NEED HELP 100 POINTS

The following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal is

b. hyposecretion of TSH

TSH hyposecretion thus lowers thyroid hormone levels and leads to the development of hypothyroidism.

Iodine is a chemical element that the human body uses as a necessary nutrient in the diet in order to generate thyroid hormone. Iodine has a variety of purposes, including boosting birth weight, treating thyroid cancer, and lowering the chance of goiters.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is referred to by the abbreviation TSH. TSH is the name of the peptide hormone that the pituitary gland produces to control the thyroid gland's hormone output.

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Giemsa stain shows the staining of centromeres.

Therefore, centromeres is the correct answer.

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Answer:

Permeability

Explanation:

The key difference between cell wall and cell membrane lies with their permeability. The cell wall is completely permeable while the cell membrane is selectively or partially permeable. Another difference between cell wall and cell membrane is the composition.

carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that entice and digest small animals. the products of this digestion are used to complement the plant's supply of nitrogen and minerals

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This is an example of Sexual Selection.

Fitness in the evolution of a species plays an important role in the survival of the species by successfully producing offspring. For this purpose 'Sexual Selection' plays an important role because it helps the species to determine their mating partners so the traits will be passed on to the next generation.

Most often, the selection is done on the basis of the traits that the mating partner has to offer. Dimorphism and other selected traits help individuals of a species determine the fitness of its potential mates and select a suitable partner. Mostly, this selection is done by the females of that particular species who are more involved in trait compatibility.

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Adrenal cortex is controlled by the mechanism of negative feedback by the hypothalamus and the adrenocorticotrophic hormone.

Adrenal cortex is the outer portion of the adrenal gland. Adrenal glands are present in a pair on the top of both the kidneys. The hormones released by the adrenal cortex are involved in functions of metabolism, stress, blood pressure, etc.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone is a peptide in nature that is secreted by the pituitary gland. This hormone is released by the action of CRH from hypothalamus. The hormone then stimulates the adrenal cortex to release the hormones cortisol and androgens. The cortisol in return stimulates the hypothalamus to decrease the release of CRH. This is how the feedback loop works.

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We can conclude all of the following are taking place except Atrial premature contractions.

Premature atrial contractions (PACs) are additional heartbeats that begin in your heart's upper chambers. There might not be much blood in the heart when the premature or early signal causes the heart to contract. That indicates that there isn't much blood to pump. The extra heartbeat may feel like a skipped beat because it may be followed by a strong beat and a pause.

When there is more blood in the heart to pump than there is with a skipped beat, a premature atrial contraction can feel like an extra beat.

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Answer:

I believe it is b,

Both viruses and bacteria can create large populations in a short time period.

The statement which correctly compares viral and bacterial reproduction is that both viruses and bacteria can create large populations in a short time period. Thus, the correct option for this question is B.

Virus replication may be defined as a type of process that involves the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. It is the mechanism by which a virus makes copies of itself.

It can lead to thousands of new viral particles being released into the host's body, infecting new cells and leading to the symptoms of the disease. The mode of reproduction for bacteria and viruses may absolutely different in each aspect.

Bacteria reproduce using binary fission. While Viruses reproduce through the use of host cells. But both can create large populations in a short time period.

Therefore, the correct option for this question is B.

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The process of aerobic cellular respiration that breaks down glucose molecules to generate a large number of ATP molecules is a catabolic pathway.

The process of aerobic cellular respiration breaks down a glucose molecule to generate energy in the form of ATP. Aerobic cellular respiration is the process of catabolism, in the presence of oxygen, of converting nutrients into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. It uses the electron or active transport system for its mechanism. Most eukaryotes and prokaryotes use aerobic respiration to obtain energy from glucose. One molecule of glucose can produce 36 units of ATP.

Aerobic respiration involves three main stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis refers to the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. Pyruvate then is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) through Kreb's cycle. Acetyl CoA then undergoes oxidative phosphorylation to produce 36 molecules of ATP.

Catabolism refers to the destruction of macromolecules into, smaller and absorbable molecules, macromolecules. As aerobic respiration involves breaking down glucose to obtain ATP, it is referred to as a catabolic pathway.

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You will feel the electrical stimulation as if the sensory receptors that regulate those neurons were activated.

For example, electrical stimulation of  sensory neurons controlled by menthol-activated thermoreceptor can be considered as  local cooling.

thermoreceptor are free nerve endings residing in the skin, liver, and skeletal muscle, as well as the hypothalamus, with cold receptors 3.5 times more common than thermoreceptor.

thermoreceptor are specialized proteins on nerve endings under the skin that allow the body  to detect changes in hot or cold temperature.

The thermoreceptor that responds to capsaicin and other thermogenic chemicals is called TRPV1. In response to heat, the TRPV1 receptor opens  passages that allow ions to pass through, causing a feeling of warmth or burning.

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Answer:

Carbon: is the correct answer for that question.

Answer:

between five to 21 days.

how long does a caterpillar stay in a cocoon?

Explanation:

Bony joints are formed by the ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints. So the statement is true.

In fibrous joints, white connective tissue (collagen) fibers that go from one articulating portion to the next divide the articulating parts. Suture and gomphosis are the two forms of fibrous joints. The periosteum, or fibrous coating, of two bones, passes between them to produce a suture.

Only the top and sides of the braincase as well as the upper portion of the face have sutures in an adult. The metopic suture, as well as the two parts of the mandible at the chin, divide the two sides of the frontal bone in a newborn.

Therefore, the statement is true.

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The number of peptide bonds are present in this protein is 99; option 3.

Polypeptides also know as proteins are macromolecules which are composed of monomers of amino acid units.

Polypeptides are formed when amino acids are linked to each other by peptide bonds.

Peptide bonds are formed between the α-nitrogen atom of the first amino acid and the carbonyl carbon atom of the second amino acid.

Therefore, a dipeptide consisting of two amino acid contains one peptide bond; a tripeptide consisting of three amino acid contains two peptide bonds.

In general, the number of peptide bonds in a polypeptide containing n amino acids is n -1

A polypeptide that contains 100 amino acids, will have 100 - 1 or 99 peptide bonds.

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Note that the complete question is given below:

Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?

1. 101

2. 100

3. 99

4. 98

5. 97

1. RuBisCO starts the process of carbon fixation by attaching a carbon from carbon dioxide to RuBP, causing PGA molecule to be formed.

2. 12 molecules of PGA use the energy from ATP and NADPH to rearrange and form 12 molecules of Glucose.

3. ATP provides the energy needed to rearrange 10 molecules of PGAL into 6 molecules of RuBP.

4. During one "turn" of the Calvin–Benson cycle, One carbon dioxide molecules are taken in, and a molecule of glucose is created. Six carbon atoms are in that molecule of glucose.

Calvin–Benson cycle- The C3 cycle is another name for the Calvin cycle. The carbon from the carbon cycle gets fixed into sugars via a chain of chemical reactions. It takes place in the plant cell's chloroplast.

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The process in which a network of species undergoes reciprocal evolutionary change through natural selection is referred to as diffuse coevolution.

Reciprocal evolutionary change, or diffuse coevolution, is a process by which a network of species undergoes evolutionary change in response to each other. This process is thought to be an important factor in the maintenance of biodiversity.

Diffuse coevolutionary processes are thought to operate on a variety of scales. For example, plant-pollinator interactions are thought to be an important driver of plant biodiversity. These interactions are thought to promote plant speciation through the process of pollinator-driven selection. In addition, predator-prey interactions are thought to promote reciprocal evolutionary change between these groups of organisms.

The study of diffuse coevolution is ongoing, and its importance in the maintenance of biodiversity is still being explored. However, the process is thought to be a key driver of evolution and should be considered when studying the interactions between different species.

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Sheep are larger and thus have greater homeostatic resistance to physiological effects of environmental change.

Sheep are longer‐lived, and their populations consist of individuals born over a long period. algae systems have been used as models for studying life-history, of environmental population structure and consumer–resource dynamics This evens out effects on population size of short‐term fluctuations in birth rate. Light availability is a crucial environmental component that affects the quality of algae; when phosphorus is scarce, high light levels can result in large amounts of low-quality (high C:P ratio) algae, whereas low light levels encourage large amounts of higher-quality algae (low C:P ratio) algae.

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When additionally charged molecules pass over a membrane do charge dye molecules equilibrate. If not, a chemical gradient that counteracts membrane potential will form.

The steady variation in a solution's solute concentration as a function of distance is referred to as a concentration gradient. The solvent (the element that dissolves, such as water) and the solute are the two main components of a solution (the particles that are dissolvable by the solvent).

Concentration in biochemistry refers to the quantity of a solution's subcomponent, such as the number of solutes present. A variable's gradual increase or decrease with regard to distance is generally referred to as a gradient. In this case, a concentration gradient would result from varying solute concentrations in the two solutions.

Therefore, when additionally charged molecules pass over a membrane charge dye molecules equilibrate. If not, a chemical gradient that counteracts membrane potential will form.

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ATP is used in human bodies as follows: the energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work (option A).

ATP is the biological molecule that is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions.

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate and it stores or carries energy used by the cell for performing metabolic activities.

ATP is structurally built to store energy in the bonds that holds its phosphate molecules. This energy is released for use by living cells when the bond is broken.

Therefore, ATP is used in human bodies as follows: the energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work.

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Nucleic acids are founds in prokaryotes without a nucleus. An example is bacteria.

Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms that have the characteristic that they lack a defined nucleus, then they have their genetic content in the cytoplasm. Nor will they present membrane organelles within them. What they will have is a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan that will protect it.

They are usually unicellular organisms that can live in extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, they are on earth and even in the human body there are more bacteria than human cells, some are beneficial to the body.

Therefore, we can confirm that nucleic acids are founds in prokaryotes without a nucleus. An example is bacteria.

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If the organism contains DNA, ribosomes, a plasma membrane and can reproduce sexually, then it belongs to the animal kingdom.

On earth there are various types of unicellular and multicellular organisms, including that we still do not know. As there is so much diversity of this, biologists and experts on the subject found it necessary to divide them broadly into five kingdoms which take as a characteristic their type of nutrition, their cellular organization, the type of respiration they use, their reproduction, the way in which they are move, among others.

We then find: animal kingdom which is composed of multicellular eukaryotic animals with heterotrophic feeding, aerobic respiration, sexual reproduction and that have the ability to move. The plant kingdom that has immobile, multicellular, eukaryotic characteristics, are autotrophs, have anaerobic respiration and have sexual and asexual reproduction.

There will also be the fungi, protoctista and monera kingdoms.

Therefore, we can confirm that if the organism contains DNA, ribosomes, a plasma membrane and can reproduce sexually, then it belongs to the animal kingdom.

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The cellular structure involved in controlling the concentration of solutes within the cell is the cell membrane.

A cell membrane is a component of a cell that is selectively permeable to the various molecules. It allows movement in and out of the cell by regulating the type of molecules that enter or disperse from it. The primary function of a cell membrane is to protect the interior of the cell from external surroundings.

The transportation of molecules in and out of the cell occurs in two ways, either through passive transport or active transport. Gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen move across the plasma membrane by diffusion which is passive transport.

Passive transport involves the movement within a concentration gradient. This means that the concentration of solutes that diffuse through passive transport are selected by the plasma membrane and do not require much energy. On the other hand, when the transport occurs against the concentration gradient, it requires greater energy. The transport of molecules against the concentration gradient is referred to as active transport.

Therefore, the cellular structure that controls the concentration of solutes within the cell is the cell membrane. The cell membrane is often referred to as the plasma membrane.

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The Amur tiger is most at risk from poaching, habitat loss, and illegal ungulate hunting. These animals are the tigers primary prey.

Roads are a significant threat to the Siberian tiger, (Panthera tigris altaica) because they make it easier for poachers to reach protected areas. In order to reduce illegal logging, safeguard habitat, boost prey populations, enhance public awareness, and reinforce anti-poaching efforts, our scientists and experts are collaborating with legislators, businesses, and communities. To lessen the impact of ecotourism, save the habitats of big cats, and maintain their number, it also included developing standards for tiger safaris at tourism motives.

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There is no relationship between when hare numbers peaked and when lynx numbers peaked.

There are fewer than 800,000 of them. Hares can still dance, play, and loiter - but only just. Hare populations continue to decline in the face of a three-pronged onslaught. Hares, like many British mammals, have been severely impacted by habitat loss, specifically the deterioration and development of agricultural land.

The IUCN classifies the lynx as Near Threatened, with a global population of fewer than 50,000 reproducing individuals. Its extinction, like that of many other predators, is connected to habitat and prey loss.

Predators and their prey coevolve. Prey species develop adaptations to help them avoid being eaten, and predators develop techniques to help them catch their prey.

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Protists can be aerobic or anaerobic and have a variety of ways to eat.  Phagocytosis this term best describes this metabolic process.

Protists are tiny, unicellular organisms, but some of them are actually multicellular. A small percentage of protists are found in colonies, which exhibit characteristics of both a multicellular organism and a collection of free-living cells. Chloroplasts are a characteristic of photoautotrophs, which are protists that store energy through photosynthesis.

A process known as phagocytosis, in which the cell membrane engulfs a food particle and draws it inside, puncturing off an intracellular membranous sac, or vesicle, termed a food vacuole, is how amoebas and some other heterotrophic protist species consume particles. The food particles gets divided into small molecules that can spread into the cytoplasm and be utilized in cellular metabolism when the vesicle that contains the ingested particle, the phagosome, joins forces with a lysosome that contains hydrolytic enzymes to create a phagolysosome. Unprocessed material is eventually ejected from the cell by exocytosis.

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Nerve repair using motor fascicles of a different nerve was first described for the repair of elbow flexion (Oberlin technique). In this paper, the authors describe their experience with a similar method for axillary nerve reconstruction in cases of upper brachial plexus palsy.

Of 791 nerve reconstructions performed by the senior author (P.H.) between 1993 and 2011 in 441 patients with brachial plexus injury, 14 involved axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve. All 14 of these procedures were performed between 2007 and 2010.

Nine patients were followed up for 24 months or longer. Good recovery of deltoid muscle strength was seen in 7 (77.8%) of these 9 patients, and in 4 patients with less follow-up (14-23 months), for an overall success rate of 78.6%. The procedure was unsuccessful in 2 of the 9 patients with at least 24 months of follow-up.

The authors conclude that fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve onto the axillary nerve is a safe and effective method for the reconstruction of the axillary nerve in patients with upper brachial plexus injury.

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According to the given statement, the correct choice is B.

Medulla oblongata -homeostatic control.

Your core is the bottom of your brain. Its location means it's where your brain connects to your spinal cord, making it an important conduit for nerve signals to and from your body. It also helps control important processes such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

These nerves control swallowing, taste, breathing, heart function, digestion, upper back, neck muscles, and tongue movement. Injuries and strokes often cause spinal cord problems.

The medulla is at the base of the brain, and the brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in the transmission of information between the spinal cord and the brain.

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If the cell ignored the checkpoint and progressed through the cell cycle, the cell would divide under conditions where it was inappropriate to do so.

Cells have to follow a certain cycle of division and for that, they pass through some checkpoints.

If cells start undergoing inappropriate dividing cycles, there will be an abnormality.

Also, if the daughter cells and their descendent also start ignoring checkpoints and the division cycle, then there will be a huge mass of abnormal cells.

The appropriate division cycle and timing are crucial for the normal growth, development as well as maintenance of a human or plant body.

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