to prevent fraudulent shipments of merchandise, organizations should:

Answer:

The type of justice that is concerned with business dealings is rectificatory justice.

The cost of research and development (R&D) is not typically considered a cost of quality.

Option c, research and development, is not a cost of quality.

Costs of quality are expenses incurred to prevent, detect, and address defects or errors in products or services. They can be categorized into two types: prevention costs and appraisal costs. Prevention costs are incurred to prevent defects from occurring, while appraisal costs are incurred to detect and address defects. Scrap and rework costs are examples of appraisal costs, as they are incurred to correct and eliminate defects. Lost goodwill can be considered a cost of quality as it relates to the negative impact on a company's reputation and customer perception due to poor quality. However, research and development costs are typically considered separate from costs of quality. R&D costs are associated with developing new products, improving existing products, or conducting research activities, and they are not directly related to preventing or addressing quality issues. Therefore, option c, research and development, is not a cost of quality.

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A stock dividend ordinarily will increase total shareholders' equity (SHE).

A stock dividend is a distribution of additional shares of a company's stock to its existing shareholders. The purpose of a stock dividend is to allocate a portion of the company's retained earnings to the shareholders in the form of additional shares rather than cash.

The correct statement is that a stock dividend ordinarily will increase total shareholders' equity (SHE). When a stock dividend is declared and distributed, it has the effect of increasing the number of shares outstanding without affecting the total value of shareholders' equity. The value of the company's assets remains the same, but the increase in the number of shares leads to a decrease in the value per share.

While stock dividends do not directly impact a company's cash balance (option a), they do have an effect on total shareholders' equity (option b). By issuing additional shares to existing shareholders, the company increases the equity ownership of its shareholders without changing the overall equity position of the company.

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The product cost per unit under absorption costing has to be computed given the information about Sea Company's production costs provided in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is option B) $133.50.

Given below are the steps to compute the product cost per unit under absorption costing. Steps to compute the product cost per unit under absorption costing

The first step is to calculate the total variable cost per unit, which can be calculated by adding up the costs of direct labor, direct materials and variable overheads per unit as follows:

Direct labor per unit = $ 52 per unit

Direct materials per unit = $ 45 per unit

Variable overheads per unit = $ 34 per unit

Therefore, the total variable cost per unit = Direct labor per unit + Direct materials per unit + Variable overheads per unit= $ 52 per unit + $ 45 per unit + $ 34 per unit= $ 131 per unit

The next step is to calculate the fixed overhead cost per unit, which can be done by dividing the total fixed overhead cost by the number of units produced.

Total fixed overhead cost = $ 147,500

Number of units produced = 59,000 units

Fixed overhead cost per unit = Total fixed overhead cost / Number of units produced

= $ 147,500 / 59,000 units= $ 2.50 per unit

The product cost per unit under absorption costing can now be calculated by adding up the total variable cost per unit and the fixed overhead cost per unit as follows:

Product cost per unit under absorption costing= Total variable cost per unit + Fixed overhead cost per unit= $ 131 per unit + $ 2.50 per unit= $ 133.50 per unit

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Retaliation through government intervention can be a risky strategy because it often leads to a back-and-forth escalation between two parties. This can result in the other party responding with even more aggressive actions, leading to a potential economic or political crisis.

Government intervention can often lead to unintended consequences and damage to the economy, especially if the retaliation involves trade barriers or tariffs. It is important for governments to carefully weigh the potential risks and benefits of retaliation before taking action. In some cases, it may be better to seek alternative solutions rather than resorting to retaliation.

Retaliation can often be seen as a sign of weakness and may damage the reputation of the government or the country involved. While retaliation may sometimes be necessary, it should be carefully considered and weighed against other options before being pursued.

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The terms "2/10, net 30" mean that the retailer can take a 2% discount if they pay within 10 days, otherwise the full amount is due within 30 days.

If the retailer paid the invoice on June 1, they were within the discount period and could take advantage of the 2% discount.

To calculate the discounted amount, we first find 2% of $2,000, which is $40. Then we subtract that from the total amount to get the discounted amount: $2,000 - $40 = $1,960.

Therefore, the retailer should have paid $1,960 if they took advantage of the discount.

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The rate of inflation from one year to the next is approximately 6.45%.

To calculate the approximate rate of inflation from one year to the next, we can use the formula:

Rate of Inflation = ((CPI2 - CPI1) / CPI1) * 100

Where CPI1 is the Consumer Price Index in the first year, and CPI2 is the Consumer Price Index in the second year.

In this case, CPI1 is 155 and CPI2 is 165. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

Rate of Inflation = ((165 - 155) / 155) * 100

= (10 / 155) * 100

= 6.45 (approximately)

Therefore, the rate of inflation from one year to the next is approximately 6.45%.

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The payback period is the amount of time it takes for a project to recoup its initial investment. To find the payback period for Zoom Broadcasting's project, we need to add up the cash flows until we reach a positive cash flow.

Starting with the initial investment of -$17,000, in year 1 there is a cash flow of $7,000, bringing the total to -$10,000. In year 2, there is an additional cash flow of $8,300, bringing the total to -$1,700. In year 3, there is a cash flow of $3,300, bringing the total to $1,600. Finally, in year 4, there is a cash flow of $2,900, bringing the total to $4,500, which is the point at which the initial investment has been recouped.

Therefore, the payback period for Zoom Broadcasting's project is 3 years and 9 months (since the initial investment was made at the beginning of year 0). The payback period for Zoom Broadcasting's project can be calculated by adding the cash flows until the initial investment is recovered.

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The amount of the loss on the sale of the fixed asset is $2,310.

To calculate the amount of gain or loss on the sale of a fixed asset, we need to subtract the asset's book value from the selling price.

Book value = Cost of the asset - Accumulated depreciation

Given information:

Cost of the fixed asset = $33,000

Accumulated depreciation = $29,700

Selling price = $5,610

Book value = $33,000 - $29,700 = $3,300

Since the selling price is lower than the book value, we have a loss on the sale of the fixed asset.

Loss on sale = Book value - Selling price

Loss on sale = $3,300 - $5,610 = -$2,310

Therefore, the amount of the loss on the sale of the fixed asset is $2,310.

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The accounting entry recorded by JR Corporation on December 31, 2022 should reflect the interest expense accrued on the loan for the period ending on December 31, 2022.

This is because interest on the loan accrues on a monthly basis and needs to be recognized in the financial statements even if it has not been paid yet.
To calculate the interest expense, we need to determine the number of months between March 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022, which is 10 months. We then multiply the loan amount of $36,000 by the interest rate of 10% and divide it by 12 to get the monthly interest expense. The calculation is as follows:
Interest Expense = ($36,000 x 10% x 10)/12 = $3,000
Therefore, the accounting entry recorded by JR Corporation on December 31, 2022, would be:
Debit: Interest Expense - $3,000
Credit: Interest Payable - $3,000
This entry will increase the interest expense account and recognize the accrued interest liability in the financial statements. It will also ensure that the financial statements are accurate and provide useful information to users.

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In John Steinbeck's novel "Of Mice and Men," the character Crooks, who is the stable buck, is set apart from the other men due to racial discrimination and segregation prevalent during the time of the story, which is set in the 1930s.

Crooks is the only African American character on the ranch and faces isolation and marginalization as a result. The other men on the ranch view him as different and treat him with prejudice and mistrust.

He is forced to live alone in the stable and is not allowed to socialize with the other men in the bunkhouse. This segregation is a reflection of the racial inequalities and discriminatory practices that were prevalent in American society at that time.

Crooks' separation from the other men not only highlights the racial tensions of the era but also explores themes of loneliness, isolation, and the destructive nature of prejudice.

It shows how discrimination can dehumanize and isolate individuals, depriving them of social connections and equal opportunities.

Through Crooks' character, Steinbeck sheds light on the injustices and hardships faced by African Americans during that period and exposes the damaging effects of prejudice and segregation.

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Assuming the entrepreneur does not pay herself, the $1,000 she could earn as an employee elsewhere is considered an implicit cost. The correct answer is b.

An implicit cost is a non-monetary cost that arises when an entrepreneur forgoes the opportunity to earn income from an alternative source, such as taking a salary from another job. This cost is not reflected in the accounting records of the business and is not recorded as a cash outflow. However, it is an important cost to consider when calculating the true cost of running a business because it represents the opportunity cost of investing time and resources into the business instead of other income-generating activities.

By not paying herself, the entrepreneur is essentially forgoing the opportunity to earn $1,000 elsewhere, which is an important consideration when assessing the profitability and sustainability of the business. Therefore, even though the cost is not explicit or directly measurable, it is a significant factor to consider when evaluating the overall cost structure of the business.

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The least expensive source of capital depends on various factors such as the company's creditworthiness, the prevailing market conditions, and the cost of borrowing. However, in general, the least expensive source of capital is debt.

Debt is considered a cheaper source of capital compared to other options because it carries a lower cost of capital. The cost of debt is the interest paid to the lender, which is typically lower than the cost of equity. Moreover, interest payments on debt are tax-deductible, which reduces the overall cost of borrowing.

On the other hand, equity financing options such as common stock and preferred stock have a higher cost of capital. When a company issues new common stock, it dilutes the ownership of existing shareholders, which reduces the earnings per share, thereby making it a more expensive source of capital. Preferred stock, while carrying a lower risk than common stock, has a higher cost of capital due to the fixed dividend payments.

Retained earnings, which are profits that a company reinvests instead of distributing to shareholders, are also a cheaper source of capital as they do not involve any direct cost. However, they may not always be sufficient to finance a company's growth plans.

In summary, while there is no one-size-fits-all answer, in general, the least expensive source of capital is debt. However, it is important to note that too much debt can lead to financial distress, which can increase the cost of borrowing and impact the company's creditworthiness.

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The correct option is b. Microsoft Project. Popular project management software used in mid-sized projects is Microsoft Project.

Microsoft Project is a project management software that allows project managers to develop a plan, assign resources to tasks, track progress, manage budgets, and analyze workloads for projects of any size. It is widely used by project managers and is particularly popular for mid-sized projects. The software allows for the creation of Gantt charts, critical path analysis, resource allocation, and budget tracking. Other project management software options include Oracle Primavera, Asana, Trello, and Smartsheet.

It is a comprehensive tool for managing tasks, resources, and timelines, and can help users to plan and track projects, allocate resources, and manage budgets. It also allows for collaboration between team members and stakeholders, and provides tools for reporting and analysis.

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The correct option is b. Microsoft Project. Popular project management software used in mid-sized projects is Microsoft Project.

Microsoft Project is a project management software that allows project managers to develop a plan, assign resources to tasks, track progress, manage budgets, and analyze workloads for projects of any size. It is widely used by project managers and is particularly popular for mid-sized projects. The software allows for the creation of Gantt charts, critical path analysis, resource allocation, and budget tracking. Other project management software options include Oracle Primavera, Asana, Trello, and Smartsheet.

It is a comprehensive tool for managing tasks, resources, and timelines, and can help users to plan and track projects, allocate resources, and manage budgets. It also allows for collaboration between team members and stakeholders, and provides tools for reporting and analysis.

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Intermediaries through which the flow of products travels are called distribution channels.

Distribution channels are a series of entities or organizations that play a crucial role in getting products from manufacturers to end consumers. These intermediaries help to facilitate the movement of goods and services, making it easier for consumers to access and purchase them.

There are various types of intermediaries involved in distribution channels, including wholesalers, retailers, and agents or brokers. Wholesalers purchase products in bulk from manufacturers and then sell them to retailers or other businesses. Retailers, on the other hand, purchase products from wholesalers or manufacturers and sell them directly to consumers. Agents or brokers work as intermediaries between manufacturers and other parties, helping to negotiate contracts and facilitate transactions.

Distribution channels can be direct or indirect. In a direct distribution channel, the manufacturer sells products directly to the end consumer without involving any intermediaries. This type of channel is often used by businesses that sell products online or through their own physical stores. In an indirect distribution channel, the manufacturer relies on intermediaries to reach end consumers. This can involve a combination of wholesalers, retailers, and agents or brokers.

The choice of distribution channel depends on various factors, such as the type of product, target market, and overall business strategy. A well-designed distribution channel can help a business reach its target audience more efficiently and effectively, ultimately resulting in increased sales and customer satisfaction.

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Banks, also known as depository institutions, function as intermediaries between savers and borrowers.

This means that they facilitate the transfer of funds from individuals or businesses who have excess funds (savers) to those who need funds to finance their investments or operations (borrowers).

In this way, banks play a crucial role in the economy by helping to allocate capital efficiently and promoting economic growth.

It's important to note that banks also have relationships with the federal government, such as through regulation and oversight, but their primary role is as intermediaries between savers and borrowers.

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a(n) "normal" standard is the quantity of material required under normal operations.

In the context of inventory management or production planning, a "normal" standard refers to the quantity of material that is typically required or used in regular, day-to-day operations.

It represents the expected or average amount of material needed to meet production demands without any unusual or exceptional circumstances.

The "normal" standard is a benchmark or reference point that helps in setting inventory levels, determining reorder points, and maintaining a smooth flow of materials in the production process. It allows companies to establish efficient material usage and ensure an adequate supply of materials for uninterrupted operations.

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False. A job shop processing system typically requires skilled workers who are able to handle a variety of tasks and adapt to changing job requirements.

The nature of the job shop system involves customization and flexibility, which often requires workers to have a diverse set of skills and knowledge to meet the demands of each job. False, a job shop processing system generally requires more skilled workers, as they need to handle a variety of tasks and adapt to different production requirements within the system. False; since workers in a job shop processing system must perform a range of duties and adjust to various production requirements within the system, they typically need more specialised training.

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The best time to make corrections to an economy is when there is a slowdown in economic growth or when there is high unemployment. This is because these are indicators that the economy is not functioning properly, and immediate intervention is necessary to prevent a further decline.

In terms of the preferred policy, it depends on the specific situation. Fiscal policy involves government spending and taxation, while monetary policy involves the manipulation of interest rates and the money supply. If the economy is in a recession with high unemployment, then fiscal policy may be the preferred option as it allows the government to inject money into the economy through stimulus packages and infrastructure spending.

In terms of policy, fiscal and monetary policies can both be used to correct an economy. Fiscal policy involves government spending and taxation, while monetary policy involves the manipulation of interest rates and the money supply. The preferred policy will depend on the current economic conditions. For example, if the economy is in a recession with high unemployment, then fiscal policy may be more effective in stimulating growth by injecting money into the economy through stimulus packages and infrastructure spending. Alternatively, if inflation is high and the economy is growing too quickly, then monetary policy may be more effective in controlling inflation by raising interest rates.

The reason this is the best time is that early intervention can help prevent deeper recessions or uncontrolled inflation, which can have more severe consequences for the economy. Acting during the early stages allows policymakers to make adjustments that can help stabilize the economy before the situation worsens, ultimately promoting economic growth and stability.

Regarding whether fiscal or monetary policy is the preferred tool for these corrections, it depends on the specific circumstances and the objectives of policymakers. Fiscal policy, which involves government spending and taxation, can be more effective in stimulating economic growth during recessions, while monetary policy, which involves adjusting interest rates and the money supply, can be more effective in controlling inflation.

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Process checklists and project audits are components of the project management process.

Project management is the process of planning, organizing, and controlling resources to achieve specific project goals. It involves a series of activities, including initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. Process checklists are used to ensure that all necessary steps are taken during each phase of the project. They provide a framework to ensure that nothing is overlooked, and that all aspects of the project are completed in a timely and efficient manner. Project audits are performed periodically throughout the project to assess the project's progress and performance. The purpose of the audit is to identify any problems, risks, or issues that may be hindering the project's success. This allows the project manager to take corrective action to keep the project on track and within budget. By utilizing process checklists and project audits, project management becomes a more effective and efficient process, increasing the likelihood of project success.

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To find the doubling time of oil consumption, we can use the rule of 70.

This rule states that to find the number of years it takes for a variable to double, divide 70 by the annual growth rate. In this case, 70 divided by 0.9 equals approximately 77.8 years. Therefore, it would take about 78 years for oil consumption to double at the current growth rate of 0.9% per year to determine how much oil consumption will increase in a decade, we can use the same growth rate. In a decade, or 10 years, oil consumption will increase by approximately 9.4%. This is calculated by multiplying the annual growth rate (0.9%) by the number of years (10). So, in a decade, oil consumption will increase by a factor of 1.094 or 1.09.

It is important to note that this growth rate may not continue at the same pace due to changes in technology, regulations, and consumer behavior. However, it is still a concerning trend as it highlights the need for alternative energy sources and sustainable practices.

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Amazon.com is primarily known for its use of the e-tailer business model.

Amazon.com is primarily known as an e-tailer, which stands for electronic retailer. As an e-tailer, Amazon operates as an online platform that sells a wide variety of products to consumers. It has a vast product catalog and offers a convenient online shopping experience to its customers. Amazon's business model revolves around selling goods directly to consumers through its website and facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers. It manages inventory, handles order fulfillment, and provides customer service. The company has expanded its operations globally and has become one of the largest e-commerce platforms in the world. While Amazon also engages in other activities like cloud computing services (Amazon Web Services) and content streaming (Amazon Prime Video), its core business model is centered around e-tailing, making it the primary focus and reason for its widespread recognition and success.

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The option that is NOT considered to be a cause of the Public Debt is b. low interest rates.

Public debt is primarily caused by government spending exceeding its revenue, resulting in budget deficits. This can occur due to various factors such as increased government expenditures, tax cuts (option a), economic recessions (option c), and financing wars (option d). These factors contribute to a larger budget deficit, leading to increased borrowing and accumulation of public debt.

Low interest rates, on the other hand, are not a direct cause of public debt. They can affect the cost of borrowing and the interest payments on existing debt, but they are not a fundamental cause of the debt itself. Low interest rates can actually help reduce the burden of servicing existing debt by lowering interest costs. However, they can also encourage more borrowing if not managed carefully.

Understanding the causes of public debt is crucial for policymakers in managing fiscal policies and ensuring sustainable government finances.

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In Case Study 1, there are accusations that the Islamic finance industry is generating "interest-bearing loan[s] in all but name." Islamic financial products are sharia compliant and do not involve interest.

They are instead based on the principles of risk and profit sharing. Therefore, I disagree that Islamic financial products are generating interest-bearing loans.In Islamic finance, the charging or paying of interest is considered haram (forbidden).

In its place, Islamic finance emphasizes profit and risk-sharing between parties involved in financial transactions. Therefore, Islamic financial products are designed to comply with Sharia law and do not involve interest.In order to be sharia compliant, the financial products of Islamic finance must meet certain requirements. Shariah law prohibits riba, gharar, maisir, and haram, and as such, Islamic financial products must avoid these elements.

The industry has also established its own Shariah supervisory boards to ensure that its financial products comply with Shariah law.In conclusion, it can be said that Islamic financial products are sharia compliant and do not involve interest. These financial products have been developed to avoid the prohibitions of riba, gharar, maisir, and haram.

Sharia supervisory boards have also been established to ensure that these products comply with Shariah law.

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Based on the figure "The Production Possibilities for Taiwan and Japan," Japan holds an absolute advantage in the production of certain goods compared to Taiwan.

Absolute advantage refers to a situation where a country can produce a particular good more efficiently or with fewer resources compared to another country. In the context of the given figure, Japan's absolute advantage suggests that it has a higher production capacity or lower resource requirements for specific goods compared to Taiwan.

To identify the goods in which Japan has an absolute advantage, we would need to analyze the production possibilities curve shown in the figure. The production possibilities curve illustrates the different combinations of goods that can be produced given the available resources and technology. By examining the slope of the curve for each country, we can determine their relative efficiency in producing different goods. Unfortunately, without access to the specific details or the actual figure, we cannot provide a more detailed explanation regarding the specific goods in which Japan holds an absolute advantage over Taiwan.

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Outsourcing is a subject of debate among economists, with varying opinions on its overall impact on the economy.

Though many jobs are outsourced, most economists believe that outsourcing can have both positive and negative effects on the economy. On one hand, outsourcing allows companies to reduce costs by taking advantage of lower labor and production costs in other countries. This can lead to increased efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness, which can benefit the overall economy.

Outsourcing also enables companies to focus on their core competencies and allocate resources more strategically. By delegating non-core functions to specialized external providers, companies can enhance their operational effectiveness and innovation capabilities.

However, outsourcing does have its drawbacks. One concern is the potential loss of domestic jobs, particularly in industries that heavily rely on labor-intensive processes. This can lead to unemployment and wage stagnation in affected sectors, which can negatively impact local economies and communities.

Additionally, outsourcing can raise concerns about the quality and security of outsourced products and services. Companies need to carefully manage and monitor their outsourcing relationships to ensure compliance with quality standards and data protection regulations.

Overall, economists generally agree that outsourcing is a complex phenomenon with both benefits and challenges. The net impact on the economy depends on various factors such as the nature of the outsourced activities, the ability of displaced workers to find alternative employment, and the overall economic conditions.

Policymakers often strive to strike a balance between encouraging global trade and competitiveness while also supporting domestic employment and economic well-being.

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A game in which each player adopts its dominant strategy could result in a Nash equilibrium. The correct answer is c.

A dominant strategy is a strategy that yields the highest payoff for a player regardless of the strategies chosen by other players. When each player in a game adopts its dominant strategy, it means they are making their best move considering the actions of others.

A Nash equilibrium occurs when no player has an incentive to unilaterally deviate from their chosen strategy, given the strategies of the other players. In other words, in a Nash equilibrium, each player is playing their best response to the strategies chosen by others.

If all players in a game have dominant strategies and they choose to play them, it can lead to a Nash equilibrium where no player has an incentive to change their strategy.

Therefore, option c is the correct answer.

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The characteristic of the UN Global Compact is that it is a voluntary corporate initiative that promotes good corporate citizenship. This is a long answer that fully explains the correct option. Option A is incorrect because the UN Global Compact is not a law or standard that all countries must follow. It is a set of guidelines that companies can voluntarily adopt.

Option B is also incorrect because the UN Global Compact is not a set of mandatory rules, but rather a set of principles and values that companies can choose to uphold. Option C is incorrect because the UN Global Compact is not solely focused on fair pricing and customer satisfaction, but rather covers a broad range of issues related to sustainability and responsible business practices.


A. It is a standard of business practice that all countries are expected to follow, by law.
B. It is a set of mandatory rules by which multinational corporations are expected to operate.
C. It is a body of rules that deals exclusively with fair pricing and customer satisfaction.
D. It is a voluntary corporate initiative that promotes good corporate citizenship.

My answer: D. The UN Global Compact is a voluntary corporate initiative that promotes good corporate citizenship. It encourages businesses to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies and practices, but it is not mandatory or legally binding.

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Out of the given options ,B. - using the same value definition at other companies in your industry is NOT one of the ways eHRM can create value.

eHRM (Electronic Human Resource Management) systems can create value for organizations by improving the quality of service, facilitating process efficiency, and enhancing cost savings.

By automating and streamlining HR processes, eHRM systems can reduce the time and effort required for tasks such as recruitment, employee management, and payroll processing.

This, in turn, can improve the overall efficiency of the HR function and reduce costs. Additionally, eHRM systems can improve the quality of service by providing employees with faster, more accurate, and personalized responses to their HR-related queries and requests.

Ultimately, eHRM can help organizations achieve their strategic goals by creating a more effective and efficient HR function.

Hence, option b. is correct.

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The implied cross-rate between Appleland's and Bananaland's currencies, expressed as the amount of BBB per one unit of AAA, is approximately BBB0.1138.

US dollar to Appleland's currency: $1.0000 = AAA8.8122

US dollar to Bananaland's currency: $0.851 = BBB1

We want to find the rate of BBB per one unit of AAA.

First, let's convert the US dollar to AAA:

1 US dollar = AAA8.8122

Next, let's convert the US dollar to BBB:

1 US dollar = BBB1

Now, let's find the cross-rate by dividing the rate of BBB by the rate of AAA:

BBB1 / AAA8.8122

Therefore, the implied cross-rate between Appleland's and Bananaland's currencies, expressed as the amount of BBB per one unit of AAA, is approximately BBB0.1138.

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