Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species
b. mouse living in a temperate broadleaf forest
The juxtamedullary nephron is the microscopic structure of the functional unit of the kidney, which has a lengthy Henle loop. Deep into the renal medulla, they are present.
The rate of filtration in juxtamedullary nephrons increases with glomeruli size. Comparatively speaking to cortical nephrons, the filtration rate is higher. Only mammals and birds are known to have juxtamedullary nephrons.
The mouse that lives in the desert exhibits a greater propensity to lose bodily water. The biggest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons is developed by creatures that live in the desert as a result of natural selection.
As a result, the desert mouse has a larger proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons than the other species.
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How do both negative and positive feedback contribute to the changes in membrane potential during an action potential?
Voltage-gated potassium channels open as the membrane potential rises, acting as a sort of negative feedback to aid in the lowering portion of the action potential.
What is negative and positive feedback?More sodium channels open as sodium ions flow in, increasing the amount of sodium ions entering and decreasing the membrane potential.
Different ions crossing the neuron membrane result in action potentials. The sodium channels first open in response to a stimulus.
Sodium ions rush inside the cell because the inside of the neuron is more negatively charged than the outside and contains a greater number of sodium ions.
Therefore, both negative and positive feedback contribute to the changes in membrane potential during an action potential.
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Why do high and low levels of disturbance usually reduce species diversity? Why does an intermediate level of disturbance promote species diversity?
The answers include the following;
High levels of disturbance are disruptive and they eliminate many species from communities resulting in the community being dominated by a few tolerant species. Low levels of disturbance permit competitively dominant species to exclude other species from the community.What is Disturbance?These refers to changes in environmental conditions which results in pronounced changes in an ecosystem.
An intermediate level of disturbance promote species diversity because it leads to the species thriving at both early and late successional stages thereby making it the correct choice.
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The heart of a normally developing human fetus has a hole between the left and right atria. In some cases, this hole does not close completely before birth. If the hole weren't surgically corrected, how would it affect the O₂ content of the blood entering the systemic circuit?
A hole exists in the septum, the partition separating the atria, in an atrial septal defect.
Because of this, some oxygenated blood from the left atrium passes through the septum's opening into the right atrium, where it combines with blood
What does a foetus having a hole in his heart mean?A congenital cardiac disorder known as an atrial septal defect involves a hole in the septum, which divides the upper chambers of the heart (atria). A hole's size might change and it can shut on its own or need to be surgically repaired. Atrial septal defect is one type of congenital cardiac anomaly.
The left and right atria, or top chambers, are separated by a cardiac condition known as a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Before birth, everyone has this hole, but it normally closes quite quickly.
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A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which will have a detrimental effect on other organs. this observation can be attributed to?
This observation can be attributed to emergent properties.
What are emergent properties?It is a sequence of effects on interconnected organs.It is a cause-and-effect relationship in a set of organs.When a problem in a specific organ can provoke adverse reactions in other organs throughout the body, we have an example of emergent properties, as was shown in the question above where a malfunction in the heart causes problems in other organs.
These emergent properties are more prominent in organs that are part of the same system, but the existence of these reactions in organs of different systems is not abnormal.
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The researchers hypothesized that the toxin increases diffusion of thymidine into the embryos. Explain their logic.
The rate of DNA synthesis is the same with or without toxin, it is likely that DNA becomes more labelled due to increased incorporation of labelled thymidine.
Radiolabelled thymidine is a nucleoside that researchers use to determine his DNA synthesis rate. Increased diffusion of thymidine into the embryo indicates more labeled DNA due to increased incorporation of labeled thymidine.
This increases the rate of thymidine diffusion into the embryo. The rate of DNA synthesis is the same with or without toxin.
Thymidine is the nucleoside building block of DNA, not RNA. Uridine is the nucleoside building block of RNA, but not DNA.
However, thymidine diffusion in embryos is increased by the presence of thymidine. This suggests that labelled thymidine is incorporated into DNA and its abundance increases during DNA synthesis.
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Provide another example of a homeotic gene mutation that leads to organs being produced in the wrong place (see Concept 18.4).
Answer:
to organs
Explanation:
Suppose you exposed various fish species from the minnows' environment to the alarm substance from minnows. Thinking about natural selection, suggest why some species might respond like minnows, some might increase their activity, and some might show no change.
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Which nutrient provides the starting material for making many of the hormones in our bodies?
The lipids nutrient provides the starting material for making many of the hormones in our bodies.
Lipids are an essential nutrient for our bodies, providing the starting material for many of the hormones that regulate our metabolism, growth and development. Without lipids, we would not be able to produce the testosterone that helps us build muscle mass, the estrogen that helps us develop and maintain reproductive health, or the cortisol that helps us manage stress.
Lipids are also a major source of energy for our cells, and are essential for cellular structure and function. In fact, every cell in our body is surrounded by a lipid bilayer that helps to protect it from the outside world.
While we need lipids for our bodies to function properly, it's important to remember that not all lipids are created equal. saturated fats, for example, have been linked to heart disease and other chronic health conditions, while unsaturated fats are considered to be much healthier.
So, if you're looking to improve your health, it's important to choose the right types of lipids. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and limit your intake of saturated and Trans fats. Your body will thank you for it!
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In a short essay (100-150 words), explain how specification of the adult nervous system by the genome is incomplete.
The transmission of signals from the brain to various parts of the body requires nerve cells. It creates a complex network called the nervous system. The genome is home to a sizable amount of genetic data that controls the growth and development of neurons.
Summary:The determination of the genome again for the mature nervous system remains incomplete because neurons must go through many mechanisms in addition to genetic regulation. In a developing embryo, gene expression and signal transduction have an impact on the initial stage of neuron development..
The survival and expansion of the neuron depend on growth factors. When neurons can't get to this place, they can't get growth factors and perish as a result of cell death programming. Due to intense competition, the embryonic neurons that are produced in half are destroyed.
A neuron can create many synapses. A neuron becomes stabilized when it starts to operate, while others become destabilized. The embryo loses about half of its synapses as it grows. Even after birth, this process continues in humans.
These steps must be finished in order to build the basic network of cells and link them to the nervous system that will be needed for the duration of life.
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a researcher studying two species (species 1 and species 2) sequences a short stretch of eight codons from the same gene, gene a, in each and compares them. species 1 and species 2 had a most recent common ancestor 50 million years ago.
Genetic drift
The changes are random with respect to codon position and amino acid changes. In addition, the changes are not the same between both species.
In layman's terms, what is genetic drift?Genetic drift is the variation in the frequency of an existing gene variant among residents caused by random chance. Genetic drift can cause gene variants to vanish completely, reducing genetic variation. It may also cause previously rare alleles to become much more common, and even fixed.
What factors contribute to genetic drift?Genetic drift is a natural process that can result in significant changes in residents in a short period of time. Random drift is caused by recurring small population sizes, severe population declines known as "bottlenecks," and founder events in which a new population jumps from a small number of individuals.
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WHAT IF? Suppose that two species, A and B , have similar appearances but very divergent gene sequences. while species B and C have very different appearances but similar gene sequences. Which pair of species is more likely to be closely related: A and B or B and C ? Explain.
B and C are more closely related. They share a common ancestor, and have similar gene sequences. However, they were exposed to different environmental pressures that drove them to express different phenotypes.
What is convergent and divergent evolution?
Convergent evolution is the emergence of phenotypical similarities in different groups independently from each other.
Convergent evolution occurs when two or more taxonomic groups share the same traits or characteristics even when they do not share a common ancestor.
Usually, this is a pattern observed in groups that are exposed to the same or similar environmental pressures. The development of these similar phenotypes is related to higher fitness and competitive ability.
Divergent evolution is the opposite of convergent.
Taxonomic groups that share a common ancestor and have a similar genetic charge (although not equal) might express phenotypical differences related to the environment in which they live and the pressures to which they are exposed.
The divergence causes might be related to the environment, behavior changes, migration events, and others.
Most species emerge through divergent evolution.
In the exposed example,
Species A and B ⇒ similar phenotype, different gene sequencesSpecies B and C ⇒ different phenotype, similar gene sequencesAccording to this information,
Species B and C share a recent common ancestor and were exposed to different environmental conditions that drove them to express phenotypic differences. This is an example of divergent evolution.
Species A and B are phenotypically similar but do not share a recent common ancestor. They might be exposed to similar pressures that drove them to express the same features, even when they are not related. This is an example of convergent evolution.
Species B and C are more related to each other.
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A generic protein that is 387 amino acid residues long will have a molecular weight.
Answer: Estimates at 42570 daltons
Explanation:
the term used to describe the fetus’s likelihood of surviving outside of the uterus if born preterm or prematurely is called .
When the preterm baby surviving outside of the uterus called mico preemies.
What happens to a preterm baby ?Babies born premature may more health problems at birth and later in life than babies born later. Premature babies can have long term Intellectual and developmental disabilities and problem with their lungs , brain , eyes and other organs.
When the preterm baby has chances to survive outside the uterus called micro preemies.
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The __________ is the outer layer of the kidney, located just deep to the fibrous capsule.
Answer:
renal cortex
Explanation:
Number of votes 5. Suppose you wanted to quickly know who won an election. Would you rather look at a bar graph or a frequency table? Explain.
To determine who would win, I would glance at a bar chart.
A "t-chart" or two-column table that lists all potential outcomes and the corresponding frequencies seen in a sample is what is known as a frequency table.
Also known as a bar chart, this visual representation of quantitative comparison uses rectangles whose lengths are proportionate to the quantity of the data or items being compared. People may find it simpler to comprehend the significance of the material more quickly with a bar chart as a result. Furthermore, communicating with data presented graphically as opposed to verbally or through text might be more effective and quick.
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The two regulatory mechanisms (controls) of the digestive system are _________ and __________
The two regulatory mechanisms (controls) of the digestive system are neural and endocrine.
Our digestive system is regulated by the brain and endocrine systems.
The reflex actions or responses such as satiety and hunger are controlled by the brain while the secretion of hormones is controlled and regulated by the endocrine system of the body.
In addition to this, it also regulates the flow of enzymes in the digestive tract which are necessary for the digestion of food and other substances.
Both neural reflexes and hormones regulate the activities of this system.
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animal phylum matching instructions: draw a line from the phylum to the organism that matches it. draw another line from the organism to its description.
In the animal kingdom, all the organisms are arranged in an order. All organisms are classified in a phylum.
What is animal phylum?classification of animals is known as kingdom Animalia. animal phylum all the organisms from the smallest microorganisms to the largest whales are arranged in an Animalia. There are different phyla in the animal kingdom: phylum Porifera, phylum aschelmenthis, phylum Platyhelminthes, and phylum cnidaria.
Mammalia is the highest kingdom in all phyla. It is at the top of the animal kingdom. All the phyla are arranged in order from the smallest organism to the highest vertebrates.
Phylum is a direct line of descent in a group. It shows the linkage between organisms. It also shows the evolution of organisms. How the smallest organism arises and the to the top of the organism.
Therefore, In the animal kingdom, all the organisms are arranged in order. All organisms are classified in a phylum.
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Which diagnostic study is used to differentiate normal tissue from diseased tissue?
Histopathology is the diagnostic study used to differentiate normal tissue from diseased tissue.
Histopathology, the microscopic examination of tissues and/or cells, is the diagnosis and study of tissue damage.Histopathologists are responsible for diagnosing tissue samples and helping physicians oversee patient care. Physicians specializing in histopathology often work in collaboration with other clinical disciplines. The diagnosis can be made by examining a small amount of tissue from the skin, liver, kidneys, or other organs. known as a biopsy.Histopathologists provide cancer diagnostic services. They treat cells and tissue removed from suspicious "lumps and bumps", determine the nature of the abnormality, and if the abnormality is malignant, inform the clinician of the type of cancer, its grade, and possibly the cancer. Cancer responds to certain treatments.Therefore, histopathology is the correct answer.
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identification of deep-intronic splice mutations in a large cohort of patients with inherited retinal diseases
Mutation is the causative factor leading to (Inherited Retinal Diseases) IRDs. But, there sequencing remains a issue due to their position, which is non coding regions. Generally the coding regions are targeted for sequencing.
So, authors Qian et al., 2021 used Whole genome sequencing (used in Human Genome Project also) to understand the role of deep intronic splice variants to IRD. They identified 6 harmful variants which were further validated by minigene system, by checking the splicing patterns. The assigned prediction scores to the disrupted splice site was seen to be correctly associated with changed mRNA formation. Thus, authors conclude that deep intronic sites should be further researched for further understanding and development of treatment methods.
Splice site refers to the region between the exon and intron that is responsible for splicing of codon into correct sequence for formation of protein. Variation in splicing will result in abnormal protein formation, through defected mRNA, subsequently leading to Inherited Retinal Diseases. Studies on these variants can provide cure of this existing eye problem.
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If you mate a donkey (2 n = 62) with a horse (2 n = 64) you get a mule. mules are sterile and cannot produce gametes by meiosis because they?
If you mate a donkey (2 n = 62) with a horse (2 n = 64) you get a mule. mules are sterile and cannot produce gametes by meiosis because they: have an odd number of chromosomes.
Meiosis is also called the reductional division. It is the type of cell division where a cell divides into four daughter cells, each having half the number of chromosomes form their parent cell. Meiosis need an even number of chromosomes to divide them equally and hence this is the reason why organisms with odd number of chromosomes cannot reproduce and are sterile.
Chromosomes are the compact structure that comprises of the DNA and the histone protein. The transfer of genetic material from parent to the offspring occurs in this phase of DNA.
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Share anything you know about different factor that can affect an ecosystem.
The different factors that can affect an ecosystem can be divided into two categories: abiotic and biotic.
The abiotic factors are those that do not have life within them. These are sunlight, air, soil, temperature, gases, etc. All these factors have a major contribution upon deciding the ecosystem of an area. For example, if a region has less oxygen and more greenhouse gases in its environment, the ecosystem there is not suitable for lives to survive.
The biotic factors are: plants, microorganisms, animals and humans. Interactions between these organisms and their interaction with the abiotic components together plays a major role in shaping the ecosystem.
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dysfibrinogenemia can be caused by many different structural mutations of the fibrinogen genes, and can result in bleeding, thrombosis, or in some patients, no symptoms. a lab test which differentiates dysfibrinogenemia from afibrinogenemia is:
A lab test which differentiates dysfibrinogenemia from afibrinogenemia is Fibrinogen antigen assay.
Dysfibrinogenemia :Dysfibrinogenemia is a coagulation (clotting) illness distinguished by the presence of an aberrant type of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is a protein generated by the liver that aids in the formation of blood clots, which helps to control bleeding. The presence of aberrant fibrinogen leads to poor clot formation and might result in an enhanced or decreased ability to clot.
What causes dysfibrinogenemia?The most prevalent form of acquired dysfibrinogenemia is caused by liver disorders such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, or tumors. Autoimmune disorders are another cause of acquired dysfibrinogenemia.
How is dysfibrinogenemia diagnosed?Dysfibrinogenemia is traditionally diagnosed by aberrant fibrin clot formation assays; the thrombin time and reptilase time are screening tests, and the fibrinogen clotting activity-antigen ratio is the confirmation test.
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hat is a similarity between the phases of the moon in week 2 and week 4?(1 point)
They both start in waxing.
They both start with a quarter moon.
They both end with a full moon.
They both start in waning.
A similarity between the phases of the moon in week 2 and week 4 is that they both start with a quarter moon and is denoted as option B.
What is a Moon?This refers to a large natural object that orbits around the Earth and derives its light source from a part of the solar system which is referred to as the Sun.
In the phases of the moon in week 2 and week 4, only ¼ of the moon is lit by the sun and facing towards the earth which represents a quarter moon in this type if scenario.
This is therefore the reason why quarter moon was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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Explain how the sun's unequal heating of Earth's surface leads to the development of deserts around 30^{\circ} north and south of the equator.
A substance's temperature is a gauge of its molecular energy. They move more as the temperature rises.
The primary factor regulating the Earth's surface temperature is solar heating, which begins to operate at dawn and ends at nightfall. The surface heats up during the normal day and cools down at night. This is not always the case since occasionally warm or cold air will travel across the surface during unexpected wind events. The air above is heated or cooled as a result of changes in surface temperature, which causes air movement (wind). In the tropics, temperature causes water to evaporate, lifting warm, humid air to the sky. Over the tropics, the ascending air cools and releases a large amount of its water as rain. As the dry air continues to descend, it does so at an angle of about 30 degrees north and south, creating deserts in those areas.Learn more about the Earth's temperature with the help of the given link:
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which citation is correct: group of answer choices smith argued that rainy days are important for the ecosystem (smith and jones, 2020). smith
Correct citation is a study provided important insight into the rainy weather are important for the ecosystem.
The author's last name and the year of publication are used in APA in-text citations. Include the page number when using direct quotations, as in the following example Use a paragraph number for sources like websites and e-books that lack page numbers.Photosynthesis is how energy enters the system and is absorbed by plant tissue. Animals play a significant part in the transfer of materials and energy through the system by eating plants and one another. They also have an impact on the biomass levels of the microbial and plant communities. In addition to facilitating nutrient cycling by transforming nutrients held in dead biomass back into a form that can be easily utilised by plants and microorganisms.To learn more about ecosystem.
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In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros, hard), a person's myelin sheaths harden and deteriorate. How would this affect nervous system function?
The hardening of the myelin sheath can result in loss of insulation along with disruption of action potential propagation along axons.
What is multiple sclerosis?It is possible for multiple sclerosis (MS) to disable the spinal cord and brain (central nervous system).
Myelin, the protective coating that protects nerve fibers, is attacked by the immune system in MS, which impairs brain-to-body communication. The condition may eventually result in nerve degeneration or irreversible impairment.
Therefore, hardening of the myelin sheath would result in loss of insulation and disruption of action potential propagation along axons.
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Compare the function of retinal in the eye with that of the pigment chlorophyll in a plant photosystem (see Concept 10.2).
The process of light detection is started when retinal absorbs light and changes from its cis isomer to its trans isomer. Instead of causing isomerization, a photon that is absorbed by chlorophyll raises an electron to a higher energy orbital and starts the electron flow that produces ATP and NADPH.
Retina of the eye:Light that enters your eye is converted by the retina into electrical signals that your optic nerve sends to your brain, which produce the images you see. It's an important aspect of your vision.What pigments does a photosystem consist?Some cofactors, including the pigments lutein, beta-carotene, and neoxanthin, as well as chlorophylls a and b, are attached to particular locations in the pigment binding proteins PSI and PSII. These cofactors are essential for the photosynthetic process of light absorption.What role does pigment play in the photosystem?Although certain pigment-binding proteins may also be involved in other photosynthesis-related activities, the primary role of the pigment-binding proteins is to capture solar energy and transport it, in the form of excitation energy, to P680 in the end.To learn more about photosystem visit:
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In sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to the offspring. True or false
The statement is true that in sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes to the offspring.
Sexual reproduction is the form of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by the fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete. Since the organisms are diploid, therefore the gametes are haploid in nature, i.e. contain only one set of chromosomes. This ensures the maintenance of the diploid ploidy in the offspring.
Chromosomes are the compact structures consisting of DNA and histone proteins. The transfer of genetic material from one generation to another occurs in this form. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the humans.
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even though it has "harmful" phenotypic effects, the "sickle cell" allele hasa relatively high frequency in sub-saharan africa compared to other parts of the world because of its ability to block the effects of malaria. this is an example of:
The scientists observed an increased frequency of the HbS allele in regions with a high incidence of malaria. This is because people with the sickle cell allele have a selective advantage in areas where there is a high incidence of malaria.
What is Sickle cell anemia ?An genetic condition where the red blood cells do not persist as long as normal red blood cells, have an irregular crescent form, and obstruct small blood vessels
A sickle cell gene deficiency is the root of sickle cell disease (SCD). Two sickle cell genes, one from each parent, are present in sickle cell disease patients at birth. Sickle cell trait refers to having one sickle cell gene from birth.A person with mild sickle cell disease might not have any effects on their daily life. However, the illness may be severe enough to materially affect a person's life. Strokes, severe infections, and lung issues are just a few of the health issues it can cause, some of which can be fatal.Learn more about Sickle cell anemia here:
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Why are fungi classified as opisthokonts despite the fact that most fungi lack flagella?
Answer:
because of lack of needs
Explanation: