1 - Plants are essentially autotrophic, chlorophyll-containing, non-motile organisms. They are multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
2 - Stomata are minute pores of eliptical shape, consists of two specialized epidermal cell called guard cells .This is an adaptation to check excessive transpiration in these plants .The numbers of stomata differs in tropical plants and desert plant because tropical plants have plenty of water in their environment while on the other hand, desert plants have lower number of stomata in order to conserve more water and increase its survival.
3 - Vascular tissues of plant are xylem and phloem. If xylem will be damaged then plant will not be able to transport water from soil through roots to leaves. If phloem will be damaged then nutrients produced during photosynthesis will not be able to reach each and every part of the plant body.
Phloem is responsible for transporting food produced from photosynthesis from leaves to non-photosynthesizing parts of a plant such as roots and stems. The phloem carries important sugars, organic compounds, and minerals around a plant.
Xylem is a type of tissue in vascular plants that transports water and some nutrients from the roots to the leaves. Phloem is the other type of transport tissue; it transports sucrose and other nutrients throughout the plant. Xylem and phloem give vascular plants their classification; they are the vascular tissues that transport substances throughout the plant.
4 - The dermal tissue system—the epidermis—is the outer protective layer of the primary plant body (the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds). The epidermis is usually one cell layer thick, and its cells lack chloroplasts.
Also similar to animal skin, the dermal layer of plants may also contain little hairs called trichomes. Trichomes are unicellular or multicellular extensions from the epidermis and are made up of a stalk and a glandular head. They vary in size, density, and function from plant to plant. Some plants, such as stinging nettle, contain trichomes with needles that inject formic acid and other toxins in order to deter consumption by herbivores. Plants such as winterfat, a flowering desert plant native, have evolved trichomes which reflect the sunlight, shade the plant, and keep it cool in its desert environments. In addition to protecting plants from heat and herbivores, trichomes also may protect the plant by retaining moisture, insulating the plant from frost, and reducing evaporation due to wind.
5 - The length of time a plant can survive with damaged roots depends on the extent of the damage and root loss. If more than 50% of a plant?s root is damaged, the plant will survive up to 5 days if not further care is taken to help revive the plant. Plants need roots to absorb nutrients and water from the soil.
We can confirm that with damaged ground tissue, a plant will most likely not be able to survive. What we know about ground tissues in plants. The ground tissue forms an abundant part of all plant tissues. This tissue includes all plant tissue that is neither vascular nor dermal.
what fossil fuel usage will result in no change in atmospheric co2 each year?
Each year, there was no change in the atmospheric CO2 due to soil and land plants.
By 2050, the consumption of fossil fuels will have decreased even more, to an 80 percent lower level. There was no yearly variation in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere due to soil and land plants. The primary usage of natural gas, which accounts for more than 80% of the energy directly derived from fossil fuels in the residential and commercial sectors, is space heating.
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is released into the atmosphere in massive quantities when fossil fuels are burned. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat in our atmosphere.
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There is no fossil fuel usage that will result in no change in atmospheric CO2 each year. Accordingly burning fossil fuels like coal and oil returns the carbon that was pulled out of the atmosphere by plants through photosynthesis over millions of years back into the atmosphere in just a few hundred years.
This increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere is the main cause of ocean acidification Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas are hydrocarbon-containing materials created underground from the remains of dead plants and animals, which people remove and burn for energy. Carbon is, for the most part, carbon [3]. In order to limit the amount of atmospheric CO2, it is necessary to reduce the use of fossil fuels or find alternative energy sources.
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While doing a pedigree analysis of a European royal family, you notice a disease in a female child of two healthy parents. There are also some cousins with the same genetic disease. If this disease is controlled by a single gene, then the most likely explanation for these observations is the disease is O only seen in heterozygous individuals such as the daughter. O recessive and only seen in homozygous recessive individuals such as the daughter. O dominant and is seen in homozygous dominant or heterozygous individuals. dominant and only seen in homozygous dominant individuals such as the daughter. O a spontaneous mutation.
The most likely explanation for these observations is that the disease is dominant and is seen in both homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals.
This means that if both parents are carriers of the recessive gene, then the daughter has a 25% chance of having the disease. If one parent is a carrier and the other is not, then the daughter has a 50% chance of having the disease. If both parents are carriers, then the daughter has a 75% chance of having the disease.
This is also likely if cousins with the same disease can be found, since it is likely that their parents are related and thus both carriers of the same recessive gene.
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If this disease is controlled by a single gene, then the most likely explanation for these observations is the disease is (option B) recessive and only seen in homozygous recessive individuals such as the daughter.
If the disease you are observing in the European royal family is controlled by a single gene, and it appears in a female child of two healthy parents, it is most likely a recessive disease. In a recessive disorder, a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, in order to develop the disease.
If the parents are both healthy, they must be carriers of the gene, meaning they each have one copy of the mutated gene but do not have the disease themselves because they have a normal copy of the gene that masks the effect of the mutant gene. When two carriers have a child, there is a 25% chance that the child will inherit two copies of the mutated gene and develop the disease.
Also, the fact that there are cousins with the same genetic disease supports the idea that this is a recessive disorder. If the disorder were dominant, it would likely have appeared in the parents or previous generations.
It's important to note that this is just one possible explanation, a thorough genetic analysis must be done to confirm the mode of inheritance of the disease.
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A genotype resulting from the inheritance of two different alleles from your parents. Gene. Section of a chromosome that codes for a single protein. Linked Genes. Genes that are likely inherited together due to their physical proximity. Dominant. Overshadows the other allele in the heterozygous state.
A genotype is the combination of alleles inherited from our parents. Alleles are the different forms of genes, which are sections of a chromosome that code for a single protein.
Genes can be linked, meaning they are likely inherited together due to their physical proximity. When it comes to inheritance, one allele can be dominant, meaning it overshadows the other allele in the heterozygous state.
An example of this is the gene that codes for eye color, where the brown allele is dominant over the blue allele. Having two different alleles for a particular gene results in a genotype that is a combination of the two alleles. This can be seen in the example of eye color, where two blue alleles will result in blue eyes and a blue and brown allele will result in brown eyes.
In conclusion, a genotype is a combination of two different alleles inherited from our parents, where one allele can be dominant over the other.
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Pick one of the following questions and answer thoroughly.
1. The appearance of the Sun each morning demonstrates four important assumptions scientists make about the world:
regularity (it happens over and over again)
causality (there is a reason for it)
measurability (it can be measured and verified)
predictability (its recurrence can be anticipated and predicted)
Choose another aspect of the physical world and describe how it fits with these assumptions.
The Sun's appearance each morning serves as a demonstration of four key tenets held by scientists about the world regularity (it occurs repeatedly), causation (there is a cause for it), measurability (it can be measured and verified), and predictability (its recurrence can be anticipated and predicted).
A research strategy with clear phases, such as experiments and meticulous observation, is known as the scientific method. Testing hypotheses is one of the key components of the scientific process, which will be covered in more detail later. An explanation for an event that has been put up and can be tested is called a hypothesis.
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The sun's appearance every morning serves as a demonstration of four key tenets held by way of scientists about the world regularity.
(it happens time and again), causation (there may be a purpose for it), measurability (it is able to be measured and confirmed), and predictability (its recurrence can be predicted and hypothesis).
A studies approach with clear levels, which includes experiments and meticulous commentary, is known as the clinical technique. checking out hypotheses is one of the key additives of the scientific process, with a purpose to be covered in more element later. An cause of an occasion that has been positioned up and may be tested is called a hypothesis.
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Populations evolve for many reasons. Suppose there is a population of plants that have either purple flowers or white flowers, and the allele for purple flowers is dominant. This means that plants with two purple alleles have purple flowers. Plants with one purple allele and one white allele also have purple flowers. Only plants with two white alleles have white flowers.For each event or condition described below, answer the following questions.
The term "evolution" refers to a change in the genetic makeup of a population over many generations. Natural selection, Genetic drift, and the Gene flow mechanism of evolution are at work.
Genetic drift is when a population's allele frequencies change from one generation to the next due to chance events or sampling errors in selecting alleles from the current generation's gene pool for the next generation. In small populations, genetic drift has a significant impact.
Gene flow refers to the movement of genes or genetic material within a population. Gene flow occurs when individual organisms or their reproductive cells move from one generation to the next. Evolution is strongly influenced by gene flow. Natural selection occurs when an allele or allele combination makes an organism to be the fittest of the population as it survives on the fittest product. The organism selected through natural selection can able to withstand stress and can reproduce in the environment to inherit the desirable traits to the next generation. The two populations will possess equal allele frequencies if the rate of gene flow is high. As a result, it is referred to as a single effective population.
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(complete question)
Populations evolve for many reasons. Suppose there is a population of plants that have either purple flowers or white flowers, and the allele for purple flowers is dominant. This means that plants with two purple alleles have purple flowers. Plants with one purple allele and one white allele also have purple flowers. Only plants with two white alleles have white flowers. For each event or condition described below, answer the following questions. Which mechanism of evolution is at work? • How does this event affect the population's gene pool? Do the frequencies of the two alleles change, and if so, how?
The term "evolution" describes a shift in a population's genetic make-up over many generations. The mechanisms of natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow are in operation.
Genetic drift is the process through which the allele frequencies of a population shift from one generation to the next as a result of random occurrences or sampling errors while choosing alleles from the gene pool of the current generation for the following generation. Genetic drift has a large effect in tiny populations.
The movement of genes or other genetic components within a population is referred to as gene flow. When reproductive cells or individual organisms pass from one generation to the next, this is known as gene flow. Gene flow has a big effect on evolution. Natural selection happens when one allele, or an allele combination, makes an organism the fittest member of the community because it feeds on the products of the fittest individuals. Natural selection favours organisms that can reproduce in their environment and resist stress while passing on the desired features to offspring. If the rate of gene flow is high, the two populations will have the same distribution of allele frequencies. It is referred to as a single effective population as a result.
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when a man has an allele combination ww for a trait, what percentage of his gametes will have a dominant allele for that trait?
Answer:
0%
Explanation:
The man is homozygous recessive for his trait. ( Since you have used small letters for the genotype I am assuming it to be recessive) . At the time of gamete formation each gamete will get one of the two alleles according to Mendel's law of Segregation as w and w . So both the gametes will receive recessive allele.Hope this helps!
The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is
A) epidemiology.
B) bioremediation.
C) chemotherapy.
D) serology.
E) ecology.
A subfield of biotechnology called "bioremediation" uses living things like bacteria and microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments.
Utilizing living organisms can remove impurities, pollutants, or toxins from water or soil is known as bioremediation (FAO, 2001).
As a method of decontaminating soil and other habitats, bioremediation mostly makes use of microbes, plants, / microbial or plant enzymes. 2014 publication, Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation. The typical principal bioremediators include bacteria, archaea, and fungi [2]. the use of bioremediation, a biotechnological procedure employing microorganisms, to address and eliminate risks associated with various contaminants through environmental biodegradation. Bioventing, land farming, bioreactors, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, & biostimulation are a few examples of bioremediation technology. However, not all pollutants may be effectively removed through bioremediation employing microorganisms.
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lobster blood is blue once it is exposed to air. what color is it inside a living lobster?
Blood from lobsters has no color. It turns blue when it is exposed to oxygen.
Does lobster blood have no color: However, their blood becomes blue when it comes into contact with oxygen. The copper found in the blue hemocyanin molecule in their blood is mostly to blame for this. Those are pretty interesting scientific facts, don't you think: He said that lobster blood is typically colorless, but when it is oxygenated, it turns bluish.
According to Prof. Sulistiono, hemocyanin, which contains copper, is present in lobster blood. The majority of lobsters have a tan tint with brown flecks, but occasionally you'll find an odd orange or blue lobster. Then, when cooked, lobsters turn a vivid red color. Tryptophan, an amino acid, is converted into melatonin (blue) by the pineal gland (purple), which produces this hormone at night.
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Lobster blood is blue once it is exposed to air. The color of the blood inside a living lobster is colorless. This is because the blood of a lobster contains a copper-rich protein called hemocyanin, which is responsible for the blue color of lobster blood.
Hemocyanin is similar to the hemoglobin found in red blood cells of mammals, but it uses copper ions instead of iron ions to transport oxygen. When exposed to oxygen, the copper content in hemocyanin causes the colorless blood to turn blue. Therefore, a lobster deeper in the ocean, where there is far less oxygen, will have blood that is clearer than a lobster closer to the surface.
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In a redox reaction electron are donated and accepted by molecules or atoms
a. water is formed by all the extra protons coming together
b.an electron gradient is generated across the mitochondria inner membrane
c.proteins are precursors for electron carriers
d.electron carriers, NADH and FADN2, pick up electrons from the
In redox reaction electron are donated and accepted by molecules or atoms : d.) electron carriers, NADH and FADN2, pick up electrons from glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
What is redox reaction?Redox reactions is the summation of oxidation and reduction reactions. It provides cellular energy because flow of electrons between molecules produces usable energy. Metabolism is sum of chemical reactions that occurs within each cell to supply energy for important cellular processes.
Purpose of redox reactions in the cell is energy transfer and energy in metabolic reactions is usually stored in the form of electrons. Redox reactions involve electron transfer and electron transfers can be thought of as energy exchanges.
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How do hormones bind to their target cells?
When hormones locate a specific antigen, they interact with particular protein receptors on the cell's interior or exterior to particularly alter the cell's actions.
In order to contact a signal peptide in the cell's cytoplasm (lipid-soluble hormones) or to bind an integrins protein in the target cell's cell membrane, hormones either diffuse through the outer membrane of the target cell to activate it (water-soluble proteins).
While some hormones only affect a few types of cells in the body, others have an impact on many different cell types. Each hormone has specific docking molecules, or receptors, that are found either on the surface of the cell or inside the cell. These molecules recognize the target cells for each hormone.
An enzyme inside of the cell membrane is activated by the hormone's binding. The second messenger, a molecule that is activated by the enzyme and has an impact on cellular functions.
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Hormones bind to the site specific protein receptors inside or on the surface of the cell .
In general , protein receptor identifies the hormone's message and carry forward the instructions by influence of gene expression or by altering protein activity at cellular level. Hormones also activate target cells with the help of plasma membrane on the target cells of a lipid-soluble hormones that bind to the receptor protein within the cytoplasm of the cell.
We can also say that the target cell responds to a hormone because they carries receptors for the hormone. Cell is considered as target cell for a hormone if it contains functional receptors for that hormone, and cells not having receptor cannot be influenced directly by that hormone.
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An error in DNA where one base is added.
a medical job requires memorizing where important nerves and blood vessels are located. based on this requirement, who would be likely to excel at this job?
A medical job requires memorizing where important nerves and blood vessels are located, so based on this requirement, a women would be likely to excel at this job because they have better memory than men.
In middle age, women's memory is superior to men's, but it deteriorates more quickly. Women in their middle age have superior memories to men. They also have faster information processing than men. But in the years that follow, both cognitive abilities in women deteriorate more quickly. Because their emotional emotions are more intense than the normal male reaction, which aids in the memory trace's easier recording, they exhibit greater memory function.
The activity in a woman's brain was consistently more closely organised in her left hemisphere, whereas a man's was more firmly coordinated.
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A clinical occupation requires remembering where significant nerves and veins are found, so in light of this prerequisite, ladies would probably succeed at this special job since they have preferable memory over men.
In moderately aged, ladies' memory is better than men's, however, it disintegrates all the more rapidly. Ladies in their middle age have better recollections than men. They additionally have quicker data handling than men. In any case, in the years that follow, both mental capacities in ladies disintegrate all the more rapidly. Since their close-to-home feelings are more extraordinary than the ordinary male response, which helps with the memory follow's simpler recording, they display more noteworthy memory capability.
The movement in a lady's cerebrum was reliably more firmly coordinated in her left side of the equator, though a man was all the more immovably organized.
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in terrestrial ecosystems, most energy flow passes through detritus. group of answer choices true false
True, in terrestrial ecosystems, most energy flow passes through detritus as it serves as a primary source of food for decomposers such as bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates which in turn releases nutrients and energy that can be used by other organisms in the ecosystem
Detritus is the dead organic matter such as fallen leaves, twigs, and dead animals that accumulates on the forest floor. It is broken down by decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, into simpler compounds that can be used by plants as a source of energy and nutrients. This broken-down detritus is then consumed by herbivores, which are in turn consumed by carnivores. This process is called the detritus food web, and it is the primary way that energy and nutrients are cycled through terrestrial ecosystems.
It's worth noting that detritus is not the only energy source in terrestrial ecosystems. Photosynthesis is also a source of energy. However, the energy that flows through detritus is an important part of the ecosystem's energy budget.
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increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the oceans makes them acidic. this change affects the ability of marine organisms to form protective shells made up of carbonate. group of answer choices more; phosphorus more; calcium less; phosphorus less; calcium
CO2 fixations drive increasing temperatures and fermentation. The rising centralization of carbon dioxide in the environment is driving up sea surface temperatures and causing sea fermentation.
As a result of human-driven expanded degrees of carbon dioxide in the environment, there is more CO2 dissolving into the sea. The sea's typical pH is currently around 8.1, which is fundamental (or antacid), however as the sea keeps on engrossing more CO2, the pH diminishes and the sea turns out to be more acidic.
Numerous marine organic entities that produce calcium carbonate shells or skeletons are adversely affected by expanding CO2 levels and diminishing pH in seawater. For instance, expanding sea fermentation has been displayed to fundamentally diminish the capacity of reef-building corals to deliver their skeletons.
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Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the oceans makes them acidic. this change affects the ability of marine organisms to form protective shells made up of carbonate (b). more calcium is correct option.
Human actions like the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and others are causing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to rise. Ocean acidification is a result of carbon dioxide emissions. It happens when a high rate of readily absorbed carbon dioxide into the water. Water and carbon dioxide combine to generate carbonic acid. Bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion (H+) are the products of carbonic acid breakdown (HCO3-). All of these hydrogen ions cause the pH of the water to fall, which results in acidity.
This process has a negative impact on marine species' quality of life because acidic water dissolves their calcium carbonate skeletons and shells.
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according the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, the species composition of an island will not change once equilibrium is reached. group of answer choices true false
The given statement is false. This is because the number of species only remains constant but the composition will change.
The equilibrium theory of Island biogeography describes the relationship between extinction and the immigration of the species on an island. This mainly depends on the size and distance from the mainland. So when the immigration rate and the extinction rate are equal or the same, this island is said to be in equilibrium.
At this equilibrium state, the number of species present on this island is the same, or constant. This number of species will never change. But the composition of this species may change. Therefore, the given statement is false.
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1. What substance was placed on the plant cells to the right that caused their change in appearance?
2. What substance could we rinse the cells with to return their appearance to their original state?
Polysaccharides was placed on the plant cells to the right that caused their change in appearance.
What do you mean by polysaccharides?Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. They are long-chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages.
Polysaccharides are major classes of biomolecules. They are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides. These complex bio-macromolecules functions as an important source of energy in animal cell.
Polysaccharide is a natural macromolecule located in the primary cell walls of plants. It was built from hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide combination through dehydration synthesis.
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the underground environment found in aquifers can be described as an aerobic environment or an anaerobic environment?
The underground environment found in aquifers can be described as an anaerobic environment (option b).
What is an anaerobic environment?An anaerobic environment is an environment in which little or no oxygen is present. Anaerobic environments are typically found in deep subsurface areas of the Earth, such as deep underground in aquifers, and other areas where oxygen is scarce. Anaerobic bacteria live in these environments, breaking down organic matter and producing energy in the absence of oxygen.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the underground environment found in aquifers is an anaerobic enviroment because it does not contain oxygen.
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Which nitrogen base can’t you use during transcription
Answer: uracil
Explanation: looked it up! Hope I answered in time! Good luck!
formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parent species of plants is an example of
Formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parent species of plants is an example of allopolyploid.
Allopolyploidy is a form of polyploidy, which is the presence of multiple sets of chromosomes in a cell or organism. It occurs when two different species of plants hybridize and produce a new organism with multiple sets of chromosomes from both parent species. These organisms are referred to as allopolyploids and they can have advantages over their diploid parents, such as increased genetic diversity, increased stress tolerance, and increased fertility. This is because allopolyploids have a greater number of genes, which can allow for greater adaptability to different environmental conditions. Allopolyploids are also often fertile, which can enable them to establish new populations and potentially become new species. The formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parent species is an example of allopolyploidy, as it results in a plant with four sets of chromosomes, two from each parent species.
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Explain an environmental benefit a town
might experience if it switches from a coal
fired power plant to a wind farm as its
primary source of energy.
One major environmental benefit a town might experience if it switches from a coal-fired power plant to a wind farm as its primary source of energy is a reduction in air pollution. Coal-fired power plants are a major source of air pollution, emitting harmful pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and other health issues, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and people with pre-existing health conditions.
On the other hand, wind farms do not produce any air pollution. They are a clean and renewable source of energy that generates electricity without the need for fossil fuels. This means that by switching to a wind farm, the town would be able to reduce its air pollution and improve the health of its residents.
Additionally, wind energy does not emit any greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming. It also does not require water for cooling, reducing the strain on water resources. It also does not generate waste and does not need to be transported or stored, reducing the risk of oil spills or other accidents.
Which statement(s) corresponds correctly to a mutation?
an additional gene (base pairs) added to DNA
information added to the genetic code
a copy error in the chromosomes
a mistake in the DNA "ladder"
Answer:
a copy error in the chromosomes
a mistake in the DNA "ladder"
Explanation:
How have arctic tundra herbivores adapted to their ecosystem? (Select all that apply. ) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
They can change their internal temperatures when needed.
They can survive on short plants, mosses, and lichens.
They have extra fur to protect against the cold.
They migrate to the south during the cold months
Arctic tundra herbivores are adapted to their ecosystem because c. They have extra fur to protect against the cold and b. They can survive on short plants, mosses, and lichens.
What are the adaptations in Arctic tundra herbivores?Adaptations in tundra herbivores include thick fur coats to protect them from the cold temperatures, large hooves to provide traction on the icy ground, and a diet that consists of low-energy food such as grasses, mosses, and lichens or the ability to store fat.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that adaptations in Arctic tundra herbivores are based on fur.
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When organisms struggle to survive they usually mutate to increase chances of reproduction
Phenotypes are essentially the physical characteristics that an organism possesses that make it more likely than not that it would thrive in a given environment.
What are the statements are true?The following assertions are accurate:
1. Survival is a race that all species must win.
3. Some species possess traits that enable them to outcompete rivals in their environment.
5. Natural selection is still in action today.
6. Over the course of multiple generations, phenotypes that are present in a species' most successful individuals grow more common.
It should be remembered that creatures compete with one another for existence in the natural world. Some people have superior phenotypes to others.Phenotypes are essentially the physical characteristics that an organism possesses that make it more likely than not that it would thrive in a given environment.The complete question is Check all statements below that are true. All organisms must compete for survival. When organisms struggle to survive, they usually mutate to increase chances of reproduction. Some organisms have phenotypes that make them better competitors than others in their environment. Animals undergo natural selection, but plants and other organisms generally do not. Natural selection continues to occur even today. Phenotypes found in the most successful members of a species become the most prevalent after several generations. A decrease in food availability will increase the variation in a population.
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Early chordates are believed to have an early form of the
Select one:
a.pituitary gland.
b.thymus gland.
c.adrenal gland.
d.thyroid gland.
Answer:
it’s C. Adrenal
Explanation:
In Meiosis I, the chromosomes do not pair up. Instead they form a tetrad with _____ chromosomes?
Homologous chromosomes duplicated during interphase pair to form a tetrad as the nuclear membrane vanishes and the spindle starts to develop. Crossing over occurs when there is a genetic rearrangement between chromosomes (forms a tetrad with two homologous chromosomes overlapping at the synapsis and the synaptonemal complex is holding the tetrad together).
Four chromatids make up a tetrad, or bivalent, which is formed during prophase I when homologous chromosome pairs join together. This tetrad shape allows for recombination to take place between any two chromatids. Later in this text, the recombination process will be covered in more detail. Chiasmata, structures that form late in prophase I and are used to visualize crossovers between homologous chromatids. For accurate meiosis, chiasmata are crucial. In actuality, cells that are unable to generate chiasmata may not be able to segregate their chromosomes correctly during anaphase, leading to the production of aneuploid gametes with an aberrant number of chromosomes.
Meiotic cells begin metaphase I at the conclusion of prometaphase I. The kinetochores on sister chromatids are facing the same pole, and in this instance, in stark contrast to mitosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up opposite one another on the metaphase plate. On the metaphase plate, sex chromosome pairs are also aligned. The Y chromosome pairs and crosses over with the X chromosome in male humans. The X and Y chromosomes share a few minor areas of similarity near their tips, which makes these crossovers conceivable. The appropriate sex chromosomal segregation during cell division is ensured by crossover between these homologous areas.
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In meiosis l, the chromosomes form a tetrad with homologous pairs of chromosomes.
There are two processes of cell division one is meiosis and other is mitosis.
In meiosis the chromosome number gets halved and the production of four daughter cells takes place with half the number of chromosomes in each of the formed cells.
In meiosis l homologous chromosomes form pairs that results in the formation of tetrad.
Synapsis is a term used to describe the process of formation of these tetrads.
During tetrad formation homologous pairs of chromosomes exchange DNA and leads to an important phenomenon of crossing over or cross linking.
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Avery's team repeated Griffith's experiments because they wanted to
A. determine which molecule in the heat-killed bacteria was the transforming factor.
B. determine which gene in the heat-killed bacteria was was the transforming factor.
C. determine which process in the heat-killed bacteria was the transforming factor.
D. determine which enzyme in the heat-killed bacteria was the transforming factor.
Avery's team repeated Griffith's experiments because they wanted to A. determine which molecule in the heat-killed bacteria was the transforming factor.
What is the transforming factor of the Avery experiment?The transforming factor of the Avery experiment was a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). instead of proteins and thus Avery showed that DNA is the genetic material transmitted across generations in all life forms.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the transforming factor of the Avery experiment was DNA instead of proteins, which is a fundamental discovery to show how biomolecules are generated.
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Use the drop down menus to identify the terms described below __a group of cells that secretes substances into the blood or directly into an organism __a substance produced by cells that help specific groups of cells to perform specific functions
Gland is a group of cells that secretes substances into the blood or directly into an organism.
Hormone is a substance produced by cells that help specific groups of cells to perform specific functions.
What is Gland and Hormone?A gland is an organ in the body that secretes hormones, enzymes, and other substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundingsA body part that produces one or more substances, such as saliva, perspiration, tears, hormones, digestive juices, or milk.The compounds are released by endocrine glands straight into the circulation. Exocrine glands discharge the materials into a duct or aperture that leads to the inside or exterior of the body.A hormone is a chemical messenger that is produced by an endocrine gland and released into the bloodstream. Hormones control and regulate many of the body's processes, including growth, metabolism, and sexual development. The chemical messengers of your body are hormones. To tissues or organs, they go through your bloodstream.Growth and development are just two of the many processes they have an impact on as they operate gradually throughout time. Using the food you eat as fuel, your body uses a process called metabolism.To learn more about Gland from the given link
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which statement is true
DNA makes RNA makes protein
organ system that captures oxygen from the atmosphere is
Respiratory system , the system through which living things absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide to meet their energy needs.
What Constitutes the Respiratory System's Components?
The lungs, voice box, windpipe, nose, mouth, and throat are all parts of the respiratory system.
Through the mouth or nose, air enters the respiratory system. The air gets warmed and humidified if it enters the nostrils (also known as the nares). The nasal passageways and other areas of the respiratory tract are shielded by tiny hairs known as cilia, which filter out dust and other particles that enter the nose through inhaled air.
Our bodies' cells require oxygen to remain alive. In our bodies, carbon dioxide is created while cells function.
The respiratory system, which includes the lungs, allows the body to breathe in oxygen from the surrounding air and expel carbon dioxide.
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which characteristic of living things can be seen in both viruses and bacteria? responses reproduction reproduction cellular organization cellular organization homeostasis homeostasis
Reproduction characteristic of living things can be seen in both viruses and bacteria
virus and bacteria show many more similarities like, they both are microscopic and are pathogens, some bacteria are also pathogenic and may cause diseases like virus. The virus depends on bacteria for replication machinery.
Bacteria and virus reproduces by division of parent cells into many offspring's.
both virus and bacteria consist of nucleic acid and they both contain enzymes.
both virus and bacteria have immunity against some viruses and bacteria, and there are vaccines for diseases caused by both of them.
some of viruses and bacteria are beneficial and are used in genetic engineering and bacteria is used in the food industry.
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