What is responsible for the sharp decrease in ionization energy between the elements with 2 and 3 atomic number? 10 and 11?

For a thermodynamic data at 298k, when 2. 34 moles of nh3(g) react at standard conditions, the free energy change is mathematically given as

dG'−213.174KJ

Generally, the equation for the Chemical Reaction   is mathematically given as

HCL+NH3----->NH4Cl

Therefore

dG=-202.9-[-16.5+(95.3)]

dG=-91.1KJ/mol

In conclusion, For 2.34 moles

dG'=-91.1KJ/mol*2.34

dG'−213.174KJ

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The free energy change when 2.34 moles of NH₃(g) react at standard conditions is -213.174 kJ.

Free energy change of any chemical reaction will be calculated by using the following chemical reaction:

ΔG = Free energy of products - Free energy of reactants

Given chemical reaction is:

NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl

From the stoichiometry of the reaction it is clear that same moles of ammonium chloride is produced by the same moles of ammonia & hydrochloric acid.

Free enrgy of NH₄Cl = -202.9 kJ/mol

Free enrgy of NH₃ = -16.5 kJ/mol

Free enrgy of HCl = 95.3 kJ/mol

On putting values in the above equation, we get

ΔG = -202.9-[-16.5+(95.3)]

ΔG = -91.1KJ/mol

For 2.34 moles, ΔG will be:

ΔG = (2.34)(-91.1) = -213.174 kJ

Hence required amount of free eenrgy is -213.174 kJ.

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The molar mass of the gas that has a mass of 3.82 g and occupies a volume of 0.854 L is 106.66g/mol.

The molar mass of a substance can be calculated by dividing the mass of the substance by its number of moles.

However, the number of moles of the gas in this question needs to be calculated first using the ideal gas law equation:

PV = nRT

Where;

1.04 × 0.854 = n × 0.0821 × 302

0.888 = 24.79n

n = 0.888/24.79

n = 0.036mol

Molar mass of gas = 3.82g/0.036mol

Molar mass = 106.66g/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of the gas that has a mass of 3.82 g and occupies a volume of 0.854 L is 106.66g/mol.

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Answer:

A covalent bond

Explanation:

the atoms bond by sharing electrons. Covalent bonds usually occur between nonmetals. For example, in water (H2O) each hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) share a pair of electrons to make a molecule of two hydrogen atoms single bonded to a single oxygen atom.

The atom that moves at its rms velocity at 100°C with a wavelength of 2.31 * 10 m is : SULPHUR ( s )

To determine the atom we will have to determine the molar mass of the atom

Applying De Broglie equation

λ = h / mv

Vrms = [tex]\sqrt{\frac{3RT}{M} }[/tex]  ---- ( 1 )

Where : λ  = 2.31 * 10⁻¹¹,  R = 8.314 J / k.mol,  T = 373 K, h = 6.626 * 10⁻³⁴ J.s

From equation ( 1 )

M = ( h² Ua ) / 3RT*λ² --- ( 2 )

where : Ua ( mass of an atom ) = 6.022 * 10²³,  h = 6.626 * 10⁻³⁴,  R = 8.314 J / k.mol, λ  = 2.31 * 10⁻¹¹,    T = 373 K

Insert values into equation ( 2 )

M ( molar mass ) = 32 g/mol

Sulphur has a molar mass of 32 g/mol therefore the atom is sulphur.

Hence we can conclude that The atom that moves at its rms velocity at 100°C with a wavelength of 2.31 * 10 m is : SULPHUR ( s ).

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Answer:

A. Things are measured the same way each time.

Explanation:

Explanation:

CO2 is called as gas because it exist in single thermodynamics state i.e CO exist in gases state only at room temperature.

Let's see

[tex]\\ \rm\rightarrowtail H_2+S=H_2S+Heat[/tex]

So

Observe the equation

it releases heat means it's exothermic

So

The shorthand equation shows us in a glance what happens in the electrochemical reaction. For a lead storage battery, we have; PbSO4(s)/H2O//Pb (s) ,PbO2(s) /H2SO4

An electrochemical reaction is one in which electrical energy is produced from a chemical reaction. The equations in a lead storage battery are;

Anode: Pb (s) + HSO4- → PbSO4(s) + H+ + 2 e-

Cathode: PbO2(s) + HSO4- + 3 H+ + 2 e- → PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O

Overall: Pb (s) + PbO2(s) + 2 HSO4- + 2 H+ → 2 PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O

Hence, the shorthand notation of this reaction is;

PbSO4(s)/H2O//Pb (s) ,PbO2(s) /H2SO4

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The molecular formula of the compound which has a molecular weight of 112.124 atomic mass units is C₆H₈O₂.

Molecular formula of any compound tells about the composition and numbers of each entities present in that molecule.

Steps involved in the prediction of molecular formula:

      Molar mass of C₃H₄O = 3(12) + 4(1) + 16 = 56

        112.124/56 = 2

        Molecular formula = (C₃H₄O)₂ = C₆H₈O₂

Hence correct option is (E).

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From the table showing the data involving the neutralization reaction between HCl and NaOH, the concentration of the HCl solution would be 0.864 M

From the available data:

Volume of acid used = 0.0351 - 0.0131 = 0.022 L

Volume of base used = 0.0575 - 0.0385 = 0.019 L

Concentration of base = 1.00 M

Number of moles of acid and base = 1

Using the equation:                      CaVa/CbVb = Na/Nb = 1

Ca = 1x0.019/0.022 = 0.864 M

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Explanation:

A carbon radical is a reaction intermediate, which is produced during a free-radical reaction. These carbon radicals contain one unpaired electron on a carbon atom. Hence, these radicals are highly reactive in nature.

A free-radical reaction results in the production of a carbon radical as a reaction intermediate.

A radical in chemistry is indeed an atom, molecule, and ion that possesses one least one unpaired electron electron. The term "radical" is sometimes used to refer to a free radical. These unpaired electrons provide radicals, with a few exceptions, a high degree of chemical reactivity. Radicals frequently dimerize on their own. The majority of organic radicals have brief lives.

A free-radical reaction results in the production of a carbon radical as a reaction intermediate. One unpaired electron is present on the carbon atom in these radical forms of carbon. As a result, the nature of these radicals is very reactive.

Therefore, a free-radical reaction results in the production of a carbon radical as a reaction intermediate.

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Answer:

two valence states: trivalent chromium (Cr III) and hexavalent chromium (Cr VI)

hope this helps, i can change it if it doesn't.

This is a microscope.

Hope this clears that up for you.

The partial pressure is the pressure exerted by a single gas in a volume of the mixture. The partial pressure of dihydrogen is 737.5 mmHg.

According to Dalton's law, the sum of partial pressure of non-reacting gases gives the total pressure of the system.

Given,

Total pressure = 755.0 mmHg

The partial pressure of water = 17.5 mmHg

The partial pressure of dihydrogen = ?

The partial pressure of dihydrogen is calculated as:

[tex]\begin{aligned}\rm p_{total} &= \rm p_{H_{2}O} + p_{H_{2}}\\\\755.0 &=\rm 17.5 + p_{H_{2}}\\\\&= 737.5 \;\rm mmHg\end{aligned}[/tex]

Therefore, the partial pressure of dihydrogen is 737.5 mmHg.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The completely balanced reaction of the half-reaction in acidic solution is ; MnO₄⁻ (aq)  + 3e⁻ + 4H⁺ ------>  MnO₂(s)  +  2H₂O(l)

Given data :

The half-reaction in acidic solution

MnO₄⁻ (aq) --> MnO₂(s)

Determine the oxidation number on both sides

Oxidation number of Mn in MnO₄⁻  = +7

Oxidation number of Mn in MnO₂ = +4

First step : Balance the oxidation number

MnO₄⁻ (aq)  + 3e⁻  ------ > MnO₂(s)

Next step : Balance the charge in the reaction

MnO₄⁻ (aq)  + 3e⁻ + 4H⁺ ------>  MnO₂(s)

Final step : Completely balance the half reaction

MnO₄⁻ (aq)  + 3e⁻ + 4H⁺ ------>  MnO₂(s)  +  2H₂O(l)

Hence we can conclude that The completely balanced reaction is :

MnO₄⁻ (aq)  + 3e⁻ + 4H⁺ ------>  MnO₂(s)  +  2H₂O(l)

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Answer:

DNA contains four nitrogen bases: adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine. Adenine and thymine pair, and guanine and cytosine pair.

Explanation:

In combination, nitrogen is found in the rain and soil as ammonia and ammonium salts and in seawater as ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−), and nitrate (NO3−) ions...

The catalyst is recovered unchanged in amount and chemical composition at the end of a reaction. It speeds up only a spontaneous reaction, not a spontaneous one. It is not consumed in a reaction. The correct option is B.

A substance which increases the rate of a reaction without itself undergoing any permanent change chemically or quantitatively is defined as the catalyst and the phenomenon is known as the catalysis. It is believed that a catalyst actually participates in the chemical reaction that it speeds up.

A catalyst does not affect the position of equilibrium of a reversible reaction and thus do not alter its equilibrium constant. This is because it speeds up the forward and backward reactions to the same extent. It shows some specificity in its action.

It does not alter the Gibbs energy.

Thus the correct option is B.

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Explanation:

H2S is the limiting reagent

H2S= 1/8 (least value)

O2= 1/4

B.The potential energy the reactants have stored in molecular bonds

Answer:

Bakelite

Explanation:

At STP

No of moles=13.7mol

Total volume:-

The volume of gas occupied by 13.7 moles at STP is 306.88L.

STP stands for standard temperature and pressure. STP refers to a specific pressure and temperature used to report on the properties of matter.

According to IUPAC( International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), it is defined as -

It is generally needed to test and compare physical and chemical processes where temperature and pressure plays an important role as they keep on varying from one place to another.

One mole of a gas under STP conditions occupies a volume of 22.4L.

Given,

Moles of carbon dioxide gas = 13.7 moles

We know that,

1 mole of a gas occupies 22.4 L of volume at STP.

Thus, 13.7 moles will occupy 13.7 × 22.4 L

                                              = 306.88 L

Therefore, the volume of gas occupied at STP is 306.88L.

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If an athlete has X joules of mechanical energy at the top of the hill, he will have the same X amount of energy at the bottom of the hill.

Mechanical energy is the addition of kinetic and potential energy. It can be either kinetic or potential energy.

It is the energy possessed by the position or the motion of the body.

It is the energy present to perform any work.

So, the athlete will have X joule of energy at the top and bottom of the hill.

Thus, the correct option is a, X joules.

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Answer:

X Joules

Explanation:

 The coefficient tells you how many molecules of that substance there is. 

Explanation:

A water fall falls and hits the base with force depending on the distance from which it fell.This force is caused by gravity pulling the water molecule as well as some other particles like eroded soil rapidly downwards.

Given the following equation; Cu + 2AgNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag, 48.97 grams of Cu are needed to react with 262g of AgNO3.

The mass of a substance can be calculated using the following steps:

Cu + 2AgNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

1 mole of Cu react with 2 moles of AgNO3

moles of AgNO3 = 262g/169.87g/mol = 1.54mol

1.54 moles of AgNO3 will react with 0.77 moles of Cu.

mass of Cu = 0.77 × 63.5 = 48.97g

Therefore, given the following equation; Cu + 2AgNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag, 48.97 grams of Cu are needed to react with 262g of AgNO3.

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Answer:

The reaction between zinc sulphide and oxygen gives zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide. The chemical equation of the reaction is: 2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 2 moles of ZnS react with 3 moles of O2 to form 2 moles of ZnO and 2 moles of SO2

Explanation:

Answer:

Three principal theories about acid-base are,

1. Arrhenius theory

2. Bronsted-Lowry theory

3. Lux-Flood definition

4. Lewis theory

5. Usanovich definition

1. According to the Arrhenius, acids give up hydrogen ion in aqueous medium and a base give up hydroxyl ion in its aqueous medium. Examples are aqueous solution of HCl, CH3COOH, PhCOOH, and H2SO4. These give up H+ in an aqueous medium. Aqueous solutions of NaOH, Ca (OH)2 are Arrhenius bases.

Arrhenius theory has some limitations. This theory cannot explain the acidic nature of BF3 or basic behavior of NH3. This theory fails to give any explanation about acidity and basicity which does not produce H+ and OH- in their aqueous solutions.

2. According to the Bronsted-Lowry, an acid releases proton and a base accepts proton. NH3 accepts proton and forms ammonium ion, so ammonia acts as a base.

But this theory also has limitations. According to this theory acidic behavior of BF3 still cannot be explained.

3. Lux-Flood describes the acid-base theories based on oxide ion transformation. It gives clear explanation for acid-bases theories of non-protonic system. According to them, a base will donate the oxygen atom and an acid will accept oxygen atom.

4. According to the Lewis theory, acids are those substances which accept electron pair and base are those substances which donates electron pairs. Lewis theory can explain the acidic nature of BF3. In BF3, B is two electrons short to fulfil its octet. So it can accept a pair of electrons from an electron donating substituent. So it is an electron pair acceptor compound and acts as an acid.

Substances which have π electrons can donate electron pair to an electron deficient substance and acts as a base. Ethylene and acetylene is Lewis bases. AlCl3, PCl3 are Lewis acids.

5. According Usanovich, an acid is some chemical species which would react with bases and yields cations or accepts anions or electrons. A base is some chemical species which would react with acids, yield anions or electrons or combine with cations.

Explanation:

Answer:

I recently answered this question. The response I submitted is included below. I beleive my answer should be correct.

Explanation:

Question 1:

C: 48.38g(1mol/12g) = 4.0317 

H: 8.12g(1mol/1.01g) = 8.12

O: 53.5g(1mol/16g) = 3.34375

Divide by the smallest amount (3.34375)

C = 4.0317/3.34375 = 1.206 = 1

H = 8.12/3.34375 = 2.42 = 2

O = 3.34375/3.34375 = 1

Empirical formula = CH2O

Question 2:

Molecular formula = n(empirical formula)

n = molar mass (compound)/molar mass (empirical)

Empirical formula: CH2O

Molar mass of CH2O = 12 + 2x1 + 16 = 30 g/mol

Molar mass of compound: 180.15 g/mol

[tex]n=\frac{180.15g/mol}{30g/mol}= 6[/tex]

Molecular formula = C6H12O6

Answer:

This is a pretty straightforward example of how an ideal gas law problem looks like.

Your strategy here will be to use the ideal gas law to find the pressure of the gas, but not before making sure that the units given to you match those used by the universal gas constant.

So, the ideal gas law equation looks like this

∣

∣

∣

∣

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

a

a

P

V

=

n

R

T

a

a

∣

∣

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

Here you have

P

- the pressure of the gas

V

- the volume it occupies

n

- the number of moles of gas

R

- the universal gas constant, usually given as

0.0821

atm

⋅

L

mol

⋅

K

T

- the absolute temperature of the gas

Take a look at the units given to you for the volume and temperature of the gas and compare them with the ones used in the expression of

R

.

a

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Need

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Have

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Liters, L

a

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Liters, L

a

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√

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Kelvin, K

a

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Celsius,

∘

C

a

a

a

a

a

a

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a

a

×

Notice that the temperature of the gas must be expressed in Kelvin in order to work, so make sure that you convert it before plugging it into the ideal gas law equation

∣

∣

∣

∣

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

a

a

T

[

K

]

=

t

[

∘

C

]

+

273.15

a

a

∣

∣

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

Rearrange the ideal gas law equation to solve for

P

P

V

=

n

R

T

⇒

P

=

n

R

T

V

Plug in your values to find

P

=

0.325

moles

⋅

0.0821

atm

⋅

L

mol

⋅

K

⋅

(

35

+

273.15

)

K

4.08

L

P

=

∣

∣

∣

∣

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

a

a

2.0 atm

a

a

∣

∣

−−−−−−−−−−−

The answer is rounded to two sig figs, the number of sig figs you have for the temperature of the gas.

Answer:

[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf P = 1.68 \ atm}[/tex]

Explanation:

Given:

Moles = n = 0.6 mol

Volume = v = 9.13 L

Temperature = T = 38 °C + 273 = 311 K

Gas constant = R = 0.08206 L atm K⁻¹ mol⁻¹

Required:

Pressure = P = ?

Formula:

Pv = nRT

Solution:

Rearranging formula

[tex]\displaystyle P = \frac{nRT}{v} \\\\P = \frac{(0.6)(0.08206)(311)}{9.13} \\\\P = \frac{15.3}{9.13} \\\\P = 1.68 \ atm\\\\\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]