Answer: Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs them and carries them to cells throughout the body.
Explanation:
Bacterial disease is caused by the multiplication of bacteria in a patient. How do pathogenic bacteria harm a patient?
Answer:
Host Susceptibility
Resistance to bacterial infections is enhanced by phagocytic cells and an intact immune system. Initial resistance is due to nonspecific mechanisms. Specific immunity develops over time. Susceptibility to some infections is higher in the very young and the very old and in immunosuppressed patients.
Bacterial Infectivity
Bacterial infectivity results from a disturbance in the balance between bacterial virulence and host resistance. The “objective” of bacteria is to multiply rather than to cause disease; it is in the best interest of the bacteria not to kill the host.
Host Resistance
Numerous physical and chemical attributes of the host protect against bacterial infection. These defenses include the antibacterial factors in secretions covering mucosal surfaces and rapid rate of replacement of skin and mucosal epithelial cells. Once the surface of the body is penetrated, bacteria encounter an environment virtually devoid of free iron needed for growth, which requires many of them to scavenge for this essential element. Bacteria invading tissues encounter phagocytic cells that recognize them as foreign, and through a complex signaling mechanism involving interleukins, eicosanoids, and complement, mediate an inflammatory response in which many lymphoid cells participate.
Genetic and Molecular Basis for Virulence
Bacterial virulence factors may be encoded on chromosomal, plasmid, transposon, or temperate bacteriophage DNA; virulence factor genes on transposons or temperate bacteriophage DNA may integrate into the bacterial chromosome.
Host-mediated Pathogenesis
In certain infections (e.g., tuberculosis), tissue damage results from the toxic mediators released by lymphoid cells rather than from bacterial toxins.
Intracellular Growth
Some bacteria (e.g., Rickettsia species) can grow only within eukaryotic cells, whereas others (e.g., Salmonella species) invade cells but do not require them for growth. Most pathogenic bacteria multiply in tissue fluids and not in host cells.
Virulence Factors
Virulence factors help bacteria to (1) invade the host, (2) cause disease, and (3) evade host defenses. The following are types of virulence factors:
Adherence Factors: Many pathogenic bacteria colonize mucosal sites by using pili (fimbriae) to adhere to cells.
Invasion Factors: Surface components that allow the bacterium to invade host cells can be encoded on plasmids, but more often are on the chromosome.
Capsules: Many bacteria are surrounded by capsules that protect them from opsonization and phagocytosis.
Endotoxins: The lipopolysaccharide endotoxins on Gram-negative bacteria cause fever, changes in blood pressure, inflammation, lethal shock, and many other toxic events.
Exotoxins: Exotoxins include several types of protein toxins and enzymes produced and/or secreted from pathogenic bacteria. Major categories include cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins.
Siderophores: Siderophores are iron-binding factors that allow some bacteria to compete with the host for iron, which is bound to hemoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin.
Explanation:
Why postharvest physiology is important to maintain sustainable food supply on this planet. Please give named examples and discuss various biological factors associated with produce deterioration after harvest
Answer:
Postharvest physiology plays a fundamental role in extending the shelf-life and quality of plant products. An example of postharvest physiology methodologies is by reducing the temperature to improve shelf-life before consumption
Explanation:
Postharvest physiology refers to the methodologies used for extending shelf-life and quality, thus being a critical issue in food systems. Postharvest approaches include chemical treatments, temperature reduction, cleaning and disinfection methods, etc. Crop varieties are genetically selected in order to maintain nutritional qualities of stored seeds for a long time after harvest. These seeds are also controlled during storage by using postharvest handling practices (e.g., chemical and enzyme inhibitors that extend shelf life).
Which of the following is true of the water at the bottom of the ocean?
It contains the most salt.
It is particularly rich in nutrients.
It will be the warmest water in the region.
There are very few organisms that can survive there.
Answer: it is particularly rich in nutrients
Explanation:
A "healthy ecosystem" can also be described as:
Answer:
water and rocks; energy source, break down dead plants and animals, returning vital nutrients to the soil.
Explanation:
HELP PLEASE
need to find the average for the values
Answer:
Average for zero: 51.1
Average for two: 76.3
Average for four: 87.4
Average for six: 103.3
Blank 1: 51.1
Blank 2: 76.3
Blank 3: 87.4
Blank 4: 103.3
Explanation:
The above answers gave the average of each of the set of numbers.
To calculate the average of a set of numbers, It is done by simply summing the numbers and then dividing the numbers by the total number of values in that set of numbers.
From the data given, zero, two, four and six all have their set of numbers. So, with those values, the average was calculated.
Which of the following factors most likely triggers arousal from hibernation?
A) the sun rising in the morning B)snow falling onto the ground
C) the environmental temperature dropping below 0 °C
D) a significant decrease in the animal's respiration rate
Answer:
A) the sun rising in the morning
Explanation:
In biology, hibernation refers to a physiological state where a plant or animal is metabolically inactive in the winter period (characterized by extreme cold). As far as the animal or plant is concerned, the cold weather during winter is an adverse condition, hence, they undergo hibernation in order to conserve their energy.
According to this question, arousal or wakening from hibernation would be triggered in the presence of heat source, which in this case is the SUN RISING IN THE MORNING.
Which of the following is a molecule?
A. Argon
B. Water
C. Nitrogen
D. Uranium
Answer:
Argon- a chemical element
Water- polar molecule
Nitrogen- chemical compound
Uranium- chemical element
Hope this helps! :)
Please give brainliest
:)
Explanation:
In conclusion B. water is a molecule
plz help for brainlyist
Answer:
1,3
2, organs
3, i do not know
4, i do not know
Please help!! And thank you!!
Well, understand it :-
The temperature rises as you get higher in the stratosphere and in the thermosphere.Temperatures decrease as you gain height in the troposphere and the mesosphere.
What are the Complementary DNA base pairs: GGGCCATATAG. What are the Complementary DNA base pairs: ATTGGCCTAGC
Answer:
CCCGGTATATC
TAACCGGATCG
Explanation:
G and C are complimentary; T and A are complimentary
Just swap each letter following that rule :)
What are the properties of water that you can observe when transpiration takes place?
Answer:
When water evaporates through the leaves, a pull is created through the xylem, and water moves back to the leaves. This is known as the transpiration pull.
what are the steps in the digestion of protein
Explanation:
Protein digestion begins when you first start chewing. There are two enzymes in your saliva called amylase and lipase. They mostly break down carbohydrates and fats. Once a protein source reaches your stomach, hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino acids.
hope it helps!
e a sports
is in the trash
Answer:
K
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Answer:
and now you're trash
Explanation:
Describe what are the roles of producers, Consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem?
Answer:
"How might different types of organisms--producers, consumers, decomposers--be important to a healthy ecosystem?" (Producers change energy into matter with chemical energy that other organisms can use and then consumers pass the matter and energy on to other organisms by eating and being eaten; decomposers recycle some ...
Explanation:
PLEASEEE HELPPPPP!!!!!!!
which aquatic ecosystem is the most commercially exploited for seafood and minerals.
Answer:
The coral reefs of the Caribbean are thought to be under threat
Explanation:
Overfishing threatens over 60 percent of Caribbean coral reefs. Declines in coral cover and increases in algal cover have been observed across the region. This analysis identified about one-third of Caribbean reefs at high threat from overfishing pressure and about 30 percent at medium threat.
What have researchers found a correlation between with respect to black holes? HELP PLEASE QUICK
Answer: It’s A I think
Explanation:
I have no idea. Its Not D, im pretty sure. And I dont think it’s B. So it’s either A or C, and I think it’s A.
Answer: A
Explanation: just took the quiz and got it right
Which layer affects the oceanic and continental plates here on Earth?
Answer:
lithosphere
Explanation:
Choose the mutation that you think is causing Lucy’s ADA enzyme not to work. Form a hypothesis and explain your answer. You can revise your hypothesis as you perform more experiments.
answer
stop condon mutation
Explanation:
The mutation is defined as the alteration or change in the genetic sequence of the chromosome. The mutations in the ADA genes have been noted and are caused by point mutations.
Point mutations are defined as the mutations in which the alteration of the single nucleotide of DNA occurs.
Stop codon mutations are the type of point mutations, in which the nonsense codons signal the end of protein synthesis.
Adenosine deaminase is involved in purine metabolism. It is involved in the development of the immune system.
Lucy's condition is due to the stop codon mutations in the genetic sequence of the DNA. The stop codon mutation will signal the end of the translation process, which will result in the non-functionality of the ADA enzyme.
Therefore, the stop codon mutation in the ADA enzyme will occur in Lucy's genetic sequence.
To know more about the ADA enzyme, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/19896249
Which of the following is NOT a property of water?
O A) It is a good solvent.
OB) It is denser when frozen than when liquid.
OC) It resists temperature changes.
OD) it is cohesive.
O El It can be found as a solid. liquid. or gas.
Answer:
It is denser when frozen than when liquid.
Explanation:
Ice is actually less dense than water. The lattice arrangement of ice allows water molecules to be more spread out than in a liquid, making ice less dense than water.
Hope that helps.
how do organelles interact in the production and use of hemoglobin found in theses cells
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Answer:B
Explanation:
Discuss the roles of the enzymes secreted by the pancreas during digestion.
What type of speciation results in hybrids of the 2 species?
Answer:
Alloploidy results when two species mate to produce viable offspring. In the example shown, a normal gamete from one species fuses with a polyploidy gamete from another. Two matings are necessary to produce viable offspring. The cultivated forms of wheat, cotton, and tobacco plants are all allopolyploids.
Explanation:
What created the solar system? *
The Big Bang
A dust cloud
O O O O
O Nebula
A shooting star
Answer: dust cloud
Explanation:
dust condensed after asteroid collisions at the kepler belt
HELP, 100 POINTS!
Identify one source of carbon that can be found in each of these four spheres: atmosphere (air), geosphere (land), biosphere (living organisms) and hydrosphere (water).
The mitochondria has been described as the engine of the cell. Why is this a fitting nickname? How is this organelle involved in the process of cellular respiration?
Describe the process of photosynthesis in plants. Why is this process important to animals and humans?
How are the processes of cellular respiration, photosynthesis and carbon cycle related to each other?
Explain how one of the processes discussed in this module (photosynthesis, cellular respiration or the carbon cycle) apply to both the Law of Conservation of Matter and Law of Conservation of Energy.
Answer:
1.Mitochondria is considered as the power house of the cell as it helps in producing large amount of energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) that is used in driving various cellular activities.
2.Through a process called photosynthesis, plants use energy in sunlight to turn a gas called carbon dioxide and water into sugar. Plants then use this sugar to grow. At the same time, plants produce a gas called oxygen as a waste product, which is lucky for us and other animals because we need oxygen to breathe!
3.Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are important parts of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the pathways through which carbon is recycled in the biosphere. While cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide into the environment, photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
4.Cellular respiration uses oxygen and has it's waste product of carbon dioxide (CO2). How does photosynthesis demonstrate the law of conservation? ... The AMOUNT of carbon-dioxide atoms released by respiration are EXACTLY EQUAL to the atoms of these materials contained in the oxygen and carbon converted.The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. The carbon cycle is an example of the Law because the same carbon atoms are being recycled through the carbon cycle. ... Carbon is used for energy, and some is stored for growth.
Which of the following pair of codons both code for serine?
a
ACA and AUC
b
UCG and GCU
c
GCC and UGG
d
AGC and UCC
Answer: The answer would be D.
Explanation: I took the test and i got D. Sorry if that’s wrong
identify the type of mutation shown in the diagram, with respect to chromosome 20
Where are instructions for making cell parts found in a cell?
Answer:
The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules in a cell
Hope it's help ^_^
Where are many critical biodiversity hotspots located?
Answer:
Tropical forests are typically biodiversity hotspots and are usually filled with endemic species. The Upper Amazonia/Guyana Shield, the Congo Basin, and the New Guinea/Melanesian Islands have the highest number of endemic terrestrial (land-living) species on Earth
Explanation:
hope this helped:)
What is the coriollis effect
Answer:
The Coriolis effect is defined as how a moving object seems to veer toward the right in the Northern hemisphere and left in the Southern hemisphere.
Explanation:
Please give brainliest!
in chemical reactions, bonds blank in reactants.