The phase diagram of ammonia.

Gold is not involved in the cycling of energy and matter on Earth.

option B.

Biogeochemical cycles refer to the pathways by which essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus move through the Earth's biosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. These cycles are crucial for maintaining the balance of elements required for life on Earth, and they involve both biotic and abiotic processes.

The carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon through the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the oceans, with processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition contributing to carbon uptake and release. Carbon is also stored in rocks and sediments as fossil fuels.

The other three elements listed - phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon - are all essential elements involved in biogeochemical cycles on Earth, including the phosphorus cycle, nitrogen cycle, and carbon cycle. Gold, on the other hand, is a relatively inert element and does not play a significant role in the cycling of energy and matter on Earth.

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The final temperature of the water when thermal equilibrium is reached is approximately 24.36°C.

The principle of conservation of energy which states that the heat lost by the metal cubes must be equal to the heat gained by the water is used to determine the final temperature of the water.

The formula to calculate the heat lost by a metal cube is:

Q = m × c × ΔT

where;

For the silver cube:

m = density × volume

m = 10.49 g/cm³ × (2.31 cm)³

m = 58.48 g

c = 0.235 J/g°C (specific heat capacity of silver)

ΔT = (82.2°C - 19.6°C)

ΔT = 62.6°C

Q = 58.48 g × 0.235 J/g°C × 62.6°C

Q = 877.4 J

For the gold cube:

m = density × volume

m = 19.32 g/cm³ × (2.78 cm)³

m = 170.5 g

c = 0.129 J/g°C (specific heat capacity of gold)

ΔT = (82.2°C - 19.6°C)

ΔT  = 62.6°C

Q = 170.5 g × 0.129 J/g°C × 62.6°C = 1354.4 J

The total heat lost by both cubes is:

Qtotal = 877.4 J + 1354.4 J

Qtotal= 2231.8 J

To calculate the final temperature of the water, we can use the formula:

Q = mwater × cwater × ΔT

where;

Solving for ΔT:

ΔT = Qtotal / (mwater × cwater)

ΔT = 2231.8 J / (113.0 g × 4.184 J/g°C)

ΔT = 4.76°C

Final temperature = 19.6°C + 4.76°C

Final temperature= 24.36°C

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