pure 12C (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.). The Latin meaning of the term "mole" is "large mass" or "bulk," which is acceptable given that it is used as the name for this unit.

Now for the given question,

6.023 ×10²³ atoms Phosphorus = 1 mole of P

Thus, 4.60 × 10²² atoms P = 4.60 ×10²²/6.023 × 10²³ mole of P which is adequate to 0.0763 mole P.

How do u calculate mass?

Mass is usually constant for a body. a method to calculate mass: Mass = volume × density. Weight is that the measure of the gravitational force acting on a mass. The SI unit of mass is "kilogram"

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The answers are given below as ,

a. There are 12 moles of oxygen are in one mole of iron (III) sulfate .

b. There are three atoms of sulfur are in on formula unit of iron (III) sulfate .

c. There are  two iron atoms are in one mole of iron (III) sulfate .

d. The average mass in amu's of one formula unit of iron (III) sulfate one formula unit of iron (III) sulfate .

e. The molecular mass of one mole of iron (III) sulfate is 399.88 g/mol

The average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of an element is the average atomic mass, also known as atomic weight. Unified atomic mass units (u), where 1 u is equal to precisely one-twelfth the mass of a neutral atom of carbon-12, are the standard units used to express average masses.

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The molarity of a solution made by dissolving 7.50 g of magnesium nitrate in enough water is 2.04 M

To solve this problem, the formulas and the procedures that we have to use are:

Where:

Information about the problem:

Converting the volume units from (ml) to (L) we have:

v(solution) =  25.0 ml * (1 L/1000 ml)

v(solution) = 0.025 L

We calculate the moles of the Mg(NO₃)₂ from the MW:

MW = ∑ AWT

MW Mg(NO₃)₂= AWT (Mg) + AWT (N)*2 + AWT (O)*6

MW Mg(NO₃)₂= 24 g/mol + 14 g/mol*(2) + 16 g/mol*(6)

MW Mg(NO₃)₂= 24 g/mol + 28 g/mol + 96 g/mol

MW Mg(NO₃)₂= 148 g/mol

Having the MW we calculate the moles of Mg(NO₃)₂:

n = m / MW

n Mg(NO₃)₂ = 7.50 g / 148 g/mol

n Mg(NO₃)₂ = 0.051 mol

Applying the molarity formula, we get:

M = n(solute)/v(solution) L

M =0.051 mol  / 0.025 L

M = 2.04 M

In chemistry a solution is known as a homogeneous mixture of two or more components called:

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Answer:

0.043

Explanation:

1000 mg = 1 g

1 mg = 0.001 g

43 mg = 0.043 g

The amount present, in kmol and kg is 0.0005572 Kg and the specific volume, in m3 /kmol and m3 /kg is 1.795 m^3/ Kg.

a) Amount  of N2 gas present,

  in Kmol = 0.0000199 Kmol

  In Kg    = 0.0005572 Kg

b) Specific volumes,

  in  m^3/ Kmol = 50.25 m^3/Kmol

  in  m^3/ Kg     = 1.795 m^3/ Kg

The ratio of a substance's volume (V) to its mass (M) is known as the substance's specific volume, which is considered an inherent feature of a substance in thermodynamics.

Engineering and thermodynamic calculations for physics and chemistry most frequently employ specific volume. It is used to forecast how gases will behave when circumstances change.

One measurement of a material's specific volume is the number of cubic meters that one kilograms of a certain substance takes up. The standard unit is the meter cubed per kilogram (m 3 /kg or m 3 · kg -1 ).

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The mass of 2 moles of zinc oxide (ZnO) is 162.76g/mol

The International System of Units uses the mole (symbol: mol) as the unit of material quantity. How many elementary entities of a particular substance are present in an object or sample is determined by the quantity of that material. It is specified that the mole contains exactly 6.02214076×[tex]10^{23}[/tex] elementary entities.

As, we know that

moles = mass / molar mass

so, using the formula

2 = mass / 81.38

mass = 162.76g/mol

So,  the mass of 2 moles of zinc oxide (ZnO) is 162.76g/mol

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Compound B is nonpolar, compounds C and E are polar, compounds A and D are amphiphilic.

Amphiphilic molecules are what?

An amphiphilic molecule is any substance that has two separate covalently bonded parts with contrasting solvent affinities, where one half has a strong affinity for nonpolar solvents and the other part has a high affinity for polar solvents (like water).

What polar and nonpolar molecules?

Polar molecules are created when the bonded atoms have differing electronegativities. Nonpolar molecules are created when the polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out or when the electrons in a diatomic molecule are equally distributed among the atoms.

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water bath cannot exceed 100 (°C)  and alcohol C AND alcohol D have a boiling point above 100 (°C) , therefore hot water bath cannot be used to separate alcohols C and D

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The amount of copper produced might be less than 100% of the expected amount because the actual yield is usually less than the theoretical yield.

The efficiency of yield is calculated in the form of %age yield by the following formula

%age yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%

The actual yield is often less than the theoretical yield due to the following reason

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A student proposes the following lewis structure for the peroxide ion.

what is formal charge?

A hypothetical charge that might be present on an atom in a molecule is known as a formal charge. It makes the corresponding polarity assumption that sharing electrons are equally spaced from the parent atoms. Polarity is the presumption that, unless parent atoms are identical, such as H-H, electrons are never equally distant from them.

For a polyatomic ion, the formal charges must add up to the ion's charge rather than the sum of the formal charges on all the atoms in the molecule (which may be positive or negative). Formal Charge = [Valence electron count in a single atom] - [(number of bonding electrons) 12 (number of lone pair electrons)]

The peroxide has a formal charge of -2.

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the  phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon atom of the sugar portion of a nucleotide and the hydroxyl group attached to the 3 carbon atom.

What does one mean by functional groups?

A functional group may be a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, no matter the other atoms in the molecule. The atoms during a functional group are linked to each other and to the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds.

A functional group may be a group of atoms with specific physical, chemical, and reactivity properties. Functional groups in chemistry are important for many future topics, including their predictable characteristics, nomenclature, reactivity, synthesis, spectroscopy, and more.

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Answer: they all are 4 properties of matter

Answer:

Explanation:

Mass is a scalar quantity. It has magnitude. In science, volume is a measure of the amount of three-dimensional space an object fills. It’s usually measured in cubic meters based on the SI or metric system. Volume can be represented by three axes – length, width, and height. In practice, however, volume in chemistry is commonly measured in liters and milliliters.  Magnetism is a force that attracts (pulls closer) or repels (pushes away) objects that have a magnetic material like iron inside them (magnetic objects). In simpler words, it is a property of substances which pull closer or repel other objects. It is a subject in physics.  The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid.

Answer:At high pressure and low temperature.

Explanation:

At high pressure voleme of a gas is'nt negligible as compared to the container

And at low temperature, kinetic energy of gas molecules lower, so they come closer to one another and intermolecular forces between them are considerable

The freezing point depression of a solution containing 30.7 g of glycerin  is  calculated as -1.65°C

Equating :

It is given that,

Given mass of glycerin is = 30.7 grams (Solute)

Volume of water = 376 mL

[tex]K_{f}[/tex]or molar -freezing-depression point is = 1.86°C/m

Molar mass of glycerin = 92.09 g/mole

Now, to work out the value, the mass of water should be known. Thus, to calculate, the formula used will be:

Mass = Density X Volume

Mass = 1.0 g/mL X 376 mL

Mass = 376 g or 0.376 Kg

Using the formula of melting point depression, the equation becomes:

             Δ[tex]T_{f}[/tex] = i ×[tex]K_{f}[/tex] ×m

T⁰-[tex]T_{s}[/tex]  = [tex]i *K_{f} *\frac{mass of glycerin}{molar mass of glycerin * mass of water in kg}[/tex]

in which,

Δ[tex]T_{f}[/tex] = change in freezing point

Δ[tex]T_{s}[/tex] = freezing point of solution that has to be find

ΔT° = freezing point of water ()

Since, glycerin is a non-electrolyte, the Van't Hoff factor will be 1.

Substituting the values in the above equation:

0⁰C₋T[tex]_{s}[/tex] = 1 ×1.86°C/m ×[tex]\frac{30.7}{92.09g/mol * 0.376kg}[/tex]

[tex]T_{s}[/tex] = -1.65°C

Thus, the freezing point depression of a solution is  -1.65°C

Freezing point depression

Freezing point depression is a colligative property observed in solutions that results from the introduction of solute molecules to a solvent. The freezing points of solutions are all less than that of the pure solvent and is directly proportional to the molality of the solute

Is melting point elevation or depression?

Boiling point elevation is that the raising of a solvent's boiling point due to the addition of a solute. Similarly, melting point depression is the lowering of a solvent's freezing point due to the addition of a solute. In fact, because the boiling point of a solvent increases, its melting point decreases

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I will conclude that, no, the polarities of the compounds must be extremely similar for them to have the same Rf value rather than being identical.

What is Rf?

The proportion of an analyte in a chromatographic system's mobile phase is known as the retention factor in the field of chromatography. The retention factor (RF), specifically in planar chromatography, is calculated as the ratio of the path taken by a spot's center to that of the solvent front.

The retention factor (Rf) is a comparison and identification tool used in thin-layer chromatography. A compound's Rf value is determined by dividing the distance it travels by the the solvent front travels (both measured from the origin).

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The activity at 1 pm when the patient is injected is 6.3 mCi.

A quantity's half-life is the amount of time needed for it to decrease to half of its initial value.

The half-life of an isotope is 1.8 hours.

The sample prepared at 10 am has an activity of 20 mCi.

Now, the variation of activity with time is given as:

[tex]R = R_0 (\frac{1}{2} )^{ \frac{t}{t_{t_{1/2}} }[/tex]

We have, R₀ = 20 mCi

The half-life, [tex]t_{\frac{1}{2} } = 1.8 {~}\text{hours}[/tex]

Now, the activity is calculated at 1 pm.

So, t = 1 pm - 10 am = 3 hrs

Therefore, the activity at 1 pm will be:

[tex]R = R_0 (\frac{1}{2} )^{ \frac{t}{t_{t_{1/2}} }[/tex]

[tex]R = 20 \times (\frac{1}{2} )^{\frac{3}{1.8} }[/tex]

[tex]R = 20 \times (\frac{1}{2} )^{1.67}[/tex]

R = 20 × 0.31425334363

R = 6.28 mCi

R = 6.3 mCi

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Rank the following in order to show the precipitation of halite from water. place the first event at the top and last event at the bottom.

The electric charge of the electron, a subatomic particle, is a negative one elementary charge. Since they have no known components or substructure, electrons, which are part of the lepton particle family's first generation, are typically regarded to be elementary particles. The proton's mass is around 1836 times greater than that of the electron.

The electron's inherent angular momentum (spin), which is measured in terms of the scaled-down Planck constant,, is one of its quantum mechanical properties. The Pauli exclusion principle states that because electrons are fermions, no two of them may be in the same quantum state. Since they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light, electrons share characteristics with all elementary particles.

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3.4 [tex]\times[/tex]  [tex]10^{-9}[/tex]

Energy is emitted by 9.4 mg of sodium atoms emitting light at a wavelength of 5.8[tex]\times[/tex][tex]10^{-7}[/tex] m. Answer in units of J.

From the above statement , we have got

Energy ( E) = ?

5.8[tex]\times[/tex][tex]10^{-7}[/tex] m

Planck's constant (h) =  6.62607015×[tex]10^{-34}[/tex] joule-[tex]hertz^{-1}[/tex]

nowwe have to find energy,

by using E = hc/λ,  here c is the speed of light,

c = 3 [tex]\times[/tex] [tex]10^8[/tex] m/s

now puttin all  the values in equation

E =  6.6×[tex]10^{-34}[/tex] [tex]\times[/tex]3 * [tex]10^8[/tex] /  5.8[tex]\times[/tex][tex]10^{-7}[/tex]

E = 6.6[tex]\times[/tex] 3[tex]\times[/tex] [tex]10^{-9}[/tex]/5.8

E = 3.4[tex]\times[/tex] [tex]10^{-9}[/tex]

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If 28.1 g of chromium is produced then the mass of aluminium oxide is produced is 27.5 g.

Cr2O3 + 2Al→2Cr + Al2O3

Through law of conservaion of mass

41.0 + 14.6 = 28.1 + x

55.6 = 28.1 + x

x = 27.5g

What is law of conservation of mass?

Since Antoine Lavoisier discovered that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions, the Law of Conservation of Mass has been in existence. Alternatively said, the mass of any one element at the start of a reaction will match the mass of that element at the conclusion of the reaction.

The overall mass in any closed system will remain constant over time if we take into account all reactants and products in a chemical reaction. The discovery made by Lavoisier revolutionized science and set the stage for modern chemistry.

​

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resonance structures to help you identify all sites of high electron density.

What are resonance structures?

Resonant Structures. Chemistry uses resonance to describe the bonding in certain molecules or ions by merging several contributing structures or forms into a hybrid resonance, which is referred to as canonical structures or resonance structures under the theory of valence bonding (or hybrid structure).

A molecular feature, such as resonance or inductive effects, is transferring negative charge towards this location in the molecule when an atom or group has a higher electron density.

Everytime, by resonance as the rotating pair of electrons land on a carbon centre causing negative charge indicates a high charge density at that centre.

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AB is an ionic Compound , BC is covalent Compound , AC is an Ionic Compound.

Now,

 A = 0.9

 B = 3.0

 C = 3.5

AB is an ionic compound. If the difference of electronegativity between two atoms is more than 1.7 , then they will form ionic compound. Here A is Cation and B is Anion .

     Hence AC is an ionic compound.

A is Cation and B is Anion .

      Hence BC is a covalent Compound.

Thus , from the above conclusion we can say that, AB is an ionic Compound , BC is covalent Compound , AC is an Ionic Compound.

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oxidation number or state of copper in solid copper is zero

The oxidation state of all element is zero in solid sate, while it can different in liquid or gas state.

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The procedure that involves physical change in one substances is Separating a salt solution by evaporating the water.

What is physical change ?

A change that cannot be undone is referred to as a physical change. There is no development of a new substance with a physical change. The substance, size, color, or form of the compound undergoing this alteration may only be slightly altered. The physical aspect or appearance of the compound may alter in this form of modification (physical change), but the chemical makeup of the material is unaffected in any manner.

These alternatives aren't instances of physical changes:

- creating salt by reacting sodium metal and chlorine gas

- allowing a nail to rust

- building a model rocket propelled by mixing baking soda and vinegar

The following is an illustration of a physical change to an option:

Separating a salt solution by evaporating the water.

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