Q1.

Table 1 shows information about some food components in cow’s milk.


Table 1
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for a typical adult Energy in kJ 1046 8700

Fat in g 8.4 70.0

Salt in g 0.5 6.0

Calcium in mg 605 1000

Vitamin B-12 in μg 4.5 2.4


(a) How much more milk would a typical adult have to drink to get their RDA for calcium compared with the amount of milk needed to get their RDA for vitamin B-12?

Please show workings

The majority of the usable energy is contained in reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2.

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle only a small portion of energy is converted into ATP. Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, a total of four ATP molecules, and two molecules of NADH .

Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA so it can enter the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate is modified by removal of a carboxyl group followed by oxidation, and then attached to Coenzyme A. one molecule of pyruvate produces 15 ATPs in total.

To learn more about Glycolysis,  here

brainly.com/question/14076989

#SPJ1

.

Small amounts of ghrelin are also released by the small intestine, pancreas, and brain. Ghrelin is primarily produced and released by the stomach.

Ghrelin serves a variety of purposes. Because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake, and encourages fat storage, it is known as the "hunger hormone." The peptide known as ghrelin, or the "hunger hormone," is produced by ghrelin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and acts as a neuropeptide in the central nervous system. Ghrelin controls both the distribution and rate of use of energy in addition to controlling hunger. Ghrelin is secreted when the stomach is empty. Your stomach produces the hormone ghrelin. When your stomach is empty, ghrelin is released to tell your brain that it is time to eat.

Learn more about ghrelin here-

https://brainly.com/question/28494087

#SPJ4

The 23 pairs of chromosomes in cell nuclei plus a tiny DNA molecule present in each mitochondria make up the human genome, which is a full set of nucleic acid sequences for humans.The nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome are often treated separately.

Why is the human genome important? What is it?

     To learn more about  human genome refer

     https://brainly.com/question/27926632

     #SPJ4

No every part of an organism have the same chance of becoming fossilized . Hard parts of the body preserve because they have biologically deposited minerals.

Fossilization can be defined as the physical, chemical, and biological processes that lead to the preservation of plant and animal remains over time.

Fossils include the organisms remains, such as plant or animal tissues, shells, teeth or bones, they also include traces of life such as foot prints. Fossil are generally formed After an animal dies, their soft parts decompose leaving the hard parts, like the skeleton, behind. This becomes buried by small particles of rock called sediment.

To learn more about Fossils  , here

brainly.com/question/6867325

#SPJ1

There will be 1/3% chance that two individuals with type d brachydactyly will have a child who does not have brachydactyly

Brachydactyly type D is a clinically recognized disorder marked by a thumb that is relatively small and spherical with an accompanying broader nail bed. It is also known as short thumb or stub thumb and incorrectly referred to as clubbed thumb.

Because it is a dominant genetic trait, a child can inherit the disorder from either parent. If you have brachydactyly, there is a good chance that your family members do too. Many brachydactyly cases take place in the absence of any additional medical issues.

Therefore, there will be 1/3% chance that two individuals with type d brachydactyly will have a child who does not have brachydactyly.

Learn more about brachydactyly here:

https://brainly.com/question/14240641

#SPJ4

When there is a failure to control the cell cycle, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth it is known as cancer.

Cancer is a multifactorial disease associated with uncontrolled growth of a given cell type, which is generally caused by a failure in the factors that control the progression through the cell cycle. These failures are generated by mutations in the genes that control the cell cycle.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and failure in the genes associated with the control of the cell cycle.

Learn more about cancer here:

https://brainly.com/question/11710623

#SPJ1

The major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes (option A).

Eukaryotes are any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms of the taxonomic domain Eukaryota, whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus.

On the other hand, prokaryotes are organism whose cell (or cells) are characterized by the absence of a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic organisms have membrane bound organelles such as chloroplast, mitochondria, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum while prokaryotic organisms lack these organelles.

Based on this, eukaryotic organisms will possess more intracellular organelles than their prokaryotic counterparts.

Learn more about eukaryotic cells at: https://brainly.com/question/8826896

#SPJ1

The mode of action of this therapeutic agent exists inhibition of neutrophils chemotaxis. IL-17A is a crucial cytokine implicated in the development of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Chemotaxis, or the directed migration of neutrophils, depends on the spatial and temporal control of intracellular signaling pathways, which enables the neutrophil to detect an attractant gradient, polarize, and move quickly in the direction of the chemoattractant with the highest concentration.

The first cells to arrive at the infection site are neutrophils, which are drawn there by chemotactic substances like complement and primarily function in phagocytosis.

IL-17A is a crucial cytokine implicated in the development of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Secukinumab is a completely human monoclonal antibody that selectively neutralizes IL-17A and has demonstrated immediate and long-lasting efficacy and safety in the full spectrum of psoriasis symptoms.

The mode of action of this therapeutic agent exists inhibition of neutrophils chemotaxis.

To learn more about neutrophils chemotaxis refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/4713507

#SPJ4

Limiting factors are the biotic and abiotic environmental elements that model a species  population size affecting their carrying capacity. 1) alligators and mosquitoes 2) pollution 3) alligators 4) pollution 5) frogs are control species 6) + alligators, - frogs // + mosquitoes, + frogs.

Limiting factors are all the environmental elements, biotic and abiotic, that act directly on populations and individuals, limiting their distribution and growth.

These factors affect the carrying capacity, influencing on natality and mortality rate, migration, etcetera.

In the exposed example, limiting factors are

These three elements model the Frog population size according to their magnitude and population sizes.

Two simulations per factor were performed in order to see how much each factor affected the frog's populations.

The data chart shows the following tendency,

Alligators

- Low number of alligators →  there was an increase in frogs number from  

                                                10 to 18.

- High number of alligators →  there was a decrease in frogs number from  

                                                 10 to 3.

Pollution

- Low pollution level →  there was no change in frogs number

- High pollution level →  there was a decrease in frogs number from  

                                        10 to 7.

Mosquitoes

- Low number of mosquitoes →  there was a decrease in frogs number

                                                     from 10 to 5.

- High number of mosquitoes → there was an increase in frogs number  

                                                      from 10 to 17.

Information from the graph expresses thesame tendency,

Alligators

- Low number of alligators →  there was an increase from 50k to 90k.

- High number of alligators →  there was a decrease from 50k to 10k.

Pollution

- Low pollution level →  there was no change

- High pollution level →  there was a decrease from 50k to 35k.

Mosquitoes

- Low number of mosquitoes →  there was a decrease from 50k to 25k.

- High number of mosquitoes → there was an increase from 50k to 85k.

1. Which limiting factor(s) in this lab simulation are biotic?

Alligator (predator) and mosquitoes (food)

2. Which limiting factor(s) in this lab simulation are abiotic?

Pollution

3. Which limiting factor impacted the cricket frog population the most? Use evidence to support your answer.

According to the chart and to the graph, the presence/absence of predators impacted the most on the frogs population.

4. Which limiting factor impacted the cricket frog population the least? Use evidence to support your answer.

Pollution is the factor that least affected the frogs population size.

5. Mosquitoes can carry and transmit disease to animals and humans. Explain how the cricket frog plays an important role in limiting the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses like West Nile virus and malaria.

Since frogs feed on mosquitoes, they become a natural control species for the mosquitoes, limiting their spread and effects on humans and animals.

Frogs are a biotic limiting factor for moesquitoes population.

6. Predict the long-term effects of these limiting factors on the cricket frog population in the pond ecosystem.

It depends on the pond ecosystem.

↑ alligators and ↑ mosquitoes ⇒ ↓ frogs

↓ alligators and ↑ mosquitoes ⇒s ↑ frogs

↑ alligators and ↑ mosquitoes ⇒↓frogs

↓ alligators and ↓ mosquitoes ⇒ ↓frogs

You can learn more about limiting factors at

https://brainly.com/question/1375274

https://brainly.com/question/11165311

#SPJ1

The percentage of the homozygous dominant genotype is 0.04 or 4%

An important fundamental principle of population genetics is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), which states that "genotype frequencies in a population remain constant between generations in the absence of disturbance by external factors."

if, [tex]p^{2}[/tex]   = 64% = 0.64

Therefore, the percentage of the recessive allele in the population,

q = 0.8

Since, p + q = 1, the percentage of the dominant allele in the population, p = 0.2

Now, the percentage of homozygous dominant genotype in the population,[tex]p^{2}[/tex] = [tex](0.2)^{2}[/tex] = 0.04 or 4%

the percentage of heterozygous genotype, 2pq = 2(0.8)(0.2) = 0.32 or 32%

(complete question)

The percentage of homozygous recessive individuals (for one particular trait) in a population is found to be 64%. Assuming the population is at Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, what is the proportion of the heterozygous genotype? (give your answer as a decimal between 0-1)

p+q=1(p= freq. of dominant allele, q= freq. of recessive allele)

[tex]p^{2}[/tex] +2pq+ [tex]q^{2}[/tex] =1

( [tex]p^{2}[/tex]= proportion of homozygous dominant genotypes,

2pq = proportion of heterozygous genotypes,

[tex]q^{2}[/tex]=proportion

of homozygous recessive genotypes)

Know more about Hardy Weinberg equilibrium here: https://brainly.com/question/14669053

#SPJ4

The correct answer is the option c from yeast fermentation of partially digested algae

The majority of fungus have several cells. A single-celled fungus known just as yeast typically develops on stale bread.

Mold, mushrooms, and algae are the only other fungus that have many cells. Fungi have a vast, multicellular hyphal network. Tubular cells make up the Hyphae filaments.

But because yeast is a single-celled fungus, it lacks hyphae.

To know more about yeast visit here :

https://brainly.com/question/7039577

#SPJ4

In muscles, the source of ATP depends on the duration of exercise.

The duration of exercise is an important factor in determining the source from which ATP is derived in the muscles.

Initially, when there is enough supply of oxygen, the body will use the method of aerobic respiration for the production of ATP. By the aerobic method, carbohydrates, fats and proteins derived from the food can be used as an energy source.

When the time duration increases, the muscles will switch to anaerobic respiration as there will not be a shortage of oxygen. In this case, energy will be derived from glucose that we get from the breakdown of glycogen. Glycogen is the form in which energy is stored in the body.

Hence, the source of ATP will be dependent on the duration of exercise.

To learn more about ATP, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/893601

#SPJ4

1. A chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes.

2. The skin's surface is smooth

3. Thylakoids, or individual sacs generated by the inner membrane, are

stacked like pancakes in rows.

4. If a thylakoid has pigment, what color will it be?

green; chlorophyll.

5. Accessory pigments are another kind of pigments that absorb sunlight. These pigments are colored.

Orange, yellow, red, and brown

6. Thylakoids are stacked and are known as Grana (plural) or GRANUM (singular).

7. Lamellae attach stacks or grana to one another.

What is the thylakoid membrane's greenish pigment called?

the color chlorophyll

The thylakoid membrane contains the green pigment chlorophyll, and the region between it and the chloroplast membranes is known as the stroma.

To learn more about Lamellae refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/12906685

#SPJ13

Detritus is what dead solid organic material is called, which includes the remains of dead organisms, as well as fecal matter.

This means A. detritus is the right answer.

Here are the answers to the questions respectively:

A metabolic poison called trematol is made from the white snake root. The toxin is concentrated in the milk of cows that consume this plant. The toxin prevents the liver's enzymes from metabolizing lactic acid into other chemicals.

Our cells make lactic acid through a process known as fermentation when there is not enough oxygen present. Particularly in our muscles, the pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to lactic acid to replenish NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP. This explains why exercise makes the symptoms worse.

Here is another question with an answer similar to this about metabolic poison: https://brainly.com/question/28044238
#SPJ4

Myelin is a lipid-made substance that surrounds the axons of some neurons. This myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator and speeds up the propagation of the action potentials inside the neurons' axons.

The term "independent variable" means precisely what it sounds like. It is a variable that is independent of the other factors you are attempting to assess.

To learn more about independent variable, refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/82796

#SPJ13

The class of organic compounds in which the toxins released by the man of war belongs to is referred to as protein.

This is referred to as a biomolecule which is responsible for the growth and the repair of wornout tissues present in the body of organisms. Protein also form part of the bodily fluids such as enzymes, etc.

Papain is referred to as a proteolytic enzyme which is extracted from pawpaw. Since it is an enzyme then we can deduce that it is a protein which is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the most appropriate choice.

Read more about Protein here https://brainly.com/question/10058019

#SPJ1

The tissues is found in both the stem and the roots of a plant is vascular tissue.

In higher plants, vascular tissues are intricate conducting tissues made up of several cell and elemental kinds. Xylem and phloem are the two primary elements of plant vascular tissue. These tissues are in charge of moving water and nutrients throughout the plants.

The two primary tissue types that make up the vascular system are xylem and phloem. From the roots to the leaves, the xylem transports water and dissolved minerals up the stem of the plant. From the leaves to the roots, food is transported by phloem.

To know more about vascular tissue visit:

https://brainly.com/question/4522173

#SPJ4

Answer: Its all of them

Explanation:

Crossing occurs between sister chromatids that does not help in recombination because sister chromatids have the similar alleles, on the other hand non sister chromatids have different alleles .

Crossing over mostly occurs in-between prophase I and metaphase I it is the place were two homologous non-sister chromatids combine with each other and share their genetic material in order to form two recombinant chromosome sister chromatids.

Crossing over that takes place between sister chromatids, are genetically identical, such crossing over will not result in genetic recombination.  After crossing over, the sister chromatids for each chromosome that are no longer identical to one another.

To learn more about Crossing over , here

brainly.com/question/27256451

#SPJ1

Jackrabbits' large ears are an adaptation for dissipating heat.

Jackrabbits inhabit desert environments where the days are quite warm. Their ears are a coping mechanism for the heat in the desert. Depending on the temperature, a network of blood arteries in the big, thin ears regulates blood flow. They have quite large ears. A jackrabbit's ears are undoubtedly good listeners, but they also serve as radiators.

They enhance blood flow via the ears to remove heat after a race and on warm days. They reduce blood flow through the ears at night to keep you warm and also increase blood flow via the ears to eliminate heat after a race. They keep the body warm on chilly nights by reducing blood flow through the ears.

Learn to know more about adaptation on

https://brainly.com/question/29594

#SPJ4

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

An adaptive advantage is a reproductive benefit an organism derives from being properly acceptable to the surroundings wherein it lives. Adaptive blessings are in all likelihood to result in an organism producing greater offspring than organisms without the adaptive benefit.

An adaptive advantage is an iterative approach to software development that includes hypothesizing, experimenting, and adjusting as teams move thru the manner.

An adaptive commercial enterprise approach enables a commercial enterprise to work proactively on a continual foundation to obtain lengthy-time period desires and fast adjust those desires whilst essential. that is accomplished by means of figuring out and speedy enforcing short-term techniques and movements to achieve bigger image goals.

Learn more about adaptive advantage here:-https://brainly.com/question/9052222

#SPJ4

Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that produces cells that are genetically different from each other.

Cell division is the process through which all cells are created from other cells. Meiosis is a specific type of cell division that generates reproductive cells like sperm and egg cells as well as plant and fungus spores. A "parent" cell generally divides into two or more "daughter" cells during this process. The parent cell can transmit its genetic material in this manner from generation to generation.

Meiosis is a specific type of cell division that takes place in sexually reproducing organisms. It generates reproductive cells like sperm, egg, and spores in plants and fungi, as was previously indicated. In humans, germ cells go through a process called meiosis to develop into sperm or eggs.

Learn more about cell division here:

brainly.com/question/13693235

#SPJ4

The accelerated growth and advances in taxonomy as a science occurred during B. the Renaissance

This refers to the branch of science that has to do with the classification of plants and animals into a particular genus, or family based on shared characteristics and other biological factors.

Hence, we can see that during the Renaissance, the first breakthrough that occurred in the area of taxonomy came courtesy of the scientist Andreas Vesalius who wrote a treatise on the subject in the year 1543.

Also, the growing popularity of this topic led to the foundation of the first botanic garden in Padua, Italy.

Therefore, option B is the answer.

Read more about taxonomy here:

https://brainly.com/question/329489

#SPJ1

The first major advance in taxonomy during the Renaissance was credited to the scientist Andreas Vesalius, who published a dissertation on the subject in 1543. Thus, option B is correct.

The Renaissance saw the development of both the telescope and the microscope. This was brought on by advances in lens manufacturing.

With the introduction of the printing press and an increase in readers, these better lenses also aided in the creation of spectacles.

Therefore, the accelerated growth and advances in taxonomy as a science occurred during the Renaissance.

Learn more about Renaissance here:

https://brainly.com/question/28958107

#SPJ1

Answer:

Lysosomes are the waste cells. They get rid of old things. Vacuoles stores things for later use, like water and other important tings.

Hope this was helpful

It could block active transport of serotonin back into the cell by blocking a serotonin-sodium symporter.

The gastrointestinal system, usually known as the stomach and intestines, are affected by the illness known as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Constipation, diarrhea, and stomach discomfort are all possible symptoms. There may also be cramping.

IBS is a chronic ailment that requires long-term management. The abdominal discomfort of patients who took antidepressants for their IBS symptoms significantly improved, and other IBS symptoms including diarrhea, constipation, bloating, nausea, or urgency decreased as well.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) may both lessen general IBS symptoms. Approximately 55% of patients on TCAs or SSRIs will benefit, as opposed to 35% of patients taking a placebo.

Here is another question with an answer similar to this about irritable bowel syndrome: https://brainly.com/question/28841808
#SPJ4

Vitamins that dissolve in water are known as water-soluble vitamins. They must be consumed daily because they can only be stored in little amounts. On the other hand, lipid-soluble vitamins are those that are soluble in fats.

What are vitamins that are water-soluble and fat-soluble?

Bile and the pancreatic sulcus must be present in addition to lipids for fat-soluble compounds to be absorbed. They are A, D, E, and K vitamins. All of the B complex vitamins including vitamin C are classified as water-soluble vitamins.

We can infer from this information that vitamins that are soluble in water are those that are called water-soluble vitamins. They must be consumed everyday because they cannot be kept in large quantities. On the other hand, lipid-soluble vitamins are those that are soluble in fats.

To know more about lipids visit here :

brainly.com/question/12993003

#SPJ4

Water-soluble vitamins are quickly absorbed by the body, so you won't need to store a lot of them to help maintain your body's nutritional needs balanced naturally. In contrast, fat-soluble vitamins are considerably different. The body has access to these vitamins because they are stored in tissue and dissolve in fat. Although fat-soluble vitamins can also be toxic, water-soluble vitamins are more likely to do so since they are promptly excreted from the body and have a larger potential for toxicity. Fat-soluble vitamins can also be retained in tissues. Consult your doctor first before taking any vitamins or minerals. Some vitamins and minerals may be affected by certain medical disorders and sensitivities. Consult your doctor first before taking any vitamins or minerals. Some vitamins and minerals may be affected by certain medical disorders and sensitivities.

To learn more about water-soluble vitamins check the link below.

https://brainly.com/question/29588810?referrer=searchResults