To find transient dependencies, you analyze an entity for Functional dependencies, Partial dependencies and Transitive dependencies.
1. Functional dependencies: Determine the relationships between attributes in an entity where one attribute (or a set of attributes) uniquely determines another attribute.
2. Partial dependencies: Identify if there are any dependencies where a non-prime attribute (an attribute that is not part of the candidate key) depends on only a part of the candidate key.
3. Transitive dependencies: Detect if there are any indirect dependencies where a non-prime attribute depends on another non-prime attribute, which in turn depends on a candidate key.
By analyzing an entity for these dependencies, you can identify transient dependencies and take appropriate measures to normalize the data to eliminate any anomalies or redundancy.
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Design a class named Account that contains: * A private int data field named id for the account (default 0). * A private double data field named balance for the count (default 0). * A private double data field named annualInterestRate that stores the current interest rate (default 0). Assume all accounts have the same interest rate. * A private Date (class) data field named dateCreated that stores the date when the account was created. * A no-args constructor that creates a default account. * A constructor that creates an account with the specified id and initial balance. * The accessor and mutator methods for id, balance, and annualInterestRate. * The accessor method for dateCreated. * A method named getMonthlyInterestRate( ) that returns the monthly interest rate. * A method named getMonthlyInterest( ) that returns the monthly interest. * A method named withdraw that withdraws a specified amount from the account. * A method named deposit that deposit a specified amount to the account.
Here's an example implementation of the `Account` class in Java based on the provided specifications:
```java
import java.util.Date;
public class Account {
private int id;
private double balance;
private double annualInterestRate;
private Date dateCreated;
public Account() {
id = 0;
balance = 0.0;
annualInterestRate = 0.0;
dateCreated = new Date();
}
public Account(int id, double balance) {
this.id = id;
this.balance = balance;
annualInterestRate = 0.0;
dateCreated = new Date();
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public double getBalance() {
return balance;
}
public void setBalance(double balance) {
this.balance = balance;
}
public double getAnnualInterestRate() {
return annualInterestRate;
}
public void setAnnualInterestRate(double annualInterestRate) {
this.annualInterestRate = annualInterestRate;
}
public Date getDateCreated() {
return dateCreated;
}
public double getMonthlyInterestRate() {
return annualInterestRate / 12.0;
}
public double getMonthlyInterest() {
return balance * getMonthlyInterestRate();
}
public void withdraw(double amount) {
if (amount > 0 && amount <= balance) {
balance -= amount;
} else {
System.out.println("Invalid withdrawal amount.");
}
}
public void deposit(double amount) {
if (amount > 0) {
balance += amount;
} else {
System.out.println("Invalid deposit amount.");
}
}
}
```
In this implementation, the `Account` class encapsulates the required data fields and methods. It includes constructors for creating default accounts and accounts with specified id and initial balance. Accessor and mutator methods are provided for all private data fields. The `getMonthlyInterestRate()` and `getMonthlyInterest()` methods calculate and return the monthly interest rate and the monthly interest amount, respectively. The `withdraw()` and `deposit()` methods handle withdrawals and deposits, respectively, with appropriate validation.
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Your network conducts training sessions for high-profile clients. As part of the training, clients connect to get a video feed of the instructor and other class activities. You want to make sure that video traffic related to the training is not delayed on the network.
Which solution should you implement?
To ensure that video traffic related to the training is not delayed on the network, you should implement Quality of Service (QoS).
Quality of Service (QoS) is a network management technique that prioritizes specific types of data traffic, ensuring that the most important data is transmitted efficiently and without delay. In this case, you would configure QoS to prioritize the video traffic related to the training sessions, allowing the high-profile clients to receive the video feed of the instructor and other class activities with minimal latency or disruption. This will help maintain a smooth and seamless video experience for your clients during the training sessions.
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(b) (1 point) what is the value of lst at the end? (c) (1 point) suppose the system decides to perform a mark-and- sweep garbage collection at the end, which memory cells would be recycled?
I apologize for the confusion, but without any specific information or code provided, I cannot determine the value of `ls t` at the end or identify which memory cells would be recycled during a mark-and-sweep garbage collection.
It is essential to have the relevant code or data structures to analyze the program's behavior and understand how variables and memory are managed. To determine the value of `ls t` at the end or identify the memory cells to be recycled, I would need access to the code or a clear description of the program's execution and memory management. Please provide more details or the relevant code so that I can assist you accurately.
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What graph traversal algorithm uses a queue to keep track of vertices which need to be processed?
A. Breadth-first search.
B. Depth-first search.
Breadth-first search (BFS) is the graph traversal algorithm that uses a queue to keep track of vertices that need to be processed.
In BFS, the algorithm starts at a given source vertex and explores all the vertices at the current level before moving to the next level. It utilizes a queue data structure to maintain the order in which vertices are processed. The algorithm enqueues adjacent vertices of the current vertex, marking them as visited, and continues the process until all reachable vertices are visited.
By using a queue, BFS ensures that vertices are processed in a breadth-first manner, exploring vertices at the same level before moving to deeper levels. This approach guarantees that the shortest path between the source vertex and any other reachable vertex is discovered.
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binary search on a sorted doubly linked list has a big o running time of o(log n)
True, binary search on a sorted doubly linked list has a big o running time of o(log n).
Binary search is a search algorithm that operates by repeatedly dividing the search space in half. It is commonly used on sorted arrays to efficiently locate a target element. In the case of a sorted doubly linked list, binary search can still be applied. Since binary search narrows down the search range by half with each comparison, it has a logarithmic time complexity. The time complexity of the binary search is O(log n), where n represents the number of elements in the search space. Therefore, a binary search on a sorted doubly linked list does have a running time of O(log n), making it an efficient search algorithm for such data structures.
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access differs from other microsoft software because it:
Access differs from other Microsoft software because it is specifically designed for database management.
While other Microsoft software applications like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint focus on document creation, data analysis, and presentation respectively, Access is a relational database management system (RDBMS). Access provides tools and features that allow users to create, organize, and manipulate databases. It enables users to store, retrieve, and manage large amounts of data efficiently. With Access, you can create tables to store data, define relationships between tables, design forms for data entry, create queries to retrieve specific information, and generate reports based on the stored data. It is a powerful tool for businesses and individuals who need to store, organize, and analyze data in a structured manner.
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A user called the Help Desk because he's having trouble downloading new messages from the company's email server.
The Help Desk technician told him to open a command prompt and try to ping the email server. The technician also told him to check his SMTP and POP3 server IP addresses.
Did the Help Desk technician handle this request correctly?
Yes, the Help Desk technician handled the request correctly by suggesting the user to ping the email server and check the SMTP and POP3 server IP addresses.
Yes, the Help Desk technician handled the request correctly. When a user is having trouble downloading new messages from the company's email server, it can indicate a connectivity issue. By suggesting the user to open a command prompt and ping the email server, the technician is troubleshooting the connectivity between the user's device and the email server. Pinging the server helps determine if there is a network connection problem or if the server is unreachable.
Additionally, asking the user to check their SMTP and POP3 server IP addresses is also a valid step. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) are protocols used for sending and receiving emails, respectively. Verifying the server IP addresses ensures that the user has the correct server information configured in their email client. If the IP addresses are incorrect or misconfigured, it can lead to issues with downloading new messages.
By suggesting these steps, the Help Desk technician is following a logical troubleshooting process to identify and resolve the problem. They are checking the network connectivity through the ping command and ensuring the correct server settings are used by verifying the SMTP and POP3 server IP addresses. These actions help narrow down the issue and provide valuable information for further troubleshooting or escalation if needed.
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FILL THE BLANK. an amplifier with a gain of 40 has a bandwidth of 150 khz. the unity gain frequency of this amplifer is ________. 190 khz 6 mhz 150 khz 3.75 khz
The unity gain frequency of an amplifier with a gain of 40 and a bandwidth of 150 kHz is 3.75 kHz. (Option D)
The unity gain frequency is the frequency at which the gain of an amplifier drops to 1, or unity. It is determined by multiplying the gain of the amplifier by the bandwidth and finding the square root of the product. In this case, the unity gain frequency is calculated by multiplying the gain of 40 with the bandwidth of 150 kHz, which gives a product of 6 MHz. The square root of 6 MHz is approximately 3.75 kHz, which is the unity gain frequency of the amplifier.
Option D is answer.
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Select the maximum outgoing edges a node has in a binary tree.
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. many
C. 2 In a binary tree, each node can have at most two outgoing edges, one to the left child and one to the right child.
This is because a binary tree is a hierarchical data structure where each node can have zero, one, or two children. By definition, a binary tree restricts the number of children per node to a maximum of two.
Option A (0) is incorrect because in a binary tree, nodes are connected by edges, and each node except the root node must have at least one outgoing edge to its parent.
Option B (1) is incorrect because a binary tree can have both a left child and a right child, allowing for two outgoing edges from a node.
Option D (many) is incorrect because a binary tree is specifically defined as a tree structure where each node has at most two children. If a node had more than two outgoing edges, it would no longer be a binary tree but rather a different type of tree structure.
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Write a program that first gets a list of integers from input and puts them into a vector. The input begins with an integer indicating the number of integers that follow. Then, get the last value from the input, which indicates a filtering threshold. Output all integers less than or equal to that last threshold value separated by a comma and space.
Ex: If the input is:
5 50 60 140 200 75 100
the output is:
50, 60, 75
The 5 indicates that there are five integers in the list, namely 50, 60, 140, 200, and 75. The 100 indicates that the program should output all integers less than or equal to 100, so the program outputs 50, 60, and 75.
Such functionality is common on sites like Amazon, where a user can filter results.
The program then iterates over the integers in the vector and checks if each integer is less than or equal to the threshold.
Here is an example program in C++ that accomplishes the given task:
Copy code
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main() {
int numIntegers;
std::cin >> numIntegers;
std::vector<int> integers;
for (int i = 0; i < numIntegers; i++) {
int num;
std::cin >> num;
integers.push_back(num);
}
int threshold;
std::cin >> threshold;
for (int i = 0; i < integers.size(); i++) {
if (integers[i] <= threshold) {
std::cout << integers[i];
if (i < integers.size() - 1) {
std::cout << ", ";
}
}
}
return 0;
}
The program first reads an integer (numIntegers) to determine the number of integers that follow. It then reads those integers into a vector (integers). Finally, it reads the last value (threshold) which indicates the filtering threshold.
The program then iterates over the integers in the vector and checks if each integer is less than or equal to the threshold. If it is, the integer is printed followed by a comma and a space. The program ensures that a comma and space are not appended after the last integer.
This program demonstrates a basic implementation of reading input, storing values in a vector, and performing filtering based on a threshold. It simulates the functionality commonly seen on websites like Amazon, where users can filter results based on specific criteria.
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design an incremental algorithm that constructs the permutation (p1, p2, ..., pn) given an inversion vector (i1, i2, ..., in).
To construct the permutation (p1, p2, ..., pn) from an inversion vector (i1, i2, ..., in), we can use the following incremental algorithm: 1. Initialize an empty list to store the permutation 2. Iterate over the inversion vector from left to right.
3. For each inversion i, insert the value i at the position specified by i in the permutation list. - If the position is already occupied, shift the existing elements to the right to make space for the new value. 4. Once all inversions have been processed, the resulting list will represent the permutation.
The inversion vector represents the number of elements that are greater than each element at each position. By iteratively inserting elements into the permutation list based on the inversion vector, we ensure that the resulting list satisfies the inversion constraints.
Starting with an empty list, we iterate over the inversion vector and insert each element at the specified position. If the position is already occupied, we shift the existing elements to the right to make room for the new element. This incremental approach guarantees that each element is inserted in its correct position, considering the inversion vector.
By the end of the algorithm, we will have constructed the permutation (p1, p2, ..., pn) based on the given inversion vector (i1, i2, ..., in).
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compatible products diffuse more slowly than incompatible products. t/f
This statement is false. In general, compatible products tend to diffuse more quickly than incompatible products.
When two substances are compatible, they are able to mix easily and form a homogeneous solution. This means that their molecules are able to diffuse through each other quickly, leading to a faster overall diffusion rate. In contrast, incompatible products have molecules that do not mix well, leading to slower diffusion rates. However, it's worth noting that the specific properties of the substances involved can also affect their diffusion rates. For example, a very large molecule may diffuse more slowly than a smaller molecule, even if both are compatible. Additionally, external factors such as temperature, pressure, and concentration gradients can also impact the diffusion rate of a substance. Overall, while compatibility is an important factor in determining diffusion rates, it is not the only factor, and other variables must also be considered.
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what is the keyboard shortcut to paste range names quizlet
The keyboard shortcut to paste range names and the standard keyboard shortcut to paste is:
Control + V (as seen on Windows) or Command + V as seen on Mac)
What is the shortcut?The technique of utilizing a shortcut to transfer copied or cut content, encompassing range names, from the clipboard to a chosen cell within the spreadsheet is widely employed.
In the event that the software facilitates customary keyboard shortcuts, incorporating range names via copying and pasting should function seamlessly.
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a data center technician is setting up high-speed connections between servers and storage but wants to save on cost. what would be a good way to do this?
One way for the data center technician to save on cost while setting up high-speed connections between servers and storage is to consider using Ethernet-based storage networks instead of traditional Fibre Channel-based storage networks.
Ethernet-based networks are less expensive to deploy and maintain as they use standard Ethernet cabling and switches, which are readily available and more cost-effective compared to specialized Fibre Channel components. Additionally, Ethernet-based networks can provide high speeds through technologies such as iSCSI and FCoE, which allow storage traffic to be encapsulated within Ethernet packets. This approach can result in a lower overall cost of ownership while still providing the necessary high-speed connections for the data center's servers and storage.
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two types of firewalls include hardware firewalls and software firewalls. t/f
Two types of firewalls include hardware firewalls and software firewalls is True
Hardware firewalls are physical devices that provide a barrier between your network and the outside world, while software firewalls are programs installed on your computer or network to monitor and filter incoming and outgoing traffic. Both types serve to protect your network and devices from unauthorized access and potential threats.
A Firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an organization's previously established security policies. At its most basic, a firewall is essentially the barrier that sits between a private internal network and the public Internet.
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what type of connector does a 100base t network require
The 100Base-T network requires an RJ-45 connector. This connector is commonly used for Ethernet connections in local area networks (LANs).
100Base-T Network: The 100Base-T network is a type of Ethernet network that supports data transfer rates of 100 megabits per second (Mbps). It is a widely used standard for LANs in homes, offices, and small to medium-sized businesses.
RJ-45 Connector: The RJ-45 connector is a standardized connector used for Ethernet connections. It has eight pins and is designed to connect Ethernet cables to networking devices such as switches, routers, and network interface cards (NICs).
Ethernet Connections: In a local area network (LAN), devices are connected using Ethernet cables that have RJ-45 connectors at both ends. These connections enable data transmission between devices within the network.
Importance of RJ-45 Connector: The RJ-45 connector is specifically designed to provide a reliable and secure connection for Ethernet networks. It ensures proper alignment and contact between the cable and the device's Ethernet port, facilitating accurate and efficient data transfer.
Compatibility: The RJ-45 connector is compatible with various Ethernet standards, including the 100Base-T network. It is capable of handling the data rates and signal requirements of these networks, making it suitable for connecting devices in a 100Base-T LAN.
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b) draw pdm network diagram and identify all paths including the critical path for the project.
To create a PDM network diagram and identify the critical path, you need to follow these steps:
Identify project activities: List all the activities required to complete the project and determine their dependencies.
Define nodes and dependencies: Represent each activity as a node in the diagram and connect them with arrows to depict their dependencies. The arrows indicate the sequence in which the activities must be performed.
Determine activity durations: Assign estimated durations to each activity, representing the time required for completion.
Calculate the critical path: Calculate the earliest start and finish times for each activity by analyzing the dependencies and durations. The critical path is the longest path in the network diagram, which determines the minimum project duration.
Identify critical activities: Activities that lie on the critical path have zero slack or float time. Any delay in these activities will directly impact the project's overall duration.
By constructing a PDM network diagram and determining the critical path, project managers can effectively schedule and manage project activities. Visual diagramming tools like Gantt charts or project management software can assist in creating and analyzing the PDM network diagram.
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a router is configured in a network that includes multiple other routers. what routes does a router know by default?
We can see here that the routes a router know by default are:
Directly Connected RoutesDefault RouteDynamic RoutesWhat is router?A router is a type of network device that links different networks and controls network traffic between them. It functions at Layer 3 of the OSI model's network layer and is in charge of forwarding data packets depending on their IP addresses.
By facilitating the quick and secure movement of data between networks, routers are essential components of computer networks. They act as gateways that choose the most efficient route for data packets to take in order to reach their desired locations.
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what is the difference between an integer and a float data type in python?what is the difference between an integer and a float data type in python?there is no difference between integers and floats.integers are whole numbers, but floats can have decimal places.integers can have larger values than floats.integers can be negative, but floats cannot.
In Python, there are two main numeric data types: integers and floats. The primary difference between these two data types is that integers are whole numbers, while floats can have decimal places.
Integers are represented without a decimal point, while floats are represented with a decimal point.
Another difference between integers and floats is their range. Integers can have larger values than floats since they do not require any memory for storing decimal places. Therefore, integers can represent a wider range of values than floats.
Additionally, integers can be positive or negative, while floats cannot be negative. However, both data types can be used in mathematical calculations and operations in Python.
It is essential to understand the difference between integers and floats when working with numeric data in Python since their data types determine how the data is processed and represented.
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java bytecode programs usually run 10 times faster than native applications. t/f
False, Java bytecode programs usually do not run 10 times faster than native applications.
Do Java bytecode programs usually run 10 times faster than native applications?False. Java bytecode programs usually do not run 10 times faster than native applications.
Java bytecode is an intermediate representation that needs to be interpreted or compiled to native code by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) at runtime, which can lead to performance overhead. Native applications, on the other hand, are compiled directly into machine code for a specific platform, allowing them to run more efficiently.
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a map is an associative container each element in a map has two parts map elements are usually referred to as key value pairs
T/F
True. A map is an associative container where each element consists of a key and its associated value.
Maps are commonly referred to as key-value pairs because they store data in this format. The key is used to uniquely identify each element, while the value represents the data associated with that key. Maps provide an efficient way to store and retrieve data based on keys, making them suitable for various applications where fast key-based access is required.
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when you initialize an array but do not assign values immediately, default values are not automatically assigned to the elements. T/F
False. When you initialize an array but do not assign values immediately, default values are automatically assigned to the elements.
In most programming languages, when you create an array without explicitly assigning values to its elements, the elements are automatically set to default values based on the data type of the array. The default values depend on the programming language and the data type of the array elements.For example, in many programming languages, when you initialize an integer array without assigning values, the elements will be set to the default value of 0. Similarly, for a boolean array, the elements will be initialized to the default value of false. For arrays of reference types, the elements will typically be set to a default value of null.
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what do we call an element that directs initiation from a number of weak transcription start sites
The element that directs initiation from a number of weak transcription start sites is called a promoter.
A promoter is a specific region of DNA located upstream of a gene that plays a crucial role in initiating the transcription of that gene. It acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during the transcription process.
Promoters consist of several elements that work together to regulate gene expression. One of these elements is the core promoter, which typically contains a specific sequence known as the TATA box. The TATA box serves as a recognition site for the transcription machinery and helps position the RNA polymerase at the correct start site for transcription initiation.
In addition to the core promoter, there are other regulatory elements that can be present in the promoter region. These elements include enhancers, silencers, and response elements, which interact with specific transcription factors to fine-tune gene expression in response to various signals and conditions.
When it comes to initiation from a number of weak transcription start sites, the promoter plays a crucial role. In some genes, the transcription start sites may not be well-defined and can occur at multiple locations within a region. These weak transcription start sites can result in heterogeneous transcripts with variable start sites.
The promoter element directs initiation from these weak transcription start sites by providing the necessary signals and binding sites for the transcription machinery. It helps recruit the RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to the correct positions to initiate transcription. This allows for flexibility in gene expression and the generation of different transcript isoforms.
In summary, the element that directs initiation from a number of weak transcription start sites is called a promoter. It serves as a regulatory region in the DNA that facilitates the initiation of transcription by providing binding sites for the transcription machinery and other regulatory factors. The promoter plays a critical role in controlling gene expression and allowing for the generation of diverse transcript isoforms.
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true/false. dynamic memory allocation requires usage of a pointer 2. forgetting to delete
True. Dynamic memory allocation requires the usage of a pointer. When dynamically allocating memory in languages like C or C++, a pointer is used to store the address of the dynamically allocated memory block.
This pointer allows the program to access and manipulate the allocated memory. False. Forgetting to delete dynamically allocated memory can lead to memory leaks, but it is not the only way to deallocate memory. In languages like C++, dynamic memory allocated using "new" should be explicitly deallocated using "delete" to avoid memory leaks. However, there are cases where dynamic memory is automatically deallocated, such as when the program terminates. It is important to properly manage dynamic memory and deallocate it when it is no longer needed to prevent memory leaks and optimize memory usage.
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what conservation law makes a contracting spherical cloud collapse into a disk?
The conservation law that makes a contracting spherical cloud collapse into a disk is the conservation of angular momentum.
As the cloud contracts due to gravity, its rotation speed increases to conserve angular momentum. This increase in rotation speed causes the cloud to flatten along the axis of rotation, forming a disk shape. This process is known as the conservation of angular momentum and is a fundamental principle in astrophysics that explains the formation of disks, such as protoplanetary disks, around stars and planetary systems.
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which of the following is an example of output devices
show the optionnn as there are a lot of examples like monitor
Answer:
monitor,printer,speaker e.t.c
Give the state diagram of a pushdown automaton (PDA) that recognizes the following language over Σ = {0, 1, #}:
L5 = {w1#w2 : w1, w2 ∈{0, 1}*, |w1| ≥ |w2|}
To construct a pushdown automation (PDA) that recognizes the language L5 = {w1#w2 : w1, w2 ∈ {0, 1}*, |w1| ≥ |w2|}, we can use the following state diagram:
____
| v
--> q0 --> q1 --> q2
^ |
|______|
Explanation of the states and transitions:
- q0: Initial state.
- q1: Reads the input symbols of w1 and w2 in a non-deterministic manner.
- q2: Final state. It ensures that the stack is empty and accepts the input.
Transitions:
- From q0 to q1: When reading a symbol from Σ, the PDA moves to q1 to start reading w1 and w2.
The actual implementation may involve more detailed transitions and stack operations, but the provided diagram captures the essential structure of the PDA for the given language.
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john catches 6 fish. calculate the probability that at least 4 of the fish weigh more than 1.4 kg.
how many bytes long is an md5 hash?
An MD5 hash is 128 bits or 16 bytes long.
An MD5 hash function is a cryptographic algorithm that generates a fixed-length hash value or checksum of a message or data input. The output hash value is always a fixed length of 128 bits or 16 bytes. The hash function takes a variable-length input and generates a fixed-length output, which is unique to the input data. This means that if even a single character in the input data is changed, the output hash value will be completely different. The hash value can be used for various purposes such as data integrity verification, password storage, and digital signature verification. Despite its widespread use, MD5 has been considered insecure for many years, and it is recommended to use stronger hash functions like SHA-256 or SHA-3 for security purposes.
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caches use the middle range of address bits as the set index and the high order bits as the tag. why is this done? how might cache performance be affected if the middle bits were used as the tag and the high order bits were used as the set index?
In cache memory, using the middle range of address bits as the set index and the high order bits as the tag maximizes cache effectiveness, while reversing their usage would negatively impact cache performance through increased conflicts and miss rates.
Why are the middle range of address bits used for cache set indexing and the high order bits used as tags?The middle range of address bits is utilized as the set index in caches because it facilitates effective mapping of memory blocks to cache sets. By dividing the address space into a number of sets, each with its own subset of cache lines, the cache can store and retrieve data more efficiently. This indexing method reduces cache conflicts, as different memory blocks are distributed across multiple sets.
On the other hand, the high order bits of the address are employed as tags to provide a unique identifier for each memory block stored in the cache. When a memory access is requested, the cache checks the tag bits of each set to determine if the desired block is present. If a match is found, a cache hit occurs, and the data can be quickly retrieved. Using the high order bits as tags allows for fast and accurate identification of cached data.
However, if the middle bits were used as the tag and the high order bits were used as the set index, it would lead to a different mapping scheme. This alternative approach could result in increased cache conflicts and higher cache miss rates. With the middle bits acting as tags, the cache would need to search through more sets to locate a specific memory block. This would adversely impact cache performance, as more time would be spent searching for data rather than retrieving it efficiently.
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