In the development of vertebrate limb buds, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) are important morphogen sources. FGF and SHH, two diffusible molecules, act as positive feedback regulators to keep Fgf expression in the AER and Shh expression in the ZPA.
According to a recent experimental finding, activation and repression regulatory pathways help the FGF signal govern Shh expression in a feed-forward fashion. We investigate the link between the relative positions of the AER and ZPA as well as the coupled dynamics of Shh expression in the ZPA and Fgf expression in the AER. We begin by demonstrating how the experimentally observed peak of ZPA activity might arise far from the AER using simply feed-forward regulation. Then, we make it clear that by including the AER-ZPA feedback regulation, the resilience of the ZPA spatial pattern to changes in system parameters is improved. Additionally, sensitivity analysis demonstrates that there is an ideal feedback strength at which resilience is most enhanced.
Therefore, in this way you can test your hypothesis.
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Some disease-causing microbes attack the body by turning on or off specific signal transduction pathways. In the disease cholera, the bacterium vibrio cholerae causes massive diarrhea by interfering with such a pathway. A toxin from this bacterium enters intestinal cells and chemically modifies g proteins. Once modified, the g proteins can no longer cleave gtp into gdp. What would you expect to see within the intestinal cells of a person with cholera?.
The G proteins in the interstitial cells of a person with cholera remain activated and continually activate adenyl cyclase.
Signal transduction pathways allow binding of extracellular signalling molecules (like epinephrine) to the cells to respond to environmental signals of any stress like attach of a pathogen. The adrenal glands release a hormone called epinephrine in response to the disease-causing microbes. These hormones attach to the receptors on the cell surface and promote a response. The disease causing microbes turn this pathway on to respond to the attack.
Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacteria that causes cholera in humans. It affects the interstitial cells of the small intestine by producing a toxin called choleragen. Choleragen attaches to the cell membrane and traps the G-protein in its active state. Active G-protein activates adenyl cyclase that stimulates the production of cyclic AMP molecules. cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) that activates chloride-ion channels and blocks sodium-hydrogen antiporters. This results in the loss of sodium chloride and water into the lumen and causes watery diarrhea.
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is area a statistical test
Answer:
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data at hand sufficiently support a particular hypothesis.
Explanation:
What are the different aspects of statistical testing?
The null hypothesis test determines if the data’s values fall outside the range predicted through the null hypothesis. In this article, we will discuss the different aspects of statistical tests, including the selection of parametric and nonparametric tests to understand the statistical testing in detail.
How do you interpret statistical test statistics?
Interpreting test statistics For any combination of sample sizes and number of predictor variables, a statistical test will produce a predicted distribution for the test statistic. This shows the most likely range of values that will occur if your data follows the null hypothesis of the statistical test.
What is the p-value of a statistical test?
Statistical tests work by calculating a test statistic – a number that describes how much the relationship between variables in your test differs from the null hypothesis of no relationship. It then calculates a p-value (probability value).
What are the assumptions when selecting a statistical test for data?
Before selecting a statistical test for the collected data, it is important to meet certain assumptions and understand the types of variables used in the study. The first assumption about the data is that the observations or variables included in the data are not related.
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If you consciously forced more air out of your lungs each time you exhaled, how would that affect the values shown in the figure?
When you inhale (breathe), air enters your lungs, and the oxygen in that air flows to your blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste gas, flows from your blood to your lungs at the same moment and is expelled (breathed out).
What causes air to exit the lungs during forced expiration?The second step is exhalation, or breathing out. The diaphragm relaxes as the lungs evacuate, lowering the volume of the thoracic cavity while raising the pressure within it. The lungs tighten as a result, and air leaves.
Exhalation relaxes the diaphragm and causes it to return to its domelike shape, pushing air out of the lungs.
Exhaling causes your diaphragm to relax and move up into your chest cavity. Carbon dioxide-rich air is forced out of your lungs and windpipe, and then out your nose or mouth, as the space in your chest cavity reduces.
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Systems biology is mainly an attempt to a. analyze genomes from different species. b. simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller, less complex units. c. understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts. d. build high-throughput machines for the rapid acquisition of biological data.
Systems biology is mainly an attempt to:
a. analyze genomes from different species.
b. simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller, less complex units.
c. understand the behavior of entire biological systems by studying interactions among its component parts.
d. build high-throughput machines for the rapid acquisition of biological data.
Option c) is the correct option.
What do you understand by Systems biology?
Systems biology is responsible for some of the most important developments in the science of human health and environmental sustainability. It is a holistic approach to deciphering the complexity of biological systems, based on the understanding that the networks that make up the whole of living organisms are more than the sum of their parts. It collaborates, integrating many scientific disciplines—biology, computer science, engineering, bioinformatics, physics, and more—to predict how these systems change over time and under different conditions, and to develop solutions to the world's most pressing health and environmental problems.To learn more about Systems biology, refer to:
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Why are mycoplasmas resistant to antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis?
All the mycoplasmas that lack of the cell wall and, therefore, all are inherently resistant to the beta-lactam and antibiotics (e.g., penicillin).
The cell wall is surrounds by the plasma membrane of the plant cells and that provides the tensile strength and the protection against the mechanical and the osmotic stress. It can also be allows cells to develop the turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell that contents against the cell wall. Its main function was to give the cell rigidity, the strength, and the protection against the mechanical stress. for Examples of the organisms with the cell walls are plants, the fungi, protists (particularly molds and algae), and the most of the bacteria (few exceptions are the mycoplasma and the L-form bacteria) have the cell walls
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Explain how nitrogen and phosphorus, the nutrients that most often limit primary production, are necessary for the Calvin cycle to function in photosynthesis (see Concept 10.3).
The importance of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Calvin cycle reducing equivalent NADPH and the energy molecule ATP.
What is the role of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Calvin cycle?The Calvin cycle is a cycle which consists of light-independent chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen carried by hydrogen transfer compounds into glucose.
The steps of the Calvin cycle are:
carbon fixation,reduction, andregenerationThe role of nitrogen and phosphorus is that they are part of the reducing equivalents NADPH which donates hydrogen for the reduction of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle and ATP which provides energy that drives the reactions.
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A scientist is investigating a new drug that will cure the common cold. The scientist should give the __________ group an empty pill, rather than the pill with the drug being tested.
1. variable
2. control
3. test
4. experimental
What does a human being , plants, mushrooms and fish have about them that makes them different
Answer:
biological differences such as, different appearances, and different functions. mushrooms are a fungi and they break down/decompose dead plants and such. fish eat algae and other fish. and humans eat plants, and animals. we all do different things. think about it can a mushroom walk, can a fish walk? humans breath air, mushrooms make air, and fish breath oxygenated H2O
On average, all cells are approximately the same size whether they are found in elephants or beetles. what is the best explanation for why cells are so small?
The best explanation for why cells are so small in all organisms regardless of the taxonomic group is that this size optimizes homeostasis by the exchange of nutrients and waste products with the media.
Why cells are so small?The cells are so small in all organisms regardless of the species because they need to optimize the exchange of material with the surrounding environment, which allot to maintain the state of internal equilibrium.
In conclusion, the best explanation for why cells are so small in all organisms regardless of the taxonomic group is that this size optimizes homeostasis by the exchange of nutrients and waste products with the media.
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this biome contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round. savanna savanna boreal forest boreal forest tropical rain forest tropical rain forest desert
The biome that contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round is desert (option D).
What is a desert?A desert is a barren area of land or desolate terrain, especially one with little water or vegetation.
A desert is characterized by the relatively low amount of rainfall and intense temperature per year, hence, there is little growth of plant life.
The few plants that are adapted to survive in the desert or arid region are specially equiped to do do. Some of the structural adaptations to desert conditions by plants are as follows:
Waxy cuticleReduction of leaves to spines Deep tap rootsTherefore, the biome that contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round is desert.
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Plants use statoliths to detect gravity (see Figure 39.22). How do plants and animals differ with regard to the type of compartment in which statoliths are found and the physiological mechanism for detecting their response to gravity?
In animals, detection is done by mechanoreceptors on hair cells. In plants, this mechanism seems to involve calcium signaling.
Briefing:In animals, the statoliths are extracellular. In contrast, the statoliths of plants are found in an intracellular organelle. Their location detection methods are also different. In animals, detection is done by mechanoreceptors on hair cells. In plants, this mechanism seems to involve calcium signaling.
What is the statoliths in plants?A group of membrane-bound starch granules (see amyloplast) in plant cells is thought to act as a gravity sensor. Starch stators are found in root tip cells and tissues near the vascular bundle of shoots; Under the action of gravity, they sink to the bottom of the cell.
What is the function of statoliths?The statoliths are thought to regulate the transport of the growth hormone, auxin, by acting on specific auxin transporters, the PIN proteins.
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Having a complete set or sets of chromosomes is called ________. euploid diploid aneuploidy monoploid ploidy
Having a complete set or sets of chromosomes is called euploid
aneuploidy is a circumstance that exists when an organism gains or loses one or greater chromosomes but now not a whole haploid setThe failure of one or extra pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate usually during nuclear division, commonly ensuing in an bizarre distribution of chromosomes within the daughter nuclei. is known as non disjunction. Nondisjunction at some point of either meiosis I or II within the female gameteMonosomy s the precise term that describes the loss of a single chromosome (2n - 1)Aneuploidy is the condition that exists when an organism gains or loses one or more chromosomes but now not a entire haploid setTo know more about euploid visit : https://brainly.com/question/22271293
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Protein channels that are situated between cells create small pores for the passage of small substances are known as?
According to the research, the correct option is gap junctions. Protein channels that are situated between cells create small pores for the passage of small substances are known as gap junctions.
What are gap junctions?They are molecular complexes made up of connexins as channels or connection structures between cells that allow the passage of small molecules and electric current.
In this sense, these channel structures formed by proteins allow the adaptive responses of differentiated cells and the synchronization of cell function, the transmission of the electrical impulse, among many other biological activities.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is gap junctions. Protein channels that are situated between cells create small pores for the passage of small substances are known as gap junctions.
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How does productivity increase in terrestrial ecosystems? in aquatic ecosystems?.
In terrestrial ecosystems, productivity increases by moisture availability, temperature, length of seasons, and annual temperature.
A terrestrial ecosystem is a non-aquatic environment and is an area where all terrestrial organisms either biotic or abiotic interact with each other.
There are five primary terrestrial ecosystems which are tropical rainforests, deserts, grasslands, tundra, and taigas.
These ecosystems have a diverse variety of species and rich biodiversity.
Moreover, the particular characteristics of this area are less water availability, temperature fluctuations, and higher availability of light and gases.
Examples of terrestrial plants are the Chinese privet, Autumn Olive and British Yellowhead.
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How did ancient organisms change the Earth’s atmosphere?
Answer:
I will change everything on this earth and make it cool
After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of a. starch. b. protein. c. sugar. d. fat.
d. fat The removal of the gall bladder will have an influence on the generation of bile, which will affect fat digestion because bile is essential for breaking down large fat molecules and commencing digestion.
What are the risks of having one's gallbladder removed?Leakage of bile
However, once the gallbladder is removed, bile fluid may occasionally flow into the belly (abdomen). Belly ache, feeling nauseous, a fever, and a distended tummy are all symptoms of a bile leak.
After gallbladder surgery, eating the incorrect foods can cause discomfort, bloating, and diarrhoea. To avoid stomach discomfort, avoid high-fat or spicy meals such as French fries and potato chips. Meats high in fat, such as bologna, sausage, and ground beef
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What would happen if all of the hemoglobin contained within the rbcs became free in the plasma?
If all of the hemoglobin contained within the RBCs became free in the plasma, it would significantly increase blood osmolarity; option D.
What is osmolarity of a solution?The osmolarity of a solution is a measure of the number of particles present in a given volume of solution.
Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of particles in a given solution.
An increase in dissolved particles will raise the osmolarity of a solution.
In the cell, proteins, ions, and carbohydrates contributes to the osmolarity of the cell.
Hemoglobin is a protein which is found within the red blood and whose function is to transport oxygen in the body.
Therefore, if all of the hemoglobin contained within the RBCs became free in the plasma, the osmolarity of plasm will increase.
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Note that the complete question is given below:
What would happen if all of the hemoglobin contained within the RBCs became free in the plasma?
a)It would considerably increase blood oxygen carrying capacity.
b)It would facilitate delivery of oxygen into tissues supplied by small capillaries.
c)It would facilitate oxygen diffusion into cells distant from blood capillaries.
d)It would significantly increase blood osmolarity.
e)It would drastically increase osmotic colloid pressure.
Which of these ecosystems has the lowest net primary production per square meter? a. a salt marsh b. an open ocean c. a coral reef d. a tropical rain forest
An open ocean has the lowest net primary production per square meter.
An ecosystem is a region where a bubble of life is created by plants, animals, and other organisms interacting with the weather, environment, and other factors. Abiotic variables, or nonliving components, coexist with biotic components in ecosystems. Plants, animals, and other species are biotic factors. Along with rocks, temperature and humidity are abiotic variables. Every component of an ecosystem is directly or indirectly dependent upon every other component. An ecosystem's temperature changes frequently have an impact on the types of plants that may flourish there, for example. Animals who rely on plants for food and refuge will need to relocate to a different ecosystem to adapt to the changes.
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Based on the tree below, which statement is not correct? a. The salamander lineage is a basal taxon. b. Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans. c. Salamanders are as closely related to goats as to humans. d. Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans.
The statement that is not correct is that lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans.
What are lizards?Lizards belong to the group of reptiles that belongs to the animal kingdom that share an ancestor with snakes. They are animals that have a long body and skin covered with lamellae like scales. Among the lizards we know are iguanas, chameleons, lizards, and geckos.
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Based on the tree below, which statement is not correct?
a. The salamander lineage is a basal taxon.
b. Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans.
c. Salamanders are as closely related to goats as to humans.
d. Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans
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When a hospital-physician relationship is established, a physician becomes part of the medical staff based on what criteria?
A physician becomes part of the medical staff based on the successful completion of a prescribed credentialing process.
A physician, also known as a medical practitioner, medical doctor, or simply a doctor, is a person who works in the medical field. When a hospital-physician relationship is established, a physician becomes part of the medical staff.
Medicine is the study, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments to promote maintain, or restore health. In general practice, doctors take on the role of providing ongoing and comprehensive medical care to people, families, and communities, while focusing their practice on certain disease categories, patient types, and treatment modalities (known as specialties).
To practice medicine effectively, one must have a thorough understanding of the academic fields, such as anatomy and physiology, underlying disorders, and how to treat them—the science of medicine—as well as a respectable level of proficiency in the art or craft of medicine.
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Nadh and fadh2 carry high energy electrons from the other stages of respiration to the electron transport chain. What does the electron transport chain use these electrons to do?.
Some of the energy of the high-energy electrons is captured as they travel along the chains. This energy is used to move hydrogen ions (from NADH and FADH2) from the matrix into the intermembranous region through the inner membrane.
The last phase of aerobic respiration is electron transport. In this phase, energy from the Krebs cycle products NADH and FADH2 is converted to ATP.
NADH and FADH2 release high-energy electrons that travel through electron transport chains similar to those utilized during photosynthesis. The electron transport chains are located on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Some of the energy of the high-energy electrons is captured as they travel along the chains. Hydrogen ions (from NADH and FADH2) are pumped over the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space using this energy.
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The gross domestic product of India in 2009 was $1,236,000,000,000($1.236 trillion).how much in dollars was produced per person
$1070 dollars was produced per persons.
India's population measured in 2009 was 1.155 billion.
In order to determine the GDP in dollar produced per person, the total GDP of the country measured needs to be divided by the total population of the country .
Here, total GDP of India is $1.236 trillion.
Hence GDP per person in dollars is 1.236/1.155 =$1070.
What is meant by the GDP and how it is measured?
GDP measures the money value of final goods and services—that is produces in a financial year , those that are bought by the final user—produced in a country in a given period of time .It counts all of the output created within the boundaries of a country.
How GDP of India is calculated?India's GDP is measured with two different methods, one on economic activity , and the second on expenditure . The factor cost method examines the performance of eight different industries.
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A substance that is recognized as foreign or nonself is? 1. immunoglobulins. 2. lymphocytes 3. antibodies. 4. antigens
A substance that is recognized as foreign or non-self is antigens; option 4
What is the immune system?The immune system is a system in the body whose primary function is to defend the body against attack or invasion from foreign agents which are more likely than not to cause diseases.
In some instances though, some foreign agents recognized by the body may not be disease-causing agents.
The components of the immune system include the following:
immunoglobulinslymphocytesantibodiesAntibodies are proteins that protect you when foreign agents enters your body. Antibodies usually bind to antigens which are foreign substances.
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How much kinetic energy does a 50 kg object have it is
moving at a velocity of 1 m/s?
J
Do not Include units in your answer.
The power an object has as a result of motion is known as kinetic energy. A force must be applied to an object in order to accelerate it. We must put in effort in order to apply a force. After the work is finished, energy is transferred to the item, which then moves at a new, constant speed. Answer - [tex]25[/tex]
Kinetic energy has the following formula:
K.E. = [tex]\frac{1}{2} mv^{2}[/tex], where m is the object's mass and [tex]V[/tex] is its square velocity. The kinetic energy is measured in kilograms-meters squared per second squared if the mass is measured in kilogram and the velocity is measured in metre per second.
Solution :
Mass (m)= [tex]50 Kg[/tex]
Velocity (v) = [tex]1\frac{m}{s}[/tex]
Kinetic Energy = [tex]0.5 mv^{2} J[/tex]
= [tex]0.5*50*1^{2}[/tex]
= [tex]25[/tex]
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you are estimating the time since the divergence of two species and used hemoglobin for your molecular clock. you would like to get independent support for your estimate. if you also use cytochrome c, which result do you expect?
The number of amino acid differences between the two species will be fewer for cytochrome c than for hemoglobin.
What can be utilized as a molecular clock to estimate the time since organisms diverged from a familiar?
A molecular watch uses DNA sequences (or the amino acid sequence of proteins that DNA encodes) to calculate how long it has been since related species separated from a common ancestor
Why does hereditary drift have more of an impact on the evolution of small peoples than large ones?
Small populations tend to lose hereditary diversity more quickly than large populations due to stochastic sample error (i.e., genetic drift). This is because some interpretations of a gene can be lost due to accidental chance, and this is more likely to occur when residents are small.
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Complete Question is,
a) The number of amino acid differences between the two species will be the same for both genes.
b) The number of amino acid differences between the two species will be fewer for hemoglobin than for cytochrome c.
c) The number of amino acid differences between the two species will be fewer for cytochrome c than for hemoglobin.
Which of the following is not an accurate statement? a. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system. b. Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. c. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. d. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.
The following is not an accurate statement
c. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.
Usually, the function of hormones belonging to the same chemical class is the same.
Chemicals called hormones function as messenger molecules that travel through the bloodstream. From the glands where they are created to cells in various regions of the human body, hormones convey chemical information. The cellular mechanisms that regulate stress, appetite, growth, sleep cycles, blood sugar can be turned on or off by these chemical messengers.
Hormones play a crucial role in the body's ability to operate properly. They regulate how the organs work and have an impact on their development, sexuality, and reproduction.
In addition, hormones have an impact on how the body consumes and stores energy as well as controls fluid balance and blood sugar and salt levels.
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Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry? a. If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it. b. If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. c. If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis. d. If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.
If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. It describes the best logic of scientific enquiry.
What best represents the methodology of scientific research?The six steps of the scientific method are as follows: 1) asking a question about what you see, 2) doing background research to find out what is known about the subject, 3) formulating a hypothesis, 4) conducting experiments to test the hypothesis, 5) analyzing the results of the experiment, and 6) coming to conclusions.
There is an example of scientific enquiry that is to determine how four fertilizer affect the growth rate of bean plants. So, the option d will be correct.
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Reactions that use energy to drive the synthesis of molecules inside the cell are most specifically considered.
Answer:
Anabolic
Explanation: easy question just study please
The human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human being is, in certain respects, ________.
The human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human being is, in certain respects like all others.
What is the human nature?In psychology, the human nature has to do with the generality of the attitudes that make us human. This includes the ideologies and the tendencies that underlie our shared humanity.
Hence, the human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human being is, in certain respects like all others.
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whenever one turns the pages of a book, uses a pen to take notes, or raises one's hand, one's actions are made possible by the nervous system.
whenever one turns the pages of a book, uses a pen to take notes, or raises one's hand, one's actions are made possible by the somatic nervous system.
The somatic nervous system, also known as the voluntary nervous system, is the area of the peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles to control body movement. It also connects the organism to its environment by receiving external stimuli through the senses of sight, hearing, taste, and smell. In contrast to the autonomic nervous system, which functions largely independently of conscious control in innervating heart muscle and exocrine and endocrine glands, the somatic nervous system uses efferent motor nerves to govern voluntary actions like walking and smiling.
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