A protein can spontaneously folds up into a complex tridimensional 3D shape by inducing polar domain groups to outside the molecule and hydrophobic domains the inside, which allows forming stable bonds with surrounding water molecules.
What is protein folding?Protein folding is the process for which a protein adopts its final 3D shape, which is fundamental for its function and to form chemical bonds with the surrounding aqueous environment. During folding, protein hydrophobic domains are generally located inside the molecule in order to avoid the repulsion of charges, while polar groups such as R-charged groups are located outside.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that protein folding is fundamental and polar domains are generally located outside the molecule.
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how does photosynthesis transform solar energy into the chemical energy of sugar molecules? match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right.
Photosynthesis will transform solar energy into organic matter thanks to a structure inside the cell called chloroplast.
How does photosynthesis transform solar energy into the chemical energy of sugar molecules?The light reactions occur in the thylakoids. Absorption of a photon boosts proton-motive force to a higher-energy state. The energy of light is used to pump an electron from water through photosystem II, an electron transport chain, and photosystem I to NADPH. During energy-releasing redox reactions in the electron transport chain, protons are pumped into the thylakoid space. ATP synthase uses this electrons to make ATP outside the thylakoid space.
The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.The three-carbon sugar G3P is produced and can be converted to sugars and other organic molecules, ultimately providing the chemical energy and carbon source for all of life.
Therefore, we can confirm that photosynthesis will transform solar energy into organic matter thanks to a structure inside the cell called chloroplast.
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Which two statements explain why water is vital to sustaining a healthy
ecosystem?
A. Water molecules consist of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.
B. All of Earth's heterotrophs depend on water as a source of energy
for life processes.
C. Autotrophs need water in order to make oxygen gas and sugars
from inorganic matter.
D. Water enables energy to move through all of Earth's systems.
Water is vital in sustaining a healthy ecosystem as the Autotrophs need water to make food from inorganic matter and water enables the transfer of energy through the earth's systems.
While water is broken down to produce oxygen during photosynthesis, oxygen and hydrogen are combined to produce water during cellular respiration. While photosynthesis utilizes carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration uses oxygen and creates carbon dioxide. The oxygen that is released is used by most organisms, including humans, for cellular respiration.
There are three ways that liquid water travels through land and through the earth: runoff, infiltration, and percolation (groundwater). Groundwater is absorbed by plants, and as it evaporates, it reaches the atmosphere (transpiration). Snow and ice that is solid can suddenly become gaseous (sublimation).
So, water is necessary in sustaining life on earth.
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individuals of a fish species living in a river have varying oxygen level requirements. a nearby factory accidentally releases pollutants into the river, causing oxygen levels in the water to decrease. within a few generations, the percentage of fish with lower oxygen requirements has increased in the river. conversely, the percentage of fish with higher oxygen requirements has decreased. what form of selection has taken place in this population?
Individuals of a fish species living in a river have varying oxygen level requirements,causing oxygen levels in the water to decrease, directional selection has taken place in this population.
In a population, directional selection occurs when individuals with features on one side of the mean survive longer or reproduce more frequently than those on the other. Natural selection known as directional selection occurs when one extreme phenotype is selectively favored. In other words, those who possess this feature have a higher chance of having children. The chemical element with the atomic number 8 and symbol O is oxygen in this sort of selection. The extremely reactive oxygen, which belongs to the chalcogen group in the periodic table, is also necessary for surgery and trauma. Infants, the elderly, and pregnant women are vulnerable populations who require oxygen on a daily basis.
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1. at 20 seconds into the race, anaerobic glycolysis is responsible for atp in muscle contraction, what would be the primary substrate fueling this system? why? 2. what is a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis? what is something you have heard about this by-product related to exercise and sport? 3. at 38.6 seconds, the aerobic is predominate. why would carbohydrates (glycogen) and not fats be the fuel source for atp synthesis? bonus: (1 point) feedback on watching an event to understand the energy systems rather than just reading about it.
Here are the answers per question:
1. Whether glycolysis is conducted in anaerobic or aerobic conditions, glucose will serve as the substrate if at 20 seconds into the race, anaerobic glycolysis is responsible for atp in muscle contraction.
2a. Lactate is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis.
2b. Muscle aches from strenuous exercise, sports, and physical activity are some products of lactate. Additionally, it develops during anaerobic respiration.
3. Since carbohydrates take less oxygen than fats to produce the same quantity of energy, they are used as an energy source initially rather than fats. Therefore, all muscles use carbs as their main source of energy, with the exception of the heart muscle, which uses lipids.
When there is a shortage of oxygen (O2), glucose is converted to lactate by anaerobic glycolysis. Only brief, intensive activity can effectively produce energy through anaerobic glycolysis, which can last anywhere between 10 seconds and 2 minutes.
Compared to aerobic metabolism, this is substantially quicker. During a maximum exertion, the anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid) system predominates for roughly 10 to 30 seconds.
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What does the line of best fit indicate about the correlation between the variables?
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The line of best fit has a negative slope, therefore, the data has a negative correlation.
which structure in the figure would most likely be used to form muscles and connective tissue
Connective tissue is found in bones and muscles. Sheets and fibres of muscle cells are braided together to form muscular tissue.
Why is connective tissue important?
Muscle is a distinct type of tissue found in animals that, when triggered, contracts to exert forces on various body parts. These sheets and fibres are collectively referred to as muscles, and they control both the movement of an organism as well as several other contractile functions.
Animals have one of three types of muscle, each adapted to a certain function. These muscles are similar in structure and function, despite slight variations. Muscle tissue is usually connected by the same nerve bundles and serves a single purpose.
Therefore, connective tissue is found in bones and muscles. Sheets and fibres of muscle cells are braided together to form muscular tissue.
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Some steps in cell division are shown below:
1. Haploid chromosomes align in the center of the cell
2. Sister chromatids separate
3. The cell undergoes cytokinesis
4. Four new daughter cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell form.
The steps above most likely describe?
__________________________________________________
Prophase
Meiosis 2
Interphase
Meiosis 1
The steps above most likely describe Meiosis 2, which occurs after Interkinesis. Cell division is of two types: Mitosis and Meiosis.
The formation of four haploid daughter cells is the characteristic feature of Meiosis 2. Separation of sister chromatids, alignment of haploid chromosomes, and formation of four daughter cells occur in the second half of meiosis.
Ploidy level changes in heredity during the onset of Meiosis. Meiosis segregates and restores the ploidy level from one generation to another. Meiosis is a defining trait of haploid cells and haploid organisms. Crossing over leading to variations is an integral part of Meiosis.
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Answer:It is B
Explanation:
18. Which of the following would be able to pass through the membrane the easiest ?
a. Small, hydrophobic substances
b. Small, polar substance
c. Molecules like sucrose and glucose
d Small, hydrophilic molecules
The one that will be able to pass through the membrane the easiest is small, hydrophilic molecules. The correct option is d.
What is lipid bilayer?A lipid bilayer is a polar membrane composed of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that surround all cells in a continuous barrier.
The lipid bilayer acts as a barrier, keeping ions, proteins, and other molecules where they belong and preventing them from diffusing into areas where they should not be.
A bilayer is made up of two sheets of phospholipid molecules, each with all of its molecules aligned in the same direction.
Because small, nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic, they can easily cross the plasma membrane's phospholipid bilayer.
Because polar molecules and ions are hydrophilic, they cannot easily cross the plasma membrane's hydrophobic portion.
Thus, the correct option is d.
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The process of transcription begins when
Answer: Hope this helps have a good day
Explanation:
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins). RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands (the template strand) as a template to make a new, complementary RNA molecule.
Transcription occurs in the three steps—initiation, elongation, and termination—all shown here. Step 1: Initiation. Initiation is the beginning of transcription. ... Step 2: Elongation. ... Step 3: Termination.
RNA polymerases begin transcription at DNA sequences called promoters. RNA polymerases end transcription at sequences called terminators. Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). DNA safely and stably stores genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a reference, or template
Privet shrubs and humans each have a diploid number of 46 chromosomes per cell. Why are the two species so dissimilar?.
Both the privet shrubs and humans have a diploid number of 46 chromosomes in a cell but yet they are so different. This is because the two species have very different genes.
In the question, it is stated and we know that both privet shrubs and humans have the same number of diploids. They both have a total of 46 chromosomes per cell. But, both of them don't have very similar properties when compared to each other genetically.
We know that Privet shrubs are plants and have different genes in their DNA as compared to human DNA. Their traits and characteristics differ from each other as both have different types of cells. The differences in the characteristics of their genes cause them to be very dissimilar from each other.
Hence, both species are dissimilar.
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Amoebas are single celled organisms that take in particles, and sometimes smaller organisms, as food by enclosing the food particle
in its membrane. The amoeba requires energy for this process.
Which structure in an amoeba produces the energy it needs?
O vesicle
O nucleolus
O vacuole
O mitochondria
Answer:
mitochondria
Explanation:
multiple select question select all that apply chargaff found that double-stranded dna contains approximately a 1:1 ratio of adenine and thymine, and approximately a 1:1 ratio of cytosine and guanine. what did james watson conclude from this observation? multiple select question. that cytosine in one strand of dna binds to adenine in the other strand that adenine in one strand of dna binds to thymine in the other strand that cytosine in one strand of dna binds to guanine in the other strand that thymine in one strand of dna binds to guanine in the other strand that dna is replicated in a semiconservative way
This is the foundation of Chargaff's rule; due to their complementarity, a DNA molecule contains an equal amount of adenine and thymine, as well as guanine and cytosine.
It's interesting to note that Watson and Crick discovered that Adenine always pairs with Thymine and Cytosine always pairs with Guanine, proving Chargaff's rule that the ratio of [A] to [T] and the ratio of [G] to [C] are equivalent.
What does the Chargaff rule mean?
According to Chargaff's criteria, DNA from all cells of all creatures should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases. More specifically, the amounts of guanine and adenine should be equal to cytosine and thymine, respectively.
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Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful in an organism, changing their fitness in a population. which of these scenarios model how mutations can be detrimental to an organism ? select all that apply
Mutations can be categorized into three main groups based on how they affect fitness: the "good" or advantageous mutations that improve fitness, the "bad" or deleterious mutations that reduce fitness, and the "indifferent" or the neutral mutations are usually remain unaffected by selection because their effects are very small
One of the primary mechanisms driving the evolution is mutation, it increases population variability and promotes the evolutionary changes . For instance,
the consequences of mutations frequently depend on other mutations present or absent their effects can also depend on the environment the fate of mutations may depend on size and structure of population, which can severely limit the ability of selection to discriminate among the three types (making all seem nearly ‘indifferent’)mutations' fate can also be depend on fate of others that have more pronounced effects and are in close proximity on the same chromosome.To this purpose, we should take into account a variety of molecular and phenotypic characteristics of evolution and the extant populations, and ask how these characteristics may get described in terms of mutational rates and types, as well as how they are impacted by factors that are going to determine their futures.
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Answer:
After pollination, these gametes move to the ovule, where they combine with female gametes, which also contain half the quota of chromosomes. This process is called fertilisation. After fertilisation, the combined cell grows into an embryo inside a seed.
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Paleontologists find a fossil ape with long arms. What type of environment can they infer it inhabited?.
Paleontologists discover a fossil ape with long palms. Woodland of environment can they infer it inhabited.
A paleontologist is a scientist who studies the records of existence on earth via fossil documents. Fossils are the proof of beyond existence on earth and may encompass those shaped by animals our bodies or their imprints (body fossils).
Paleontology is the look at historical life, from dinosaurs to prehistoric flora, mammals, fish, insects, fungi, or even microbes. Fossil proof exhibits how organisms changed through the years and what our planet become like long in the past.
Invertebrate Paleontology: a study of invertebrate animal fossils, which includes mollusks, echinoderms, and others. Vertebrate Paleontology: have a look at vertebrate fossils, from primitive fishes to mammals. Human Paleontology (Paleoanthropology): The look at prehistoric human and proto-human fossils.
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Paleontologists find a fossil ape with long arms. The environment can they infer it inhabited is Woodland.
A paleontologist is a scientist who researches the records of existence on earth via fossil report. Fossils are the evidence of beyond life on the planet and can consist of those fashioned from animal our bodies or their imprints (frame fossils).
Paleontology also has some overlap with archaeology, which commonly works with items made by means of human beings and with human remains, while paleontologists are interested in the characteristics and evolution of humans as a species.
Palenolology, like most technological know-how careers, isn't always particularly nicely paid. it's a lot of work, frequently in harsh conditions, and recognition is not going. Paleontologists ought to scramble for grants to fund their paintings, and frequently need to gift to a couple of sources to get the money for their expeditions.
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what is the 1000 plant project? in three or four sentences summarise its findings
Answer:
The 1,000 plants (1KP) project is an international multi-disciplinary consortium that has generated transcriptome data from over 1,000 plant species, with exemplars for all of the major lineages across the Viridiplantae (green plants) clade.
The diploid number of chromosomes for human skin cells is 46. If the cells undergo mitosis, what will be the diploid number of chromosomes in the new skin cells?.
The diploid number of chromosomes in the new cell is 46.
During mitosis, the parent cell divides into two daughter cells having exactly the same number of chromosomes and genetic makeup. There are four stages of mitosis that include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
In human beings, mitosis takes almost 24 hours to complete. The diploid number of chromosomes in human beings is 46 which will remain the same after mitosis. Due to this, mitosis is also known as equational division.
Therefore, the diploid number of chromosomes in the new skin cells is 46 after mitosis.
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Can someone please answer this? It's due by midnight.
Answer:
CHLOROPHYLL PHOTOSYNTHESIS LEAVES NO CLUE HERBIVORE GREEN CARBONDIOXIDE OXYGEN SIX SUGARExplanation:
Things appear green because they reflect the colour green.
Every molecule of glucose is produced with 6 oxygen molecules during photosynthesis.
6CO₂ + 6H₂O = C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
I would appreciate 5 star rating and thanks.
Use the image and answer the questions. Thank you!
The transport mechanisms in the cell are osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis, and molecular pumps. The molecule they transport are found in the attachment
What are the mechanisms of transport in cells?Some of the transport mechanisms of the cell include the following:
Diffusion - this is the movement of molecules of solids, liquids of gases down their concentration gradient.Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules through protein channels down their concentration gradient.Osmosis - this is the movement of water molecules across semi-permeable membranes.Other transport mechanisms are through molecular pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis involving pumps.
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how do you get chromosomes from your parents?
Answer: The egg and sperm each have one-half of a set of chromosomes. The egg and sperm together give the baby the full set of chromosomes
Explanation:
Answer:
The egg and sperm each have one half of a set of chromosomes. The egg and sperm together give the baby the full set of chromosomes.
Explanation:
What 2 events in nature can hinder the process of carbohydrate production? Explain your answer. Use the sentence frame: “___ can hinder carbohydrate production because ____.”
The answers include the following below:
Stormy weather can hinder carbohydrate production because of ithe absence of sunlight.Low temperature can hinder carbohydrate production because of the low heat energy.What is Carbohydrate?This is a biomolecule which has a formula which is (CH₂O)ₙ and is the source of energy for most living organisms. It is formed by plants through photosynthesis which involves the use of water and carbondioxide as the reactants and examples include glucose, starch etc.
Factors such as Stormy weather and low temperature can hinder carbohydrate production because of inadequate sunlight. During photosynthesis, there is the need for adequate sunlight because the solar energy is trapped by the chlorophyll and is converted into chemical energy.
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what do single cells or cells have that are similar to role that organs play in the human body?
Cells give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, transform those nutrients into energy, and perform specific tasks. They produce copies of themselves and include DNA, the body's genetic material. The simplest functional unit of the human body is the cell.
How do cells work?The fundamental units of all living things are cells. There are many billions of cells in a human body. They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks.All of these plants and animals, including trees in a forest, fish in a river, horseflies on a farm, lemurs in the jungle, reeds in a pond, and worms in the soil, are comprised of the building blocks known as cells. Many living organisms are made up of countless cells cooperating with one another, similar to these examples.They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks. Additionally, cells have the ability to replicate themselves and contain the body's genetic material.To learn more about Cells refer to:
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blue poppies native to china are grown at a plant-breeding center in california. those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in california's drier climate. this evolutionary adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to
This evolutionary adaptation of blue poppies that allowed the thickest leaves to survive and reproduce best in California's drier climate is due to d) directional selection.
In the field of biology, directional selection can be described as a process in which the organisms having traits that are better and make them more adapted to an environment are able to survive and increase in population.
In the case above, the climate of California was drier as compared to that of China. Thick-leaved blue poppies were better able to survive in this environment as compared to the thin-leaved ones. Hence, with the passage of time, through directional selection, the thick-leaved blue poppies increased in population.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
Blue poppies native to china are grown at a plant-breeding center in California. those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in California's drier climate. this evolutionary adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to
a) genetic drift
b) neutral variation
c) disruptive selection
d) directional selection
e) stabilizing selection
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what is the primary function of sesamoid bones? protect internal organs. protect internal organs. support the body's weight. support the body's weight. act as levers for joints. act as levers for joints. provide stability in complex joints.
The primary function of sesamoid bones is to act as levers for joints.
Leverage is one of the sesamoid bones' functions. The sesamoids can generate extra force when pushing off during a running or jumping action since they are connected to tendons in the foot.
When the sesamoids are harmed or inflamed, discomfort can be felt on the ball of the foot. The sesamoids are situated inside ligaments under the big toe.
Running and dancing are two activities that frequently cause the inflammation of the sesamoid bones, which is a disorder known as sesamoiditis. Stopping the injury-causing activity is usually the first step in the healing process. Elevating the injured foot may also be beneficial.
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I need help important test
i need the answers asap
Answer:
Pretty sure the answer is D
Explanation:
jane has a son who has duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is inherited as an x-linked recessive trait. at a molecular level, the disease is due to lack of the protein dystrophin. jane participates in a study to look at dystrophin levels in various muscles, so she has cells sampled from 10 different muscles. some cells make dystrophin, and some do not. an explanation for this finding is that
A possible explanation for this finding is that in some cells but not others, the x chromosome with the mutation is turned off. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a heritable condition that causes gradual muscle weakness, usually in boys.
- More about Duchenne muscular dystrophy :
- Frequent falls, difficulty getting up or running, a waddling gait, large calves, and learning impairments are all signs of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- Although there is no cure, corticosteroids and physical therapy can help reduce symptoms and enhance quality of life.
- Researchers have discovered some of the mutated genes, which are brought on by a genetic mutation on one of the mother's X chromosomes. A genetic defect in the production of dystrophin, a protein that prevents muscle fibers from degrading when exposed to enzymes, results in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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pls help i don't understand it.
Answer: A = organelle
B = cell
C = organ
D = organ system
E = organism
Explanation: Starting from A and going to E each level makes up the other level. For example cells are made up of organelles and organs are made up of cells
Explain how the products of anaerobic respiration cause your cells to be less efficient
Products of anaerobic respiration, does not require oxygen, as a result lactic acid is produced, which lowers the pH of the cells and cause our cells to be less efficient.
ATP is vital because your muscles use the ATP to contract. During aerobic respiration, your body typically performs this function. Your cells can make a lot of ATP with oxygen and glucose, up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
However, when you exercise vigorously, your lungs are unable to keep up, and there is insufficient oxygen to supply your muscles with the ATP they require. Your muscle cells decide to switch to anaerobic respiration on their own.
Your muscle cells use sugar to make ATP during anaerobic respiration, but they don't use oxygen. Your muscles will begin to burn as a result of the rapid conversion of lactate into lactic acid during this process. As you may have noticed, lactic acid makes it harder to exercise.
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which of the following processes contribute to the proton motive force during aerobic respiration? choose one or more: a.carbon fixation b.glycolysis c.electron transport system d.atp synthesis e.tca cycle f.fermentation
Answer:
B, C, and E are correct.
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. specialized cells such as white blood cells interact with foreign particles in the body. a particular cell belonging to this category recognizes bacteria and forms a covering around it, pinching off the vacuole. the cell then performs . the foreign particles recognized by the particular type of cells differ from the ones recognized by another type of white blood cell. this situation indicates that the receptors are .
The cell then performs endocytosis, The foreign particles that this particular type of cell recognizes are distinct from those that another type of white blood cell recognizes. This suggests that the receptors are Specific.
The immune system's cells are called white blood cells. They aid in the body's defense against pathogens like bacteria that could otherwise cause harm. They do this by ingesting the bacteria in the form of vesicles. The term for this process is endocytosis.
White blood cell receptors are extremely specific. They can now identify specific foreign particles as a result of this. The adaptive immune system's B and T cells, for instance, are specific for foreign substances. To put it another way, particularly white blood cells are capable of recognizing particular foreign objects. This suggests that these cells have very specific receptors.
(complete question)
Specialized cells such as white blood cells interact with foreign particles in the body. A particular cell belonging to this category recognizes bacteria and forms a covering around it, pinching off the vacuole. The cell then performs 1(BLANK). The foreign particles recognized by the particular type of cells differ from the ones recognized by another type of white blood cell. This situation indicates that the receptors are 2(BLANK).
1.
a) endocytosis
b) exocytosis
c) diffusion
2.
a) the same for all cells
b) specific for the cells
c) never present on cells
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