The number of engaged muscle fibers and the frequency of brain input to the muscle fibers determine how much tension is generated during a muscular contraction.
What is role of muscle fibers in muscle contraction?Muscle fibers' main function is to regulate the forces that travel through the body.
When shifting from a seated to a standing posture, the quadriceps and gluteus maximus shorten to assist the body resist gravity.
Similar activities can be used to generate force to move a resistance.
The nervous system alters both motor unit recruitment and rate coding to regulate muscular force over the majority of a muscle's operational range.
Therefore, muscle fibers properties affect the muscle's tension or force production.
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Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Cellular Respiration and photosynthesis can be thought of as opposite processes. Energy
flows in opposite directions in the two processes.
Complete the table using the phrases listed below:
Green plant cells
CO,+H,O+ATP
Mitochondria
What Is Its purpose?
What type of cells do this?
What organelle in the cell
does this?
Reactants
Products
2. Which process:
Chloroplast
Glucose + O₂
Capture & Store energy
CO₂ + H₂O + light
1. Write the equation for each process:
a. Photosynthesis:
b. Respiration:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
3. What type of energy:
a. Releases energy for the cell?
b. Stores energy for the cell?
Release energy from food
All cells
Glucose + O₂
RESPIRATION
a. Is used to make food during photosynthesis?
b. Is made during respiration?
4. How do the products of photosynthesis compare to the reactants of respiration?
1) Oxidative phosphorylation, which produces ATP using the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat, is the traditional function of mitochondria. For the majority of biochemical and physiological processes, including growth, mobility, and equilibrium, ATP is used as the main energy source in turn. Almost every eukaryotic organism, including plants and animals, has mitochondria in its cells.
2) a) Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
b) Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
3) a) Mitochondria Release energy for the cell.
b) carbon dioxide and water Is made during respiration.
4) Water and carbon dioxide are changed into oxygen and glucose during photosynthesis. The plant consumes glucose and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Oxygen and glucose are transformed into water and carbon dioxide during cellular respiration. By-products of the process include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, which are turned into energy.
The main purpose of photosynthesis is to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is then stored for later use. This mechanism primarily provides energy to the planet's life systems. The C3, C4, and CAM pathways are the three basic categories of photosynthetic pathways. They all use the Calvin cycle to convert CO2 into sugars, but each pathway does so in a somewhat different way.
Chloroplasts, which house the chlorophyll in plants, are where photosynthesis occurs. The thylakoid membrane, a third inner membrane that creates long folds inside the chloroplast and is bordered by a double membrane, is present inside chloroplasts.
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The pattern of divisions that produces cells of the C. elegans intestine is always the same. Is the number of divisions that gives rise to a mature cell always the same?
The hermaphroditic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has a mapped somatic lineage that is mostly invariant, yet during larval and adult stages, germ cells continuously multiply in a stem cell niche.
Early embryonic cell divisions happen quickly and don't have G1 or G2 phases. The G1 phase only appears late in embryogenesis in a small proportion of actively dividing cells, according to the existing evidence, and it is first noticed at gastrulation.
Different DNA replication rates, which are partly explained by the variable activation of the DNA-replication checkpoint, result in differences in the time of early embryonic cell cycles between lineages.
The formation of post-embryonic cell lineages is closely controlled, with cycles of cell division starting and ending at particular times during larval development. Although changes to the heterochronic pathway, which controls the sequence of larval programs, might indirectly change the time of cell divisions, the extrinsic or intrinsic cues that regulate the timing of initial cell-cycle entry remain unknown.
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Explain why "editing" is an appropriate metaphor for how natural selection acts on a population's heritable variation.
The term editor is a metaphor for natural selection because natural selection edits the naturally occurring heritable variation by favoring one genotype over another. It causes a change in population gene frequencies because it chooses those who will live and pass on their genes to the next generation.
What do you mean by natural selection?
In natural selection, those variations in the genotype (the entire complex of genes inherited from both parents) that increase the organism's chances of survival and reproduction are preserved and multiplied from generation to generation at the expense of less advantageous variations. Evolution often occurs as a result of this process. Natural selection can arise from differences in survival, fecundity, developmental rate, mating success, or any other aspect of the life cycle. All these differences lead to natural selection to the extent that they affect the number of offspring an organism leaves behind.To learn more about natural selection, refer to:
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The four essential elements for life are _______. a. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen b. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and iron c. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and magnesium d. iron, nitrogen, oxygen and magnesium
Answer:
I think its A
Explanation:
how is dna in a prokaryote different from the dna in a eukaryote
Prokaryotic cells are distinct from eukaryotic cells because they are a more primitive type of cell while eukaryotic cells are complex cells with clearly defined organelles.
The DNA of eukaryotes found in the nucleus of the cell , also the other organelles like chloroplast and mitochondria also have nucleus.where as the DNA of prokaryotes are present in cytoplasm and not found inside the organelles.The DNA of eukaryotes are linear with two ends where as the DNA of prokaryotes are circular.The DNA of eukaryotes contains more than one genome where as the DNA of prokaryotes contain only one genome.The DNA of eukaryotes organized into many chromosomes while the DNA of prokaryotes organized into only one chromosomes.The DNA of eukaryotes are packed into histones while the DNA of prokaryotes are not packed into histones.The DNA replication in eukaryotes is slow while the DNA replication in prokaryotes is rapid There is DNA of eukaryotes are different from the DNA of prokaryotes because of complexity of organism.
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(b) T . angustifolia does not grow in salt marshes. Does this appear to be due to salinity or competition? Explain your answer.
An experiment on S. patens and T. angustifolia demonstrates how salinity and competition impact plant dispersal in an estuary.
According to observations made on the ground, Typha angustifolia, or cattail, predominates in freshwater marshes, whereas Spartina patens, or salt marsh hay, is the main plant in salt marshes.S. patens are frequently absent from wild freshwater wetlands because it may flourish at zero salinity in experimental freshwater marshes without competing neighbors but has lower biomass in the presence of neighbors.T. angustifolia cannot grow in naturally occurring salt marshes due to salinity, and it also cannot grow in artificial salt marshes even in the absence of competing species. In a greenhouse with higher saline levels, it cannot grow.Learn more about the halophytes with the help of the given link:
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What are some of the differences in microclimate be tween an unplanted agricultural field and a nearby stream corridor with trees?
A microclimate is a collection of climatic patterns that have been identified in specific localized regions of the earth's surface. It can also be very fine localized patterns of climatic conditions that are determined on a smaller scale, and it includes abiotic elements like temperature, windspeed, sunlight, and moisture.
In an agricultural field, soil characteristics, rainfall, vegetation, land usage, and water retention all affect the microclimate. The microclimate in an agricultural field is determined by the growth of the flora, the amount of precipitation, and the landscape's characteristics, such as warmth or cold, dryness or wetness.The microclimates along stream corridors with trees are moist and shaded. Trees shield the environment from the sun's heat, keeping it cooler. Additionally, it decreases the temperature of the area by draining moisture from their leaves and branches and cooling the air.This is because microclimates play a significant role in the local interactions between abiotic factors and are influenced by seasonal and day-night conditions. As a result, the nearby stream corridor with trees has a lower temperature and is more shaded than the agricultural field without vegetation.Learn more about the Microclimate with the help of the given link:
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Why would a scientist want to stain a specimen before observing it with a compound light microscope?.
Answer:
to get a better look at it
Explanation:
Which three functional groups are part of the basic structure of every amino acid?.
R group, Amino Acid Group, and Carboxyl Group are the three functional group which are the part of every amino acid.
Amino Acid- Small chemicals known as amino acids serve as the foundation for proteins. Proteins carry out several crucial chemical processes as well as providing structural support for the cell. 20 distinct smaller, simpler amino acid combinations make up the molecules that make up each protein.
Protein- Large, intricate molecules known as proteins serve a variety of vital functions in the body. They are crucial for the construction, operation, and control of the body's tissues and organs and carry out the majority of their job inside cells.
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necrosis is characterized by the ghostly outline of cells that have died in place, their architecture preserved.
Necrosis which is characterized by the ghostly outline of cells that have died in place, their architecture preserved is known as Coagulative necrosis.
What is Necrosis?Necrosis may be defined as the property that significantly involves the sudden and rapid death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to a specific injury, disease, or negligence of the blood supply.
In coagulative necrosis, the accidental death of cells is primarily caused or provoked by infarction or ischemia. This type of necrosis involves the preservation of architectural dead tissues for at least two or more days.
Therefore, coagulative necrosis is a type of necrosis that is characterized by the ghostly outline of cells that have died in place, their architecture preserved.
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a new mutation arises in the intron of a gene in a somatic cell. this mutation contributes to in the population by individuals in the next generation.
A somatic mutation contributes to variation in the population it will not be inherited by individuals in the next generation.
What is a neutral mutation?A neutral mutation is any mutation that does not affect the fitness of an organism and they are generally found in non-coding genome regions instead of protein-coding regions.
Nonetheless, it is important to highlight that a mutation in an intron may also have evolutionary significance if it has regulatory roles associated with gene expression.
In conclusion, a new mutation arises in the intron of a gene in a somatic cell, thereby this mutation contributes to variation in the population it will not be inherited by individuals in the next generation.
Complete question:
Fill in the blank. A new mutation arises in the intron of a gene in a somatic cell. This mutation contributes to _____ in the population _____ by individuals in the next generation.
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What structural feature of the small intestine makes it better suited for absorption of nutrients than the stomach?
Compared to the stomach, the small intestine has a substantially larger surface area.
The lining of the small intestinal mucosa is exceptionally skilled at maximizing digestion and absorption of nutrients. Villi are little finger-like projections formed from the tightly folded lining that increase the surface area to help with absorption. The lining is also the site of specialized cell populations that produce substances that promote digestion as well as hormones that assist in regulating the coordination of the digestive processes of the pancreas, gallbladder, and intestine.Learn more about the human digestive system with the help of the given link:
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Transgenic plants are generally different from traditional hybrid plants produced hundreds of years ago, because transgenic plants may?
Transgenic plants are generally different from traditional hybrid plants produced hundreds of years ago, because transgenic plants may contain genes from animals or bacteria
What are transgenic plants give example?Transgenic plants are those created by inserting foreign DNA into a cell and then growing a plant from that cell. Transgenic plants include, among others, maize, rice, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflowers, potatoes, and tomatoes. The first transgenic plants with antibiotic resistance, Nicotiana tabacum, were created in tobacco factories in 1982. Traditional hybrid plants created hundreds of years ago are generally distinct from transgenic plants since transgenic plants may incorporate DNA from animals or microbes.The most popular bacteria for GM plants is known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The desired gene is introduced into the bacterium, and the bacterial cells then introduce the new DNA into the plant cells' genome. The successfully incorporated plant cells are then cultivated to produce a new plant.To learn more about Transgenic plants, refer
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________ between amide protons and carbonyl oxygens is necessary to stabilize a regular folding of protein secondary structure.
Hydrogen bonds between amide protons and carbonyl oxygens is necessary to stabilize a regular folding of protein secondary structure.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and each one has a specific role to play in the complex three-dimensional structure of these biomolecules. One of the key interactions that helps to stabilize protein structure is the hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen bonds between the amide protons and carbonyl oxygens are essential for proper folding of protein secondary structure. These weak bonds help to keep the protein backbone in place, and without them, the protein would simply collapse.
While other interactions, such as hydrophobic interactions, also play a role in protein stabilization, the hydrogen bond is essential for proper protein folding. Without it, proteins would simply be a jumble of amino acids, unable to perform their many vital functions in the cell.
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an ion channel in a cell membrane is an example of (select all that that apply) an atpase molecule a phospholipid bilayer an integral membrane protein a transmembrane protein
According to the research, the correct option is an integral membrane protein. An ion channel in a cell membrane is an example of an integral membrane protein.
What is an ion channel?They are integral membrane proteins that act as existing pores in the cell membrane through which ions circulate through the impermeable lipid cell membrane, selectively and in favor of a gradient.
In this sense, these channels made with integral proteins can be ligand-dependent or voltage-dependent, depending on whether their opening is determined by ligand binding or voltage changes.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is an integral membrane protein. An ion channel in a cell membrane is an example of an integral membrane protein.
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In what ways does a methyl group differ chemically from the other six important chemical groups shown in Figure 4.9 ?
The methyl group is different as it is not reactive and is nonpolar. The remaining six groups, referred to as functional groups, can take part in chemical processes. These functional groups, with the exception of the sulfhydryl group, are hydrophilic, increasing the solubility of organic molecules in water.
What is methyl group?In organic chemistry, the methyl group is an alkyl produced from methane that has the chemical formula CH3, one carbon atom bound to three hydrogen atoms. The group's name is frequently shortened to Me in formulas. In numerous organic molecules, this hydrocarbon group can be found. In the majority of compounds, it is a very stable group.
Methyl groups, which have a core carbon atom linked to three hydrogen atoms, are very stable. Even in the presence of extremely potent acids or bases, the functional group itself is often non-reactive.
In conclusion, in methyl group is different as it is not reactive and is nonpolar. The remaining six groups, referred to as functional groups, can take part in chemical processes.
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Identify the theme or themes exemplified by
(c) A hummingbird using sugar to power its flight.
The theme behind the use of sugar to power its flight is the transfer and transformation of energy and matter is required for life.
Explain a humming bird.
Hummingbird metabolism is a marvel of evolutionary engineering. These tiny birds can power all of their energetic soaring flight by burning the sugar contained in the floral nectar of their diet.Hummingbirds need an incredible amount of energy to flap their wings 50 times or more per second to maintain hovering flight. In fact, if a hummingbird were the size of a human, it would use up energy more than 10 times faster than an Olympic marathon runner. They can do this by burning only the last sugar ingested in the muscles while avoiding the energy tax of the first conversion of sugar to fat.To learn more about humming bird, refer to:
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Suppose the geese following Lorenz were bred to each other. How might their imprinting on Lorenz affect their offspring? Explain.
Imprinting takes place at a 'critical period'; if imprinting does not take place in time, the goslings do not attach themselves to a mother figure.
What was Konrad Lorenz's take on imprinting?Imprinting, initially described by naturalist Konrad Lorenz in the 1930s, happens when an animal creates a connection to the first item it sees after hatching. Lorenz noticed that newly hatched goslings would flock to the first moving item they encountered, which was frequently Lorenz himself.
Despite being of a different species, Lorenz was able to persuade geese to imprint on him as their mother. Lorenz studied imprinting by observing animals in their natural surroundings. He also used the technique of empathising with animals.
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How much of 0.5 m glucose (molecular mass 180 ) is needed to provide 100 mg of glucose? a. 1.11 ml
b. 0.11 ml
c. 100 ml
d. 10 ml
Taking into account the definition of molarity and molar mass, the correct answer is option a: 1.11 mL of 0.5 M glucose (molecular mass 180) is needed to provide 100 mg of glucose.
Definition of molarityMolarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution and indicates the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a given volume.
The molarity of a solution is calculated by :
molarity= mass÷ volume
Molarity is expressed in units moles/L.
Definition of molar massThe molar mass of substance is a property defined as the amount of mass that a substance contains in one mole.
Volume in this caseIn this case, you have:
Molarity of the solution= 0.5 Mmass= 100 mg= 0.1 g (being 1 mg= 0.001 g)molar mass of glucose= 180 g/molYou can apply the following rule of three: If by definition of molar mass 180 grams of glucose are contained in 1 mole, 0.1 grams of glucose are contained in how many moles?
amount of moles= (0.1 grams× 1 mole)÷ 180 grams
amount of moles= 5.556×10⁻⁴ moles
Noe, replacing in the definition of molarity:
0.5 M= 5.556×10⁻⁴ moles÷ volume
Solving:
0.5 M× volume= 5.556×10⁻⁴ moles
volume= 5.556×10⁻⁴ moles ÷0.5 M
volume=1.11×10⁻³ L= 1.11 mL (being 1 L= 1000 mL)
Finally, the correct answer is option a: 1.11 mL of 0.5 M glucose (molecular mass 180) is needed to provide 100 mg of glucose.
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(a) Calculate the ratio of urine osmolarity to blood osmolarity for mice with unlimited access to water.
TheThe ratio of urine osmolarity and blood osmolarity would be 1.4 .
Why is osmolarity is important?The concentration of particles is higher when there is less water in your blood. When you are dehydrated ,your blood's osmolarity rises, and when there is too much fluid in your system, it fails. Osmolarity is managed in a special way by your body your body produces antidiuretic hormone in response to rising osmolarity.
Osmolarity of urine will be 4550 mosmol/kgH2O and the osmolarity of blood would be 325 mosmol/kgH2O so the ratio will be 1.4
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It is difficult for molecules to pass through the phospholipid bilayer because.
It is difficult for molecules to pass through the phospholipid bilayer because like attracts like. The polar molecules are not able to enter the membrane due to attraction between polar molecules outside the membrane. Likewise, the non-polar molecules are not able to cross the membrane after entering. Therefore, no molecules can cross the membrane.
Phospholipid bilayer is the membrane composed of two layers of lipids surrounding the cell. The polar heads of the lipids are placed on the outer side, whereas the non-polar hydrophobic tails are all placed inside, away from the solvent molecules.
Polar molecules are those that have a positive charge at one end while negative on the other. For example HF is a polar molecule with H being slightly positive and F being slightly negative.
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What is a difference between week 1 and week 3 of the moon’s cycle?(1 point) Week 1 starts with a new moon, while week 3 starts with a quarter moon. Week 1 starts with a new moon, while week 3 starts with a quarter moon. Week 1 starts with a new moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon. Week 1 starts with a new moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon. Week 1 starts with a full moon, while week 3 starts with a new moon. Week 1 starts with a full moon, while week 3 starts with a new moon. Week 1 starts with a quarter moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon.
Week 1 starts with a quarter moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon.
What is the Lunar cycle?The Lunar cycle refers to the processes that the moon passes through every month. The duration of the lunar month is about twenty nine and half days. The phases in the Lunar cycle are; new Moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full Moon, waning gibbous, third quarter and waning crescent.
Now we know that there is a calendar that is based on the Lunar cycle and this is called the Lunar calendar. There are thirteen months of the Lunar year.
In effect, the difference between the first and the third weeks of the Lunar cycle is that; Week 1 starts with a quarter moon, while week 3 starts with a full moon.
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Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called _____.
Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called inclusions .
Inclusions are stored nutrients/deutoplasmic substances, secretory products, and pigment granules. Examples of inclusions are glycogen granules in the liver and muscle cells, lipid droplets in fat cells, pigment granules in certain cells of skin and hair, and crystals of various types.
here The inclusion bodies serve as storage vessels. Glycogen is stored as a reserve of carbohydrates and energy.The inclusion is an integral part of the cell's metabolic machinery, it is important in adjusting the environment of the cell, thereby regulating certain metabolic events, or might represent a product of the cell's metabolism.the inclusions are found mostly in the cytoplasm and, to a lesser extent, the nucleus of oligodendrocytes. Inclusions are also observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of some nerve cells and in neuropil threads.to know more about carbohydrates click here
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At what ph level do the gastrin-producing cells stop secreting acid into the stomach?.
which statement does not describe an antibiotic mechanism of action, thus enabling the antibiotic to kill bacteria?
The statement "it prevents the formation of phospholipid bilayer" does not describe an antibiotic mechanism of action capable of enabling the antibiotic to kill bacteria.
What is an antibiotic?An antibiotic is a specific medication drug that hampers the growth of infectious bacteria, thereby being used in therapeutics against these pathogenic microorganisms.
The prevention of the formation of the phospholipid bilayer does not raise a therapeutic strategy to eliminate these infectious agents (i.e. bacteria) in the body in order recover the health state.
Antibiotics act for example by inhibiting the cell wall, altering cellular membranes, or inhibiting the synthesis of either DNA or RNA.
In conclusion, the statement "it prevents the formation of phospholipid bilayer" does not describe an antibiotic mechanism of action capable of enabling the antibiotic to kill bacteria.
Complete question:
Which statement does not describe an antibiotic mechanism of action, thus enabling the antibiotic to kill bacteria?
a. It prevent the formation of phospholipid bilayer
b. Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis.
c. Alteration of Cell Membranes.
d. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
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I am in k12 biology help asp if you know this
Parts of a Scientific Process
(Score for Question 2: ___ of 5 points)
2. What was the role of the water test tube in each phase?
Answer:
Answer:
The water was used for comparison or control
Explanation:
in water we know there are no,macro molecules,just water iodine is pretty dark,but elwhen you put it in the solution it will change. Still stuck.
Describe the types of cells and the nature of the extracellular matrix that compose blood and lymph
Blood cells are the red blood cells, white blood cells, and the cell fragments called as platelets. Around them is an extracellular matrix, that called as Plasma which nearly contains about 92 percent water, which makes the plasma fluid.
The Blood cells. Blood contains many types of the cells: white blood cells (monocytes, the lymphocytes, the neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and the macrophages), the red blood cells (erythrocytes), and the platelets. teh Blood circulates through the body in the arteries and in the veins. Red blood cells, also referred to as the red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, the erythroid cells or the erythrocytes, are the most common type of the blood cell and the vertebrate's principal that means of delivering the oxygen to the body tissues—via the blood flow through the circulatory system
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What is the difference between a mut-driver gene and an epi-driver gene? can driver genes have passenger gene mutations? explain
There are two main types of driver genes: mut-driver genes and epi-driver genes. Mut-driver genes are genes that are mutated in such a way that they cause cancer. Epi-driver genes are genes that are not mutated, but that are overexpressed in cancer cells.
Passenger gene mutations are mutations that are not thought to play a role in causing cancer. However, driver genes can have passenger gene mutations. For example, a driver gene may be mutated in such a way that it causes cancer, but it may also have a passenger gene mutation that does not contribute to the cancer.
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Achondroplasia is a form of human dwarfism. if two individuals with achondroplasia have children with the following ratio, 2 dwarf to 1 wild type, what is the means of inheritance of this phenotype?
Achondroplasia is an inherited conditions that impedes long bones growth resulting in dwarf phenotype. The mode of inheritance is complete dominance, expressing a phenotypic ratio = 3:1.
What is achondroplasia?
Achondroplasia is a congenic condition genetically determined. Individuals expressing this condition do not have normal bone development. They are short in height, with short extremities and macrocephaly.
A mutation in the gene FGFR-3 is responsible for this condition, affecting mainly long bone growth. Normal parents can have a dwarf son or daughter.
The inheritance pattern of this condition is complete dominance, meaning that an autosomal dominant allele is responsible for achondroplasia expression.
If two individuals with achondroplasia have at least one normal child it means that both parents are heterozygous for the trait, and both of them transmitted the recessive allele to the normal child. Let us see,
We will name,
A ⇒ dominant allele ⇒ codes for achondroplasiaa ⇒ recessive allele ⇒ codes for normal bone developmentCross: two individuals with achondroplasia
Parentals) Aa x Aa
Gametes) A a A a
Punnett square) A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
F1) 1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous dominant AA and express achondroplasia
2/4 = 1/2 = 50% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous Aa and express achondroplasia
1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous recessive aa and express the normal phenotype (wild type).
The phentoypic ratio is 3:1.
Now let us talk about the ratios,
4 possible genotypes -------------------- 3 individuals among the progeny
3 dwarf genotypes ------------------------X = (3 x 3) / 4 = 2.25 ≅ 2
1 wild type genotype --------------------- X = (1 x 3) / 4 = 0.75 ≅ 1
The phenotypic ratio of the progeny approximates 3:1.
The phenotypic ratio of 3:1 is typical of complete dominance.
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What does the term phlebotomy actually mean? 1.removal of a vein 2.incision of a vein 3.testing of blood 4.withdrawal of red blood cells
Answer: withdrawal of red blood cells
Explanation: