The most common technique used to measure oxygen consumption today is termed open-circuit spirometry.
What is open-circuit spirometry?The method of performing spirometry known as "open circuit" entails the subject inhaling as much air as possible from the surrounding environment, putting the mouthpiece in his or her mouth, and then exhaling either slowly (SVC) or quickly (FVC) until the end-of-test criterion is reached. With devices based on wedge bellows, bell, water seal, or rolling seal cylinder/piston-based volume sensing spirometers, open circuit approach is frequently utilized.
The method of measuring spirometry known as "closed circuit" spirometry involves having the subject place a flow transducer in their mouth, breathe normally for two to three tidal breaths (rest breathing), take a maximal inspiration or expiration through the flow transducer, and then slowly inhale or exhale.
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Sf3 , has a tetrahedral electron-pair geometry and a trigonal-pyramidal molecular geometry. the hybridization of the central sulfur atom is ________.
Sf3 , has a tetrahedral electron-pair geometry and a trigonal-pyramidal molecular geometry. the hybridization of the central sulfur atom is 5.
What do you mean by hybridization?Hybridization in Chemistry is defined as concept of mixing two atomic orbitals to give rise to a new type of hybridized orbitals. This intermixing usually results in formation of hybrid orbitals having entirely different energies, shapes, etc. The atomic orbitals of same energy level mainly take part in hybridization. However, both the fully filled and half-filled orbitals can also take part in this process, provided they have equal energy.
On the other hand, we can say that concept of hybridization is an extension of the valence bond theory and it helps us to understand the formation of bonds, bond energies and bond lengths.
Redistribution of energy of orbitals of individual atoms to give orbitals of equivalent energy happens when two atomic orbitals combine to form a hybrid orbital in a molecule. This process is called hybridization. During process of hybridization, atomic orbitals of comparable energies are mixed together and mostly involves the merging of two ‘s’ orbitals or two ‘p’ orbitals or mixing of an ‘s’ orbital with a ‘p’ orbital as well as ‘s’ orbital with a ‘d’ orbital. The new orbitals thus formed are known as the hybrid orbitals. More significantly, hybrid orbitals are quite useful in the explaining atomic bonding properties and molecular geometry.
Here is a formula to find the hybridization:
(V+M-C+A)/2
(6+3–0+1)/2 = 5
Hybridization: sp3d
Geometry: Trigonal Bipyramidal
Shape: T-shaped
V is the valence electrons of the central atom.
M is the number of monovalent atom (which makes single bond with central atom).
C and A are number of the cation and the anion.
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Ignoring the sign, which has a greater magnitude of charge?
A.) Electron
B.) Proton
C.) They have equal charges
D.) Not enough information
Answer:
C.) They both have equal charges.
Explanation:
Ignoring the signs, both a proton and electron have a charge of 1.
A proton has a greater magnitude of charge than an electron.
Both protons and electrons have charges, but the magnitudes of their charges are different. A proton carries a positive charge of +1 elementary charge, while an electron carries a negative charge of -1 elementary charge. The elementary charge is the fundamental unit of electric charge. Despite the opposite signs of their charges, the magnitudes are equal, and both charges have the same strength.
Therefore, when ignoring the sign of the charges and considering only their magnitudes, a proton has a greater magnitude of charge compared to an electron. The magnitude of the proton's charge is equal to that of the electron's charge. This is a fundamental property in the realm of electric charges, and it plays a critical role in various physical and chemical interactions, including the behavior of atoms, molecules, and electromagnetic forces.
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round off the following numbers to three significant figures.
1.) 4325
2.) 7.8939
Answer:
1) 433 (check screenshot)
2) 7.89
The moon diameter is about one quarter the diameter of the earth. If
Answer:
The Moon has a diameter of 2,159 miles (3,476 kilometers) and is about one-quarter the size of Earth. The Moon weighs about 80 times less than Earth.
Explanation:
If you run a tlc with two random organic compounds, and the two spots have the same rf value, can you conclude that they are the same compound?
I will conclude that, no, the polarities of the compounds must be extremely similar for them to have the same Rf value rather than being identical.
What is Rf?
The proportion of an analyte in a chromatographic system's mobile phase is known as the retention factor in the field of chromatography. The retention factor (RF), specifically in planar chromatography, is calculated as the ratio of the path taken by a spot's center to that of the solvent front.
The retention factor (Rf) is a comparison and identification tool used in thin-layer chromatography. A compound's Rf value is determined by dividing the distance it travels by the the solvent front travels (both measured from the origin).
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what would best support whether the two samples are of the same substance or not? the two substances are the same because their intensive property is the same. the two substances are the same because their extensive property is different. the two substances are not the same because their extensive property is the same. the two substances are not the same because their intensive property is different.
The two compounds are Identical because they share the same intense quality, is the answer.
The boiling point is a bulk property, meaning that it is a property of a substance or sample that does not change as the amount of the substance or sample changes. This is the right response because of this.
How can you tell how two chemicals are different?Density is one characteristic that can be used to distinguish between two substances because different substances have distinct qualities. The density of an object is a characteristic that is independent of its size or shape.
What distinguishes an intensive property from an extensive one?Mass, weight, and volume are examples of extensive qualities that change depending on the amount of the substance.
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What is the method of cooking chicken by browning in hot fat and then covering and cooking in the oven?
Poêléing is the process of frying chicken in hot fat before wrapping it and baking it.
What is Poêléing?
In the dry-heat cooking technique known as poêléing, the food is cooked in its own juices in a covered pot, typically in the oven.
Poêléing is often referred to as butter roasting.
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general chemistry fourth edition by mcquarrie, rock, and gallogly. university science books presented by macmillan learning. caffeine is the active ingredient in coffee, tea, and some carbonated beverages. add lone pairs, as needed, to the structure of caffeine. indicate the hybridization of the specified atoms. be sure to consider any lone pairs you added in the first part.
In the bicyclic structure of caffeine, two rings—one a six-membered ring and the other a five-membered ring—are fused together. Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are all components of the molecule.
What is carbonated beverages ?Drinks that have had carbon dioxide added to them are referred to as carbonated beverages. Carbon dioxide lacks both flavour and colour. Carbonated beverages often start with either carbonated water or soda water, both of which qualify as carbonated beverages in and of themselves.
Six valence electrons make up an oxygen atom, of which two are required to form bonds and the remaining four are found in lone pairs. Similar to oxygen, nitrogen possesses five valence electrons, three of which are employed to form bonds while the remaining two are present as a lone pair.
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Which is a chemical property that was used to separate your mixture
during the lab?
Solubility
Evaporation
Filtering
None of the above. Mixtures are separated through physical means.
None of the above.
Since none of the given option is a chemical property, rather all of them are physical method of separation and physical methods do not require a chemical change.
Solubility- It is a physical property because it is easily discernible through observation and does not alter the substance's chemical makeup. For instance, salt is still salt when it dissolves in water.
Evaporation - The chemical composition of a liquid does not change when it evaporates. The only alteration is a phase shift brought on by pressure and temperature. Evaporation, or the phase transition from liquid to gas, is a physical change as a result.
Filtration - Filtration is a physical separation procedure that uses a filter medium with a complicated structure that only allows fluid to pass through it to separate solid particles and liquid from a combination.
Therefore, neither new nor broken chemical bonds are created or broken during the separation. During the separation, bonds are severed or strengthened.
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What products do you expect from the reaction, after acidifying the reaction mixture?
Cl3C --OH
Cl3C ---Oh products do you expect from the reaction, after acidifying the reaction mixture.
What is acidifying?
Lowering a sample's pH below 2.0 by adding an acid (often nitric or sulfuric). A sample is fixed by acidification in order to prevent change until it is analysed.
Therefore,
What products do you expect from the reaction, after acidifying the reaction mixture?
Cl3C --OH
Cl3C ---Oh Oh products do you expect from the reaction, after acidifying the reaction mixture.
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Manganese is composed of two stable isotopes: Mn-54 and Mn-57. Use the periodic table
and predict which of these isotopes is more abundant. Explain your prediction.
Why is the mass in amu of a carbon atom reported as 12.011 in the periodic table of the
elements?
The more abundant isotope of manganese is Mn-54 because the average atomic mass of manganese is 54.938 amu.
What are isotopes?The term isotopes refers to the fact that atoms of an element are not exactly alike. The atoms of an element has the same atomic number (which is the signature of the element) but not the same mass number. The mass number of the element has to do with the number of neutrons.
Now we know that the atomic mass of elements is not a whole number because of the existence of isotopes. The relative atomic masses is obtained as the sum of the products of the atomic mass and the relative abundance of each isotope.
The more abundant isotope of manganese is Mn-54 because the average atomic mass of manganese is 54.938 amu.
The reason why the relative atomic mass of the carbon atom is 12.011 in the periodic table of the elements is because this is the weighted average of the masses of all the isotopes of carbon,
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based on the graph witch data point is most likey to have experimental error?
What is the major organic product obtained from the following sequence of reaction? nh2nh2 koh triehtylene glycol
The major organic product and its structure that is obtained from the sequence of reaction can be seen in the image attached.
What is Triethylene glycol?Triethylene glycol, also known as TEG or triglycol, is a viscous liquid with no colour or smell and the molecular formula HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2OH. Vinyl polymers use it as a plasticizer. Additionally, it is a component of “Oust” and “Clean and Pure” air sanitising solutions.
It functions as a disinfectant when aerosolized.
Why would one utilise TEG?A TEG Gas Dehydration Unit, To remove water vapour from newly recovered natural gas, a triethylene glycol (TEG) gas dehydration system is put up.
This drying apparatus extracts water from a stream of natural gas flowing over it by using liquid triethylene glycol as its dehydrating agent.
How is triethylene glycol produced?Commercially, triethylene glycol is created as a byproduct of ethylene oxidation at high temperatures.
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some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. this is called , and the coils or folds are held in place by . view available hint(s)for part a some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. this is called , and the coils or folds are held in place by . tertiary structure ... hydrogen bonds tertiary structure ... covalent bonds primary structure ... covalent bonds secondary structure ... hydrogen bonds secondary structure ... peptide bonds
some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. this is called secondary structure , and the coils or folds are held in place by hydrogen bonds
After translation, primary structure is just the arrangement of amino acids. The interactions between the carbonyl, amino, and side groups of the amino acid polymer backbone inside the chain result in the secondary structure of proteins. These interactions are primarily fueled by hydrogen bonds, which result in the formation of alpha helices and beta sheets, which are the primary features of proteins' secondary structures.
To create a useful three-dimensional structure, tertiary structure requires more interactions within the protein chain. Disulfide bonds between cysteines, hydrophobic contacts, ionic bonding, and dipole-dipole interactions are a few of these interactions. To create a useful, three-dimensional protein structure, several protein chains interact in quaternary structure.
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According to the kinetic molecular theory, where does the pressure exerted by a gas in a container come from?
collisions between the gas particles and the walls of the container.
What is kinetic molecular theory?
The assumption that matter is made up of microscopic particles that are always in motion forms the foundation of the kinetic-molecular theory, which explains the states of matter. The observable characteristics and behaviours of solids, liquids, and gases are explained by this theory. We can better comprehend why matter exists in different stages (such as solid, liquid, and gas) and how it can transition from one stage to another thanks to the kinetic theory of matter. One may also think about various properties of matter using the kinetic theory of matter.
Therefore,
According to the kinetic molecular theory, where does the pressure exerted by a gas in a container come from collisions between the gas particles and the walls of the container.
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which procedure involves a physical change in one of the substances? allowing a nail to rust allowing a nail to rust separating a salt solution by evaporating the water separating a salt solution by evaporating the water creating salt by reacting sodium metal and chlorine gas creating salt by reacting sodium metal and chlorine gas building a model rocket propelled by mixing baking soda and vinegar building a model rocket propelled by mixing baking soda and vinegar
The procedure that involves physical change in one substances is Separating a salt solution by evaporating the water.
What is physical change ?
A change that cannot be undone is referred to as a physical change. There is no development of a new substance with a physical change. The substance, size, color, or form of the compound undergoing this alteration may only be slightly altered. The physical aspect or appearance of the compound may alter in this form of modification (physical change), but the chemical makeup of the material is unaffected in any manner.
These alternatives aren't instances of physical changes:
- creating salt by reacting sodium metal and chlorine gas
- allowing a nail to rust
- building a model rocket propelled by mixing baking soda and vinegar
The following is an illustration of a physical change to an option:
Separating a salt solution by evaporating the water.
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personal exposures to fine particulate matter and black carbon in households cooking with biomass fuels in rural ghana
The required results of personal exposures to fine particulate matter and black carbon in households cooking with biomass fuels in rural ghana is given below.
Abstract to look at cooking practices and 24-h personal and kitchen area exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon in cooks using biomass in Ghana. Researchers administered an in-depth survey to 421 households.
The majority of households cooked outdoors (55%; 231/417), used biomass (wood or charcoal) as their primary fuel (99%; 412/413), and cooked on traditional fires (77%, 323/421). within the sub-sample of 29 households with complete, valid exposure monitoring data, the 24-h integrated concentrations of PM2.5 were substantially higher within the kitchen sample (mean 446.8 µg/m3) than within the personal air sample (mean 128.5 µg/m3). Black carbon concentrations followed the identical pattern such that concentrations were higher in the kitchen sample (14.5 µg/m3) than within the personal air sample (8.8 µg/m3). Spikes in real-time personal concentrations of PM2.5 accounted for the bulk of exposure; the most polluted 5%, or 72 min, of the 24-h monitoring period, accounted for 75% of all exposure. Two variables that had some predictive power for private PM2.5 exposures were primary fuel type and ethnicity, while reported kerosene lantern use was related to increased personal and kitchen area concentrations of black carbon.
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What discoveries were made by j. j. thomson, henri becquerel, and lord rutherford? how did dalton's model of the atom have to be modified to account for these discoveries?
Discoveries were made by j. j. thomson, henri becquerel, and lord rutherford.
What is Dalton's atomic model?
John Dalton, an English physicist and chemist, proposed the atomic hypothesis in 1808 as a scientific theory about the composition of matter. It claimed that tiny, indivisible particles called "atoms" make up all substance.
Almost all of chemistry at the time could be explained by Dalton's atomic model, a relatively straightforward combinatorial concept that paved the way for later advancements and advances in this and many other scientific domains. Postulates of the Dalton Model
Modern atomic theory and the discovery of the electron and proton were made possible by Thomson's cathode ray discharge experiment and Rutherford's scattering experiment.
Dalton's concept was groundbreaking at the time and provided a wealth of information for young chemists to study. Many people contributed to the modification of the Atomic theory following Dalton, including Chadwick, JJ Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and others. Later, Rutherford worked on the model to find the nucleus while JJ Thompson made the electron discovery.
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Why is the petroleum ether placed in an ice water bath prior to washing the product on the filter?
Before washing the substance on the filter, petroleum ether is poured into an ice water bath to assist stop the product from dissolving.
Re-crystallization procedures only work based on the solubility properties of the compound of interest. The re-crystallization experiment cannot be performed using a solvent if the compound of interest is not soluble in it. For example, if I chose petroleum ether as my solvent instead of water, my recrystallization experiment will not work because acetanilide is not at all soluble in petroleum ether. In order for my recrystallization experiment to be successful, I need an efficient solvent for acetanilide. Acetanilide should only be dissolved by this solvent at temperatures above room temperature. Additionally, my solvent for acetanilide should be soluble for the impurities species at all temperatures. Since petroleum ether does not meet these requirements, the experiment will not be successful with petroleum ether.
Petroleum ether may not react with the product on the filter, however, the majority of organic molecules are generally non-polar and soluble in petroleum ether. Temperature lowers solubility Petroleum ether is cooled in an ice water bath to stop the product from dissolving in the solvent.
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write and explain ten careers opportunity in chemistry
Chemistry careers range in nature, pay, and educational requirements;
Chemical analyst
An analytical chemist analyses the composition and quantity of substances as well as how these elements may behave and interact with one another.
Which nation offers the finest jobs in chemistry?Germany is the #1 destination for chemistry students looking to study abroad since it is known for its accommodating attitude toward foreign students. Due to Germany's dominance in Europe's chemical industry, several institutions there offer specialised courses designed for graduates who want to get into the workforce.
MSc. which the industries desire. For their senior scientist positions, most firms demand Ph.D. and post-doctoral fellows.
Engineer, Chemical
Designing and creating new goods from raw materials and changing materials' states are specialties.
as in the production of plastic from oil. Chemical engineers may work in practically any business, helping to create cutting-edge, high-end goods like biocompatible implants and ultra-strong materials.
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you use 25% ethyl acetate (an ester) in hexane to run a tlc and obtain a single round spot with an rf of 0.9 for the main compound. what would you do?
Try 25% ethyl acetate to see the results, this is because adding more ethyl acetate will increase the polarity and the compounds get easily separated.
In TLC, the polarity between the stationary phase and mobile phase is the basis for mixture separation. In accordance with the "like dissolves like" principle, polar substances can only dissolve in other polar substances, while non-polar substances may only dissolve in other non-polar substances.
Consequently, when two compounds with different levels of polarity are present, the more polar molecule interacts with silica more strongly and is, therefore, better able to displace the mobile phase from the accessible binding sites. The less polar compound thus travels higher up the plate (resulting in a higher Rf value).
However, changing the mobile phase to a more polar solvent or a mixture of solvents improves binding to the polar plate and thereby displaces solutes from it, causing all compounds on the TLC plate to rise higher up the plate. It is a prevalent belief that although "weak" eluents hardly move the examined compounds, "strong" eluents drive them up the plate.
Therefore, all compounds move longer and have a larger Rf when a mobile phase is made more polar than it was originally.
Since hexane has a non-polar property while ethyl acetate has a polar property. As a result, adding 35% ethyl acetate will enhance the polarity, making it easier to separate the compounds.
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what is the percent by weight (w/w%) of sugar in soda? assume the average mass of sugar in soda is 35.0 g and the total mass is 370.0 g.
The percent by weight (w/w%) of sugar in soda : 9.459 %
To find the percentage the given data's are:
mass of sugar = 35 g
total mass = 370 g
What is the percent weight?Percent by weight is also known as Mass percent composition.It is abbreviated as w/w%. For a solution, mass percent equals the mass of an element in one mole of the compound divided by the molar mass of the compound, multiplied by 100%.Solution for the given values are,
%weight = (mass of solute : mass of solution) x 100%
Mass of solute = Mass of sugar = 35 grams
Mass of solution = Mass of ( solvent + solute) = water + sugar = 370 grams
The percent weight of sugar in soda :
= (35 : 370) x 100%
= 0.0945945
= 9.459 %
Therefore, the percent by weight (w/w%) of sugar in soda : 9.459 %
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Identify the oxidation number of copper in solid copper.
oxidation number or state of copper in solid copper is zero
The oxidation state of all element is zero in solid sate, while it can different in liquid or gas state.
The total number of electrons transported from one reactant to another to create a chemical bond is known as the oxidation number, also known as an oxidation state. As a result, it is often described as the charge an atom would possess if all of its electrons were exchanged.The oxidation number of sodium is +1, indicating that it can contribute one electron, whereas the oxidation number of nitrogen is, indicating that it can take up three electrons to join with another element in a chemical reaction.To know more about oxidation number visit : https://brainly.com/question/15167411
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Calculate the maximum concentration (in m) of silver ions (ag ) in a solution that contains of co32-. the ksp of ag2co3 is
Acetylcholinesterase equilibrium equation is Ag2CO3(s) <---> 2 Ag+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
What is Acetylcholinesterase ?Following the transmission of information between two nerve cells or neurons, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholine esterase. Choline and acetate result from the breakdown of acetylcholine (also called acetic acid). Acetate will permeate the presynaptic cell's membrane and choline will travel through it to allow for the reuse of the components.
In order for a muscle cell to contract, acetylcholine transmits a signal from a nerve cell to its receptors. A breakdown of the acetylcholine is then performed to prevent misunderstanding with brand-new neurotransmitters.
Due to their potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties (see parasympathomimetic), many nerve agents and neurotoxins have the ability to constantly induce the contraction of muscle cells. This can cause death when consumed in big numbers.
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The lower the ph of a solution, the ______ acidic the solution and the the h concentration.
The lower the pH of a solution, the more acidic the solution and the H+ concentration.
What is pH?pH is the quotient that tells us the degree of acidity or basicity that a solution has. Then it can be said that it is a measure of the acidity of a solution. At pH, the hydrogen ion levels for the given solution are then measured.
If a solution has low pH levels, it indicates that there is a lot of acidity in it, that is, that there are many hydrogen ions contained in the solution. while if it has a high pH, it tells us that the solution is alkaline, that is, it has low levels of hydrogen ions.
Therefore, we can confirm that the lower the pH of a solution, the more acidic the solution and the H+ concentration.
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A water skier has a mass of 79 kg and accelerates at 1.4 m/s/s what is the net force acting on him ?
The net force acting on water skier is 110.6N.
Equation :To find net force on a water skier we can use the formula,
net force = mass x acceleration
F = m x a
Given in equation,
F = ?
m = 79 kg
a = 1.4 m/s²
Putting the values,
F = 79 kg x 1.4 m/s²
F = 110.6N
Net Force :The overall forces acting on an object is known as the net force. A mass can accelerate due to net force. A body is subject to another force whether it is at rest or in motion. When there are a lot of forces acting on a system, the term "net force" is used.
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What is the concentration of bromide ion in a 25.0 ml sample of water if the addition of excess silver nitrate results in the precipitation of 361 mg silver bromide (fm = 187.777)?
The concentration or Molarity of bromide ion in the sample solution is 0.077 M.
What is molarity ?A substance's molarity (M) is the volume of solution in which it is present. The amount of a solute in moles per liter of a solution is known as molarity. A solution's molar concentration is another name for molarity.The secret to determining molarity is to keep in mind that it is measured in moles per liter (M).Molarity is determined by:Count the moles of solute dissolved in the solution.Calculate the solution's volume in liters, and.Divide liters of solution by moles of the solute.In the given question,
0.361 g AgBr × (1 mol AgBr/187.77 g AgBr) × (1 mol Br⁻/1 mol AgBr) × (80.0 g Br⁻/1 mol Br⁻) = 0.1536 g Br⁻
0.1536 × (1 mol Br⁻/80.0 g Br⁻) = 0.00192 mol
Molarity = 0.00192 mol/0.025 L = 0.077 M
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Some help me with this chem question
Answer:
C
Explanation:
because it is the only one that will give you an accurate answer.
Somebody pls help with theses questions??
3. Environmental chemistry
4. Biochemistry
5. Inorganic Chemistry
6. Organic chemistry
1. Use the formula Fe2(SO4)3, iron (III) sulfate, to answer the following:
a How many moles of oxygen are in one mole of iron (III) sulfate?
b. How many atoms of sulfur are in on formula unit of iron (III) sulfate?
c. How many iron atoms are in one mole of iron (III) sulfate?
d. What is the average mass in amu's of one formula unit of iron (III) sulfate?
e. What is the molecular mass of one mole of iron (III) sulfate?
The answers are given below as ,
a. There are 12 moles of oxygen are in one mole of iron (III) sulfate .
b. There are three atoms of sulfur are in on formula unit of iron (III) sulfate .
c. There are two iron atoms are in one mole of iron (III) sulfate .
d. The average mass in amu's of one formula unit of iron (III) sulfate one formula unit of iron (III) sulfate .
e. The molecular mass of one mole of iron (III) sulfate is 399.88 g/mol
The average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of an element is the average atomic mass, also known as atomic weight. Unified atomic mass units (u), where 1 u is equal to precisely one-twelfth the mass of a neutral atom of carbon-12, are the standard units used to express average masses.
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