Gross primary productivity is the total amount of organic matter that producers synthesize in the course of photosynthesis per unit of time and per unit of space (GPP).
In tropical regions, primary productivity is high and consistent throughout the year, but it is constrained by a cold temperature and a short growing season in temperate regions.
The tropics have the most sunlight, whilst the poles have the least. Due to this, net primary production (NPP) is highest in the tropics (>20 t ha 1 year) as opposed to the average (8 t ha 1 year) in temperate forests.
The synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide is referred to as primary production in ecology.
Water for which productivity is to be assessed is confined in sealed white and dark bottles. Primary productivity can be measured from the amount of oxygen utilized by a volume of water in a defined amount of time (bottle painted dark so light would not enter).
Primary production, the lowest trophic level, provides vital nutrients and energy to higher trophic levels and higher organisms because it is the lowest trophic level.
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Cilia and flagella move...
A) In opposite directions of the cell membrane
B) When the bending of microtubules is powered by ATP
C) In the same direction of the cell membrane
D) When the contractions of the basal body triplets are powered by ATP
E)When the central pair of microtubules produce ATP
Answer:
A in opposite direction of the membrane
The estimated percentage of cancers that are due to poor diet and lifestyle habits is approximately Group of answer choices3/41/21/31/4
Solution:
A large body of literature indicates that 30% to 40% of all cancer cases are related to poor dietary or lifestyle habits.
That is equivalent to 1/3.
So that the correct answer is:
1/3
what characterizes all ecdysozoans? ecdysozoans reproduce clonally (asexually). ecdysozoans grow by molting. ecdysozoans are sessile (don't move) in the adult stage. ecdysozoans practice suspension feeding.
All ecdysozoans grow by molting. This characteristic applies to all ecdysozoans.
The epidermis then secretes a new exoskeleton, which is soft until the remnants of the old cuticle that was laying on top are shed during ecdysis. The fresh cuticle then grows and becomes harder. Only because ecdysozoans are adept at molting does this procedure in nature appear to be straightforward.
What are some features of ecdysozoans?
Ecdysozoans are most known for their cuticle, a thick yet flexible exoskeleton that shields these creatures from predators, water loss, and other elements of their environment. As they develop, every member of this superphylum molts or sheds its cuticle on occasion.
Therefore, All ecdysozoans grow by molting.
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Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a ____________ backbone attached to three fatty acids.
Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids.
In the field of science, triglycerides can be described as a type of lipids that help in generating energy for the body.
As the name suggests, the structure of triglycerides is in the form of a triester. This triester comprises of three fatty acid molecules and a backbone that is made from glycerol.
Although triglycerides are used to derive energy however higher levels of triglycerides can be toxic to your body.
Triglycerides car most commonly found in food as well as in the body of an individual.
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which correctly describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? group of answer choices photosynthesis only occurs in plants and respiration only occurs in animals. atp molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration. respiration stores energy in energy-rich, carbon-based molecules, while photosynthesis releases energy from energy-rich carbon-based molecules. photosynthesis stores energy in energy-rich, carbon-based molecules, while respiration releases energy from energy-rich carbon-based molecules. both photosynthesis and respiration consume more atp than they produce.
Water and carbon dioxide are changed into oxygen and glucose during photosynthesis. The plant consumes glucose and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Oxygen and glucose are transformed into water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration.
By-products of the process include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, which is turned into energy. Which of the following best describes how respiration and photosynthesis interact?
The response is (B) While respiration releases energy, photosynthesis stores it in sophisticated organic molecules.
Cellular respiration transforms light energy into heat energy, whereas photosynthesis transforms light energy into chemical energy.
Through a sequence of biological events, both photosynthesis and respiration entail the transformation of energy from one form to another. ATP is used and produced in both processes in membrane-based reactions, and are under the control of enzymes.
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if you allowed your dilution tubes to incubate for 24 hours before plating them, do you think the results of the experiment would be impacted? assume that unlimited resources are present in the tubes. explain your answer.
If you allowed your dilution tubes to incubate for 24 hours before plating them, the results of this experiment would be impacted.
What is incubation?Incubation is the maintenance of uniform temperature and humidity conditions to ensure the growth of microorganisms, especially bacteria.
If there is already an unlimited resource in the tube, the colony-forming units per milliliter will be affected or altered as this creates more favorable conditions for the formation of further colonies.
Even with dilution in performed in a hood and sterile medium, the microbial colony will increase as more microorganisms differentiate and increase in number over the 24 hour interval.
An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbial or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity, and other conditions such as CO2 and oxygen levels in the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for many experimental tasks in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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When heart muscles cells are deprived of oxygen, the heart still pumps for some time. What must the heart cells be able to do?.
Answer:
derive sufficient energy from fermentation
When heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen, they can still continue pumping for a short period due to their ability to generate energy through anaerobic metabolism.
The heart cellsHeart muscle cells have the capacity to produce energy through anaerobic metabolism, which allows them to continue pumping for a brief amount of time when oxygen is not present. A limited quantity of energy is produced via anaerobic metabolism, a process that takes place without oxygen and supports temporary cellular processes.
Heart muscle cells predominantly utilise oxygen during aerobic metabolism (when oxygen is present) to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy for cells. Aerobic metabolism, however, cannot be maintained when the oxygen supply is insufficient, such as when a coronary artery suddenly blocks, resulting in a heart attack.
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if the experimental population of e. coli lacks an f factor or f plasmid, and if bacteriophages are excluded from the bacterial cultures, how would beneficial mutations be transmitted horizontally to other e. coli cells?
Beneficial mutations be transmitted horizontally to other e. coli cells by means of transformation.
What is transformation?Bacterial transformation is the transfer of free DNA released from a donor bacterium into the extracellular environment, usually leading to the assimilation and expression of newly acquired traits in the recipient bacterium.
Transformation of bacteria relies on the natural ability of the bacterium to release DNA, which is taken up by another competent bacterium. Successful transformation depends on the competence of the host cell. Competence is the ability of cells to incorporate bare DNA into the transformation process. Intrinsically transformable organisms spontaneously release DNA by late stationary phase autolysis. Some bacteria, including Escherichia coli, have been artificially treated in the laboratory to use chemicals such as calcium, to apply strong electric fields (electroporation), or to apply heat shocks to induce phenotypes. Electroporation or heat shock enhances potency by increasing cell wall permeability and allowing donor DNA entry.To know more about transformation visit:
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how does cleavage differ from normal mitosis? a. the growth phases between divisions are faster. b. there are no growth phases between divisions. c. it occurs faster than normal mitosis. d. it occurs slower than normal mitosis.
Cleavage differs from mitosis by b. there are no growth phases between divisions.
In the field of biology, cleavage can be described as a division by which a zygote or a fertilized egg divides. On the other hand, the process of mitosis occurs in the mature cells of an individual through which the chromosomes divide. The process of cleavage allows the zygote to rapidly divide. The very first of the divisions of the zygite are termed to be cleavage where the process of mitosis keeps on occurring as long as an organism is alive.
The process of mitosis has growth phases such as the interphase. On the other hand, there are no growth phases in the cleavage.
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The hypothalamus sends messages through both the nervous system and the endocrine system. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
The statement the hypothalamus sends messages through both the nervous system and the endocrine system is true.
The hypothalamus can be described as the part of the brain that is actively involved in the maintenance of homeostasis i.e internal conditions of the body.
The hypothalamus is responsible for communicating with the endocrine and nervous systems through the pituitary gland.
The hypothalamus sends messages through the endocrine system releasing hormones. These hormones are sent to the anterior and posterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus sends messages through the nervous system through nerve impulses for the regulation of internal body conditions.
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modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations. what is an example of this kind of adaptation in primates? group of answer choices short digits an expanded reliance on sense of smell a precision grip opposable thumbs
The example of arboreal adaptations which are characteristic to modern primates is: (4) opposable thumbs.
Arboreal adaptations are those that are present in animals that live on the trees. For example, many of the monkeys have great arm strength in order to swing on the trees. Camouflage is also an adaptation in some organisms, like chameleons. Such organisms also have greater balancing ability.
Opposable thumb is an adaptation where the thumb can be moved and rotated very easily and can also be placed behind the fingers of the same hand. This adaptation can be observed in animals like chimpanzees, orangutans, and other variants of apes; certain frogs, koalas, pandas, etc.
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The element carbon has three natural isotopes: C-12, C-13, and C-14.
Use the periodic table to find the number of protons in a carbon atom.
Then make a drawing to show the nuclei of the three carbon isotopes.
Your drawing should convey the number of protons and neutrons in each of the three different nuclei.
Answer: See Below
Explanation:
1. There are 6 protons in a carbon atom (The # of protons is the same as the atomic number).
2. Attached below. Red circles are protons blue are neutrons.
Understand that the number following the C (12,13,14)
refers to the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom. Proton number does not change only neutrons can.
four of the options apply to fermentation but not to aerobic cellular respiration. find the option that applies to aerobic cellular respiration. group of answer choices does not require oxygen. does not require an electron transport chain. makes a lot of atp from one glucose. provides energy for a sprint. produces atp very fast.
The option makes a lot of atp from one glucose. provides energy for a sprint applies to aerobic respiration.
ATP is the energy currency of the cell. It is produced by metabolism of glucose by three methods namely aerobic, anaerobic and fermentation. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration and fermentation do not require oxygen. Electron Transport Chain or ETC occurs only in aerobic respiration. It is the last step where electrons are transferred.
Anaerobic respiration and fermentation produce two ATP while aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP. All the three forms of respiration can give energy for sprinting, but aerobic respiration is preferred due to high amount of energy.
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Phospholipids are found in a limited number of foods. They consists of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and a compound that contains phosphate. Why are they important in food and in the body?.
A glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and one phosphate group make up phospholipids. This suggests that this molecule may be a phospholipid. Triglycerides are lipids that have three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Why phospholipids are important?A phospholipid is a molecule made composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a modified phosphate group. The phosphate can change by having polar or charged chemical groups added to it.
A glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and one phosphate group make up phospholipids. This suggests that this molecule may be a phospholipid. Triglycerides are lipids that have three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
Triglycerides and phospholipids are made of the three-carbon molecule glycerol. Three fatty acids, one to each of the glycerol's carbons, are present in triglycerides. Two glycerol carbons are used by phospholipids to bind fatty acids, and a third is used to bind a phosphate group.
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Which option best describes the purpose of carbohydrates?
O food to be converted into a source of energy
O protective insulation for nerves
O critical component in muscle tissue
a form of long-term energy storage
the transformation of food into a fuel source.
A is the ideal answer.
Describe carbs.Molecular sugars make up carbohydrates, or carbs. One of the three primary nutrients included in meals and beverages, together with proteins and fats, is carbohydrate.
The body converts carbs to glucose. The primary fuel for your body's cells, tissues, and organs is glucose, also known as blood sugar. The liver and muscles can store glucose for later use or it might be used right away.
Why are carbohydrates necessary?The body receives glucose from carbohydrates, which is then transformed into energy for use during physical activity and maintaining biological functions.
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At 20°c, a cell with ψp of 3 bars is in equilibrium with the surrounding 0. 4m solution of sucrose in an open beaker. What is the molar concentration of sucrose in the cell?.
At 20°c, a cell with ψp of 3 bars is in equilibrium with the surrounding 0. 4m solution of sucrose in an open beaker. The molar concentration of sucrose of the cell is 0.52 M.
Ψ S = -iCRT
R = 0.0831 liter bars/mole K.
i = 1 (for sucrose)
Psi S(surround.)= -(1) x (0.4)x (0.0831) x (273+20)
Ψ S(surround) =−9.74 PsiS(surround) = Psi P + Psi S -9.74 = 3 + Psi S
Ψ S =12.74
Ψ S =iCRT −12.74=−(1)×C×(0.0831)×(273+20) −12.74=−24.34C C = 0.52
The best approach to describe a solution's solute concentration is in terms of molar concentration. The definition of molarity, or M = mol/L, is the total number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution. The mass or moles of solute and the volume of the solution can be converted using molar concentration. The ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solution is known as concentration.
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What I want to know: Why is it phrased "23O2, 16O2," etc.
This involves chemical formulas.
Also, if someone could help with the other question I would appreciate it. I don't understand what it is asking of me. :)
The difference between the macromolecules consumed by Americans and the elemental composition of human body is that these macromolecules provides energy, support and help speed up reactions in them while the elemental composition of human body are used to build proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids to perform their respective functions.
How macromolecules provide support.Macromolecules helps to give structural support to the body system through the proteins in our diet by consumption. They do this by acting either as hormones or carriers to aid metabolic activities.
From the task above, we can see that about 78% of carbon in American bodies are from the consumption of corn. Whereas in France, the percentage of carbon which is found in their body system is not upto 78% but 15%.
It has also been proven practically that the food substances consumed by Americans contains majorly of carbohydrates. Lipids and proteins is in low amounts or quantities, roughly almost the same amount.
Macromolecules such as glucose combines with oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide and ATP in the reaction below:
C6H12O₂ + 6O₂ + 36 ADP+ 36 Pi → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
The pi above means the phosphate group and ADP means adenosine diphosphate.
So therefore, we can deduce that macromolecules are of great importance in the diet system of the Americans as it provides structural support to them.
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If an oak tree has 6 chromosomes in its reproductive cells, then it means that it has 12 chromosomes in its ________cells.
If an oak tree has 6 chromosomes in its reproductive cells, then it means that it has 12 chromosomes in its somatic cells. This is like this because reproductive cells are generated by meiosis, which is a reductional cell division, producing four cells with half of the genetic material of the original cell and different from each other.
in receptor-mediated endocytosis, the ligand-binding domain of the receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. where do the ligand-binding domains end up after endocytosis?
The ligand-binding domains end up facing the inside surface of the vesicle after the endocytosis.
Bringing in macromolecules from the extracellular fluid is done through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This route allows for the internalization of over 20 distinct receptors. Others stay on the surface until a ligand is bound, while certain receptors are continually internalized.
What are ligand-binding domains?
A hydrophobic-binding pocket in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) draws the hormone there. The ligand is trapped inside the hydrophobic environment as a result of the binding of the ligand, which changes the conformation of the LBD.
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Which level of organization is shown in the image?
• cell
• tissue
•organ
•organ system
saliva secretion can be inhibited by pharmaceutical means. drugs such as ssri's, antihypertensives, tricyclic antidepressants, and tobacco smoke can be classified as antisialagogues because of their ability to suppress the action of the salivary glands. in what way might this impair digestion?
(a) "Carbohydrate digestion will slow down because of lack of salivary enzymes." is the way it might impair digestion.
Special enzymes found in saliva aid in the digestion of the carbohydrates in diet. Starches, or complex carbs, are broken down into sugars by an enzyme called amylase so that your body may more easily absorb them. Lingual lipase is another enzyme found in saliva that helps to break down lipids.
Food digestion starts in the mouth with the aid of salivary enzymes. The salivary amylase, lingual lipase, and ptyalin start the digestion of fat and starch in the mouth. Salivary amylase converts carbohydrates into their constituent sugars. Therefore, a deficiency of salivary enzymes is caused by a reduction in salivary output.
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Question correction:
Saliva secretion can be inhibited by pharmaceutical means. Drugs such as SSRI’s, antihypertensives, tricyclic antidepressants, and tobacco smoke can be classified as antisialagogues because of their ability to suppress the action of the salivary glands. In what way might this impair digestion?
a. Carbohydrate digestion will slow down because of lack of salivary enzymes.
b. Protein digestion will slow down because of lack of pepsinogen.
c. Fat digestion will slow down because of lack of bile.
d. None of the above. Saliva plays no role in digestion.
24. assume independent assortment and start with a plant that is dihybrid a/a;b/b: a. what phenotypic ratio is produced from selfing it? b. what genotypic ratio is produced from selfing it? c. what phenotypic ratio is produced from testcross- ing it? d. what genotypic ratio is produced from testcrossing it?
A. The phenotypic ratio is produced by selfing it:
9: A/_; B/_3: A/_; bb3: aa; B_1: aa; bbB. The genotypic ratio from selfing it:
1: Aa; Bb1: Aa; bb1: aa; Bb1: aa; bbC. The phenotypic ratio for a test cross is 1:1:1:1.
D. Test matings with heterozygous individuals should consistently yield a dominant-to-recessive phenotype ratio of approximately 1:1. Here the ratio of both genotype and phenotype is 50:50.
To estimate the genotype-phenotype relationship, calculate the number of Punnett squares for each allele aggregate. Therefore, in this example, we use one Punnett square box for RR and RR and two Punnett square boxes for Rr.
Calculating the Punnett rectangular ratio as 1:2:1 offers the genotypic ratio, giving the genotypic ratio. One obvious way to find out your genotype is to do a genetic test. Companies like 23andMe can do this fairly cheaply these days. But for this to work, scientists must understand the genetic differences that lead to traits.
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Why are watersheds so important to water quality
What does it mean that water has a high heat capacity? Why is it important for life on Earth?
Explanation: The high specific heat of water means that it requires a large amount of heat to raise the temperature of water. This helps the temperature of the environment from becoming too hot or too cold. Also, humans are about 66% water, thus this property of water helps us regulate our body temperature too.
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there are no real boundaries for natural systems. explain how this applies to systems in the human body. explain why scientists establish boundaries for natural systems.
Stabilizing boundaries is an idea to relate that humans can keep the resilience and stability of Ecosystem in mind. If these boundaries are crossed, That would effect environment and lead to drastic or inevitable planetary changes.
The planetary boundaries have a negative effect on other planetary boundary because of Earth environment. Example include, if their is a change in climatic condition ecosystem may be badly effected and may cause difficulty in human interference.
It is considered that smaller the system, the sharper is its boundary. Large systems may have multiple boundaries as they interface with multiple systems.
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Which sentence is the best example of a living thing responding to its environment?
Answer: B
Explanation:
I just did the test and it’s B
How do i transform a table into a histogram
Answer:
Sep 21, 2020
7 key moments in this video
From 00:40
Decide on bin limits
From 01:56
Entering Bin Limits
From 02:21
Generate the frequency table
From 03:13
Review the frequency table
From 05:27
Add Axes titles
From 05:49
How to make the bars in the chart thick
Explanation:
Which exercise is a calisthenic exercise that works the entire body and builds strength in the arms, shoulders, core and legs while working the cardiovascular system?.
Pushups are calisthenic exercise that works on the upper body. legs and core while working with the cardiovascular system.
Calisthenics is a type of strength training that uses gravity and your body's resistance to help you strengthen your muscles and get better at coordination, endurance, and mobility. In point of fact, calisthenics exercises like squats, pushups, lunges, and crunches make up almost all common bodyweight exercises.
Pushups are a popular way to strengthen the upper body and core. A lot of people do pushups as part of their regular exercise routine. Improved cardiovascular health and muscle mass are two of the advantages of doing pushups every day. One form of strength-building exercise is pushups.
Strengthening your upper body with traditional pushups is beneficial. They work the shoulders, triceps, and pectoral muscles. By engaging (pulling in) the abdominal muscles, they can also strengthen the lower back and core when done correctly. Pushups are a quick and efficient strength-building exercise. They don't require any equipment and can be done almost anywhere.
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In a cell undergoing meiosis, if synaptonemal complexes form or are still present, what process or processes have occurred?.
The synaptonemal complex , which mediates the pairing of homologous chromosomes,the critical significance in chromosome synapsis and genetic recombination, its exact molecular activity is still unknown.
When during meiosis do Synaptonemal complexes form or are still present?
Nuclear division occurs twice during meiosis, producing four nuclei and typically four daughter cells, each of which has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.The first divides homologs, whereas the second divides chromatids into individual chromosomes, much like mitosis. When chromosomes of the same type are paired together during meiosis, a biological event called crossing over takes place.Parts of the chromosome can be exchanged when two chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father, line up.The same genes may be present on the two chromosomes in different versions. During meiotic prophase, the synaptonemal complex (SC), a highly organized proteinaceous structure, forms at the junction of aligned homologous chromosomes.It has been shown that the SC has a role in both the stabilization of homolog pairing and the promotion of interhomolog crossovers (COs). By means of homologous recombination, chromosomal fragments are exchanged (crossover creation).When a cell exits pachytene and during the diplotene stage, the SC disassembles and homologous chromosomal arms separate. Meiosis increases genetic diversityEach gamete has a unique DNA set because of recombination and independent assortment during meiosis.The resultant zygote has a special set of genes as a result. The single option that does not take place during mitosis is crossing across.Crossing over includes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and takes place during prophase I of meiosis.Tetrad formation is necessary for this, which does not take place during mitosis. New allele combinations are created in the progeny by recombination during meiosis.Starting at the "four-strand" stage, one homologous pair of chromosomes is shown.In a chromatid, each line represents a duplex DNA moleculeTo learn more about meiosis refer
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what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium? researchers studying a small milkweed population note that some plants produce a toxin and other plants do not. they identify the gene responsible for toxin production. one allele (t1) codes for an enzyme that makes the toxin, and another allele (t2) codes for a nonfunctional enzyme that cannot produce the toxin. heterozygotes produce an intermediate amount of toxin. the allele frequency of t1 is determined to be 0.6 and the allele frequency of t2 is 0.4. what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium? 0.5 0.48 0.65 0.25
If a population has two alleles at a locus and the allele frequencies are p and q, then the genotype frequencies are p2, 2pq, and q2.
0.48 is the expected frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium.
What are the expected frequencies for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?If a population has two alleles at a locus and the allele frequencies are p and q, then the genotype frequencies are p2, 2pq, and q2. Once a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency distribution does not change from generation to generation.In populations that are not evolving, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is used to estimate the number of homozygous and heterozygosity terozygous variant carriers based on allele frequency. Expected (Hexp = 2pq) for a 2-allele system as a function of allele frequency, p. It is worth noting that heterozygosity peaks at 0.5 when the allele frequencies are equal (p=q).
H exp = 2pq = 2 x .4 x .6 =0.48.
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