true or false?
the DSM-5 differentiates between different substance use disorders by using the terms "abuse" and "dependence"

Most people acquire the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) through exposure to infected blood. This can happen via sharing needles or other drug injection equipment, receiving contaminated blood transfusions or organ transplants, and, in some cases, through sexual contact.

HCV, or hepatitis C virus, is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood. This can happen in a variety of ways, such as sharing needles or other equipment for injecting drugs, receiving blood transfusions or organ transplants before screening for HCV was implemented, or being accidentally stuck with a needle that has been used on someone with HCV. Other less common methods of transmission include sharing personal care items such as razors or toothbrushes, mother-to-child transmission during childbirth, and sexual contact with an infected partner. It is important to note that not everyone who acquires HCV will experience symptoms, and the virus can lead to serious liver damage if left untreated. Prevention methods include practicing safe injection practices, using condoms during sexual activity, and avoiding sharing personal care items.

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The answer is d. Ileostomy.

Ileostomies have a higher risk for skin breakdown because the effluent is more liquid and contains more enzymes that can irritate the skin. It is important to keep the skin around the stoma clean and dry, use skin barriers or protective creams, and monitor the stoma and skin regularly for any signs of irritation or infection. Nurses should also educate their clients on proper stoma care and provide them with resources for ongoing support.
d. Ileostomy

A group of nurses on a unit are discussing stoma care for clients who have had a stoma made for fecal diversion. Among the given options, an ileostomy poses the highest risk for skin breakdown. This is because the output from an ileostomy contains digestive enzymes and is more liquid, which can irritate the skin surrounding the stoma.

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D). Has an increased risk for cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer.  People who start smoking in adolescence and continue to smoke into middle age are at an increased risk for cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer.

Smoking also increases the risk for other health problems, including respiratory infections, infertility, and complications during pregnancy. It can also affect mental health, leading to increased stress, anxiety, and depression. Smoking is a highly addictive habit, and quitting can be difficult. However, quitting smoking is one of the best things a person can do for their health. It can improve lung function, reduce the risk for many health problems, and even extend life expectancy.  

Smoking is a major risk factor for various health problems, including heart disease and respiratory issues. Over time, the harmful chemicals in tobacco can damage the heart and blood vessels, leading to cardiopulmonary diseases. Additionally, smoking causes the majority of lung cancer cases and can significantly reduce a person's life expectancy. It is crucial to be aware of these risks and consider quitting smoking to improve overall health and well-being.

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Possible diagnosis: Depression or grief reaction leading to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA).

Explanation: The patient's amenorrhea could be a result of FHA, which is often caused by stress and emotional factors. The patient's loss of her fiancé in a car accident may have triggered depression or grief reaction, leading to the development of FHA. Her history of palpitations and dizziness could also be related to her emotional state. Further evaluation is needed to confirm the diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan. It is important to address the patient's emotional well-being and provide support for her during this difficult time.

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The drug that is a PCSK9 inhibitor is Alirocumab. PCSK9 inhibitors are a type of medication that work to lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in the blood by blocking the action of PCSK9, a protein that reduces the liver's ability to remove LDL from the blood.

Alirocumab is an injectable medication that has been approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for the treatment of high cholesterol in adults. It is typically used in combination with a statin, such as Atorvastatin, or other cholesterol-lowering medications, like Ezetimibe or Fenofibrate, for patients who cannot achieve adequate cholesterol control through diet and exercise alone. Alirocumab is generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, it can have side effects, such as injection site reactions, flu-like symptoms, and allergic reactions. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of Alirocumab or any medication with your healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan for your specific needs.

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If anxiety levels become too high, problem-solving abilities may be severely impaired, as the person may become overwhelmed and unable to think clearly.

Typically, when a person experiences moderate levels of anxiety, they may still be able to problem solve, but their ability to do so is not at its optimal level. This is because moderate anxiety can lead to distractions, difficulty concentrating, and a tendency to focus on negative thoughts rather than rational problem-solving. However, It's important to find ways to manage anxiety levels to optimize problem-solving abilities.

Mild anxiety is comparable to normal stress and worry. Mild anxiety is typical when awaiting news or taking care of a sick loved one. Common signs of mild anxiety include stumbling, sweating, heightened senses, or nervousness. A feeling of unease, anxiety can range from minor to severe. Everybody goes through periods of anxiousness throughout their lives.

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The prefix for biopsy is "bio-," meaning life or living. The combining form is "-opsy," derived from the Greek word "opsia," which means to see or view.

The suffix for biopsy is "-y," which is used to form abstract nouns indicating a state or condition. Biopsy is a medical procedure where a small sample of tissue is removed from the body and examined under a microscope to diagnose or determine the extent of a disease. The prefix and suffix in biopsy provide context for the type of medical procedure being performed and the combining form describes the action of viewing or examining the tissue sample.

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The symptoms you described - right upper quadrant pain, fever, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dark urine, and clay-colored stool - suggest that the 25-year-old male may be experiencing acute cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct.

The right upper quadrant pain can be a result of gallbladder distension and inflammation, while fever may indicate an infection. Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are common symptoms related to gastrointestinal issues. Dark urine and clay-colored stool suggest problems with bile flow, as bile gives stool its brown color and its absence leads to a lighter, clay-like appearance. It's important for the patient to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis, as other conditions may also cause similar symptoms.

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PVC, or premature ventricular contraction, is a type of irregular heartbeat that originates in the lower chambers of the heart, known as the ventricles. It occurs when the heart's electrical system causes the ventricles to contract too soon, disrupting the normal rhythm of the heart.

This can cause the individual to feel a skipped or extra beat, and in some cases, may lead to more serious heart conditions if left untreated. Treatment options for PVC include medications, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, procedures such as catheter ablation.PVCs can occur in people with or without underlying heart disease, and they may not always cause noticeable symptoms. However, when PVCs occur frequently, they can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, and fatigue. In some cases, frequent PVCs can increase the risk of developing more serious heart rhythm problems, such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, which can be life-threatening. Treatment for PVCs may include medications to regulate the heart rhythm, lifestyle modifications, or in some cases, more invasive procedures such as catheter ablation.

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ACSM members provided insights into prevention of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, as well as the rehabilitation of stroke patients and injured athletes.

These insights include exercise prescription, nutrition counseling, and behavioral interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles and improving overall health outcomes. Through research and clinical practice, ACSM members continue to advance our understanding of the complex interactions between physical activity, health, and disease, and help guide the development of evidence-based strategies for disease prevention and rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation for stroke patients may involve physical therapy, speech therapy, and other interventions to help the patient regain function and independence. Similarly, injured athletes may require physical therapy, rehabilitation exercises, and other interventions to help them recover from their injuries and return to their sport.

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If Mrs. Riley has a known severe allergy to latex, then she should use Ezetimibe cautiously. Ezetimibe is a medication used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood. It is typically used in combination with other cholesterol-lowering medications such as statins.

Ezetimibe comes in a tablet form and is usually taken once daily. The tablet may contain latex as part of its coating or packaging, which can cause an allergic reaction in people with a latex allergy.It is essential for patients to inform their healthcare provider of any known allergies before taking any medication. This will help the provider to prescribe the safest and most appropriate medication for the patient's condition.In conclusion, patients with a known latex allergy should use Ezetimibe with caution due to the potential for latex in its coating or packaging. It is crucial for healthcare providers to be aware of the patient's allergy and take appropriate measures to prevent an allergic reaction. Patients should also inform their healthcare provider of any other allergies or sensitivities they may have to ensure safe and effective treatment.

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Based on the presentation of the patient, it is likely that she is suffering from a herniated disc or sciatica.

The low back pain that radiates to the lateral aspect of the left foot is indicative of a nerve root irritation, which is a common symptom of a herniated disc. The positive straight leg raising test further supports this diagnosis as it is a common test used to evaluate the presence of a herniated disc. The inability to tiptoe also indicates nerve involvement, as this motion requires the activation of the calf muscles which are innervated by the sciatic nerve.

Further evaluation and imaging studies such as an MRI may be needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the herniation. Treatment options may include rest, physical therapy, medication, or surgery in severe cases. It is important for the patient to seek medical attention and follow a treatment plan to prevent further damage and alleviate symptoms.

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The increase in cases of ocular syphilis might be considered a positive indication in terms of disease surveillance and public health awareness.

Ocular syphilis is a manifestation of the sexually transmitted infection syphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which can affect the eyes and lead to vision problems or even blindness.

A rise in reported ocular syphilis cases could signify improved disease detection and reporting mechanisms, as well as increased awareness among healthcare providers and patients. This heightened vigilance allows for more accurate tracking of the disease's prevalence, enabling targeted interventions to curb its spread and provide timely treatment for those affected. Moreover, the increase in ocular syphilis cases might indicate better access to healthcare services, which helps individuals get diagnosed and treated earlier. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in preventing complications and reducing the overall burden of the disease.

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The diagnostic workup of a lady with abdominal pain typically includes a thorough medical history and physical exam, along with various imaging and laboratory tests.

The medical history may reveal any underlying medical conditions, such as a history of gastrointestinal problems or reproductive system issues. The physical exam may involve palpating the abdomen to check for tenderness or masses. Imaging tests such as ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs may be ordered to visualize the abdominal organs and identify any abnormalities. Laboratory tests such as blood work and urine tests can also provide important information about the cause of the abdominal pain.

A comprehensive diagnostic workup is crucial for determining the underlying cause of abdominal pain in women. It is important to consult a healthcare provider to properly diagnose and treat any conditions that may be causing the pain.

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SSRIs or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are commonly prescribed medications for treating various mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The therapeutic effect of SSRIs is not immediate and may take several weeks or even months to become noticeable.
Research studies have shown that the therapeutic effect of SSRIs usually begins to manifest after 4 to 6 weeks of regular use. During this time, the medication builds up in the body and gradually alters the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin in the brain. These changes help to regulate mood, reduce anxiety, and alleviate other symptoms associated with mental health conditions.It is important to note that the time taken for SSRIs to reach their therapeutic effect may vary from person to person. Some individuals may experience relief from symptoms sooner, while others may take longer. It is crucial to follow the dosage and timing recommendations of your healthcare provider and to continue taking the medication even if the effects are not immediately apparent.In conclusion, reaching the therapeutic effect of SSRIs can take several weeks, and it is essential to be patient and consistent with the medication regimen to achieve the desired results.

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Sharing humor is a therapeutic communication technique that involves the use of humor to promote relaxation, relieve tension, and improve overall emotional well-being.

This technique is often used by healthcare professionals in a clinical setting to help alleviate patient stress, anxiety, and discomfort. Sharing humor can be effective in breaking down barriers between healthcare professionals and patients, as well as in building rapport and trust. When using sharing humor as a therapeutic communication technique, it is important to remember that humor should always be used in a respectful and appropriate manner. It is essential to avoid humor that is potentially offensive, belittling, or inappropriate. Healthcare professionals should also be mindful of their patients' cultural backgrounds and beliefs, as humor may be interpreted differently across different cultures. In conclusion, sharing humor is a powerful therapeutic communication technique that can have a positive impact on both healthcare professionals and patients. By promoting relaxation, reducing anxiety, and building rapport, sharing humor can help create a positive therapeutic relationship that can enhance the overall quality of care.

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Based on the presented symptoms, the most likely diagnosis for the 25-year-old female with a non-productive cough after experiencing a sore throat and runny nose three weeks ago is acute bronchitis.

This is a common condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes that typically follows a viral upper respiratory infection. It is often associated with coughing, which can be persistent and non-productive. However, other potential diagnoses, such as pneumonia, should be ruled out through proper medical evaluation.

Based on the information provided, a 25-year-old female with a 2-week non-productive cough following a sore throat and runny nose, the most likely diagnosis is post-viral cough. This condition occurs after an upper respiratory infection and can persist for a few weeks as the respiratory system recovers.

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Based on the presented symptoms and the patient's history of heavy smoking, the most likely diagnosis is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that obstructs airflow and is often caused by long-term exposure to cigarette smoke.

Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing, and can be exacerbated by respiratory infections or environmental irritants. Treatment for COPD includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy as needed. It is important for the patient to quit smoking to prevent further damage to the lungs and improve overall respiratory function.

Hi! Based on the information provided, the most likely diagnosis for this 56-year-old female with a history of heavy smoking, shortness of breath, and productive cough lasting for at least 3 months each year in the past 2 years is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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The prefix for Lipocele is "Lipo-", which means fat. The combining form is "-cele", which means hernia or swelling.

The suffix is "-o", which is commonly used to form nouns. Therefore, Lipocele is a medical term that refers to a type of hernia where a sac of fat protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles. This condition is often seen in older adults, obese people, and those who have undergone surgery in the abdominal area. Lipocele can cause pain, discomfort, and a bulge in the affected area. Treatment for Lipocele typically involves surgical repair of the weakened abdominal muscles to prevent the fat from protruding.
In summary, Lipocele is a medical condition characterized by the protrusion of a sac of fat through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles. Its prefix is "Lipo-", the combining form is "-cele", and the suffix is "-o".

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A 45-year-old male presenting with sudden onset of colicky right-sided flank pain radiating to the testicles, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, hematuria, and CVA tenderness is kidney stones, also known as renal calculi or urolithiasis.

Based on the symptoms described, the most likely diagnosis is a kidney stone. The colicky flank pain that radiates to the testicles, along with hematuria and CVA tenderness are all classic symptoms of a kidney stone. Nausea and vomiting are also common accompanying symptoms.

                              Treatment options include pain management, hydration, and possible intervention such as lithotripsy or surgical removal of the stone. These symptoms are common in patients experiencing kidney stones as the stones cause pain and irritation when passing through the urinary tract.

                                         However, further testing such as a CT scan may be needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the size and location of the stone.

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Yes, it is possible to remain objective in establishing a therapeutic relationship with a person who misuses alcohol. It is important for the healthcare provider to maintain a non-judgmental attitude and approach the person with empathy and understanding.

The healthcare provider should focus on helping the person understand the consequences of their substance use and work with them to develop coping strategies and goals for reducing or quitting their substance use. It is also important for the healthcare provider to set boundaries and maintain a professional relationship with the person, while still showing compassion and support.

In a self-assessment with substance use disorders, to assess personal thoughts, feelings, and objectives about substance use, you can remain objective in establishing a therapeutic relationship with a person who misuses alcohol.

Reflect on your own beliefs and values about substance use and separate them from the person you are working with.
Focus on the individual's unique needs, goals, and concerns, without imposing your own opinions.
Maintain empathy and active listening to understand the person's perspective on their substance use.
Encourage open communication and provide a non-judgmental, supportive environment.
Collaborate with the individual to establish therapeutic goals and tailor interventions to their specific situation.

By staying objective, you can foster a therapeutic relationship that promotes positive change in individuals with substance use disorders.

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Answer:

jumping jacks it the answer

Symptoms of chlamydia, a common sexually transmitted infection (STI), may appear within 1-3 weeks after exposure. However, it is important to note that a majority of individuals, about 70-80% of women and 50% of men, may not experience any symptoms at all.

This asymptomatic nature makes chlamydia a significant public health concern, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the infection to their partners. When symptoms do manifest, women may experience abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse, or bleeding between periods. Men may experience penile discharge, testicular pain, or discomfort during urination. If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to more serious health complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis in men. To prevent the spread of chlamydia, it is crucial to practice safe sex by using barrier methods, such as condoms, and engaging in regular STI testing. If diagnosed, both partners should undergo treatment with antibiotics, and avoid sexual activity until the infection has been cleared to minimize the risk of reinfection.

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Three rare methods of HIV transmission include: 1. Oral transmission  2. Needlestick injuries 3. Blood transfusion

The three main methods of rare transmission of HIV are:
1. Blood transfusions: Before 1985, HIV could be transmitted through blood transfusions. However, since then, all donated blood is screened for HIV and other viruses. Therefore, the risk of contracting HIV through a blood transfusion is now extremely low.  2. Organ transplants: Like blood transfusions, HIV can be transmitted through organ transplants. However, organ donors are also now tested for HIV, so the risk of transmission is low. 3. Breastfeeding: HIV can be transmitted from a mother to her baby through breastfeeding. However, antiretroviral drugs can significantly reduce the risk of transmission. In developed countries, where safe alternatives to breastfeeding are available, HIV-positive mothers are generally advised not to breastfeed. In developing countries, where safe alternatives may not be available, breastfeeding is still recommended but with antiretroviral treatment for both the mother and baby.

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Based on the observable symptoms, it is likely that the patient is experiencing a moderate level of anxiety. Pacing and sweating are both physical indicators of anxiety and suggest that the patient is experiencing a significant level of psychological distress.

However, it is important to note that anxiety can manifest in a variety of ways and may be different for each individual. It is also possible that the patient's anxiety level could increase or decrease depending on the situation or context in which they find themselves. As a nurse, it is important to assess the patient's overall condition, take note of any other physical or emotional symptoms they may be experiencing, and provide appropriate care and support to help manage their anxiety. This may include medication, therapy, relaxation techniques, or other interventions designed to help the patient feel calmer and in control. Overall, the most important thing is to be sensitive to the patient's needs, listen to their concerns, and work collaboratively with them to develop an effective treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and concerns.

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There are no four specific levels of BMI with anorexia nervosa. However, individuals with anorexia nervosa typically have a BMI below 18.5, which is considered underweight according to the World Health Organization.

The severity of anorexia nervosa is often determined by the individual's BMI, with a BMI of less than 15 indicating severe anorexia nervosa. It is important to note that BMI is just one factor in diagnosing and treating anorexia nervosa, and other symptoms and behaviors must also be taken into consideration.

The four levels of BMI with anorexia nervosa are not specifically categorized, but the disorder itself is characterized by a significantly low body weight. Anorexia nervosa can lead to varying degrees of malnutrition, which can be roughly categorized as:
1. Mild: BMI ≥ 17 kg/m²
2. Moderate: BMI 16-16.99 kg/m²
3. Severe: BMI 15-15.99 kg/m²
4. Extreme: BMI < 15 kg/m²

Please note that these categories are not universally accepted, and diagnosing anorexia nervosa requires a comprehensive assessment by a healthcare professional, taking into account both physical and psychological factors.

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The neonatal treatment for congenital syphilis typically involves the following steps: Diagnosis,  Antibiotic therapy and

1. Diagnosis: Confirm the presence of congenital syphilis in the newborn through appropriate tests, such as blood tests (e.g., Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) or Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test) and physical examination.

2. Antibiotic therapy: Administer the appropriate antibiotic, usually Benzathine penicillin G, intramuscularly as the first-line treatment for neonates with congenital syphilis. The dosage and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the infection and the newborn's age.

3. Follow-up: Monitor the newborn's progress through regular follow-up appointments and additional blood tests to ensure the infection has been successfully treated and no complications have arisen.

4. Parental treatment: It is important to treat the parents as well to prevent re-infection of the newborn and ensure their own health.

5. Prevention: Educate the parents about the importance of prenatal care, regular screenings for sexually transmitted infections, and safe sexual practices to prevent future occurrences of congenital syphilis.

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The generic name for Prevacid 24HR is Lansoprazole. It is a brand-name medication that contains the active ingredient Lansoprazole, which belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Lansoprazole works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which can help to alleviate symptoms of acid reflux and other gastrointestinal conditions. Lansoprazole is available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and orally disintegrating tablets. It is often prescribed for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and other conditions that involve excessive stomach acid production.

As with any medication, it is important to take Lansoprazole as directed by your healthcare provider. This may include following specific dosing instructions, avoiding certain foods or beverages, and avoiding certain medications that may interact with Lansoprazole. Additionally, it is important to be aware of potential side effects and to notify your healthcare provider if you experience any adverse reactions while taking this medication.

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In order for a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder, at least 2 of the 11 symptoms must be present within a 12-month period. The symptoms include: Loss of control, Persistent desire, Unable to cut down, Time spent obtaining alcohol, Cravings, Failure to fulfill obligations, Continued use despite consequences, Giving up important activities, Use in physically hazardous situations, Tolerance, and Withdrawal (LPUTCFCGUCTW).

At least 2 of the 11 symptoms must be present within a 12 month period. These symptoms include: using larger amounts of alcohol than intended, persistent desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control alcohol use, spending a great deal of time obtaining or using alcohol, craving for alcohol, failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home due to recurrent alcohol use, continued alcohol use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems caused by or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol, giving up or reducing important social, occupational, or recreational activities due to alcohol use, recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, continued alcohol use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol, tolerance to alcohol, and withdrawal symptoms when alcohol use is stopped or reduced.

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In order for a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder, at least 2 of these 11 symptoms must be present within a 12-month period;

An alcohol use disorder (AUD), also known as alcoholism or alcohol addiction, is a chronic and relapsing condition characterized by the compulsive and problematic consumption of alcohol.

It is a serious medical condition that affects an individual's physical and mental health, as well as their social and functional well-being.

The 11 symptoms that must be present within a 12-month period for a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder are;

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