Answer:
Pigments absorb specific wavelength of sunlight.
Explanation:
Instead, pigments, which are light-absorbing compounds found in photosynthetic organisms, only absorb some visible light wavelengths while reflecting others. The range of wavelengths that a pigment absorbs is known as its absorption spectrum.
In the central dogma of biology, what part is transcription?
The main tenet asserts that the sequence of information that takes place most frequently in our cells is: From existing DNA to produce new DNA (DNA replication); From DNA to generate new RNA (transcription); and From RNA to make new proteins (translation).
Transcription and translation are the two procedures involved in the main tenet. The nucleus is where transcription occurs in eukaryotic cells. A theory claiming that genetic information only moves in one direction—from DNA to RNA to protein, or from RNA to protein directly—is the basic dogma of molecular biology. Using DNA as a template, a messenger RNA molecule is produced (mRNA).
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Transcription is the first step in the central dogma of biology, in which the information stored in DNA is used to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule.
The central dogma of biology is a fundamental principle that explains the flow of genetic information within a cell. It states that information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins, and it is a one-way process. In other words, genetic information stored in DNA is used to make RNA, which in turn is used to make proteins, but the information cannot flow back from proteins to RNA or DNA.
Transcription is the first step in this process and it occurs in the nucleus of the cell. During transcription, the information stored in the DNA is used to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule, which is a single-stranded molecule that is similar to DNA but with a few key differences. RNA is made up of nucleotides, which are similar to DNA nucleotides, but instead of thymine, RNA contains uracil. Additionally, RNA is usually single-stranded whereas DNA is double-stranded.
The enzyme responsible for transcription is called RNA polymerase, which binds to a specific region of the DNA called the promoter and reads the genetic code. As it reads the code, it synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule by adding nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. This process continues until the RNA polymerase reaches a termination site, at which point the RNA molecule is complete.
The RNA molecule produced during transcription is called a primary transcript, which can undergo additional processing to form a mature RNA molecule. This mature RNA molecule can then be used as a template for protein synthesis during the next step, translation.
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suppose an additional treatment, that of doubling the dispersal of zooplankton, was added to this experiment. what would you predict this treatment would do to phytoplankton abundance in the fish-only versus insect-only predation treatments? consider the entire range of zooplankton dispersal, from none to intermediate to heavy. what type of relationship between dispersal and phytoplankton abundance would be produced?
If an additional treatment of doubling the dispersal of zooplankton were added to an experiment studying the effects of fish-only and insect-only predation on phytoplankton abundance, it is likely that the effect on phytoplankton abundance would vary depending on the initial level of zooplankton dispersal.
In the fish-only predation treatment, if the initial level of zooplankton dispersal is low, doubling the dispersal of zooplankton would likely have a positive effect on phytoplankton abundance, as the increased zooplankton would help control the population of phytoplankton-grazing organisms such as copepods and cladocerans. In the insect-only predation treatment, if the initial level of zooplankton dispersal is high, doubling the dispersal of zooplankton would likely have a negative effect on phytoplankton abundance, as the increased zooplankton would compete with phytoplankton for nutrients, and may also be consumed by the insect predators.In general, if you consider the entire range of zooplankton dispersal, from none to intermediate to heavy, the relationship between dispersal and phytoplankton abundance would likely be an inverted U-shape, with phytoplankton abundance peaking at intermediate levels of zooplankton dispersal, and decreasing at both low and high levels of zooplankton dispersal.It's important to note that this is a hypothetical scenario and it would be difficult to predict the exact outcome without conducting the experiment and considering other variables such as the type of zooplankton, the initial phytoplankton abundance, the water chemistry and other environmental variables that can influence the phytoplankton abundance.
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which of the following organs is not part of the gastrointestinal organ system? a. pancreas b. large intestine c. heart d. gallbladder
Heart is the organ that is not part of the gastrointestinal organ system. Option c.
The heart is an organ that is not part of the gastrointestinal system. Unlike the stomach, intestines, and other organs of the digestive system, the heart plays a vital role in the circulatory system.
It is responsible for pumping oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood throughout the body, providing it with essential sustenance. Additionally, the heart is responsible for distributing hormones and other important substances, such as enzymes, throughout the body.
The heart’s rhythmic beat is a vital sign of health and wellbeing, and its failure can lead to serious medical complications.
For these reasons, the heart is an incredibly important organ that is independent from the gastrointestinal system.
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explain how significantly increased volume and pressure in the pleural cavity could affect those structures to produce hypotension
This happens because when the rib cage expands, the volume of the pleural cavity grows. Lower pressure results from an increase in volume, allowing air to enter.
Because the blood cannot force its way into the chest and back to the heart, the amount of blood returning from the body to the heart is decreased as a result of the pressure increase. Shock results from the heart having to pump less blood to the body. Normally, blood pressure is low.
A pneumothorax causes a shift in the pressure gradient within the thorax. When compared to air pressure, the pleural space typically has a lower pressure. Due to surface tension between the parietal and visceral pleurae, the lung likewise extends outwardly when the chest wall does.
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which is a basic assumption made by scientists? group of answer choices there is one general rule or principle that can be used to describe all of nature. an event that occurs only once can be studied using the scientific method. there are specific causes for naturally occurring events observed in the natural world. the causes for events in nature cannot be identified.
One of the fundamental presumptions held by scientists is that the spontaneously occurring occurrences seen in the natural world have definite causes.
Scientists are those who systematically investigate the natural world via experimentation and observation with the intention of learning about and comprehending natural laws and events. To collect data, evaluate and interpret findings, and create explanations and hypotheses about the natural world, they employ the scientific method along with a number of instruments and procedures. They frequently focus on one particular area of study, including biology, chemistry, physics, or earth science. Universities, research facilities, governmental organisations, and commercial businesses are just a few places where scientists might find employment. One of the most well-known physicists in the world is Albert Einstein.
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Which are segments of DNA that code for specific traits?
A. genes
B. chromosomes
C. proteins
D. codons
What is the book "human anatomy & physiology laboratory manual, cat version" discussing?
"Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Cat Version" is likely a laboratory manual or textbook that is used in a course on human anatomy and physiology, focusing on the use of cats as a model for studying these topics.
The book likely includes information and exercises on the structure and function of the cat's body systems, including the muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems, as well as information on the cat's physiology. The text may include laboratory exercises and dissection techniques for the study of the cat's anatomy and physiology, as well as illustrations and diagrams to aid in understanding. Human anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the human body. It encompasses the study of the form and function of the body's organ systems, including the skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems. It also involves the study of cells, tissues and organs, their location and function. Understanding human anatomy is crucial for understanding the workings of the human body and is fundamental for many fields such as medicine, physiotherapy, and fitness.
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the endocrine system has many functions including . multiple select question. receiving sensory information from the environment maintaining blood volume producing neurotransmitters regulating blood ion concentrations controlling movement of food through the digestive tract
The endocrine system achieves a set of tasks, like maintaining blood volume, controlling blood ion concentrations, and guiding how food gets through the digestive tract.
The body's long-term endocrine reactions to lower blood pressure and volume form more red blood cells. Erythropoietin, which is issued by the kidneys and both signals and aids in the survival of already formed red blood cells, is made in the bone marrow.
The endocrine system is a highly organized mechanism that maintains the proper level of hormones and their effects. Using "feedback loops" is one technique to accomplish this. Other hormones, proteins, or neural impulses govern the release of hormones. The impact of the hormone is then felt by other organs.
Digestion is guided by the endocrine system and the brain. The sensations of hunger and fullness are handled by the brain. The release of hormones and enzymes vital for food digestion in the digestive tract is directed by the endocrine system.
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The endocrine system has many functions including (b) regulating blood ion concentrations controlling movement of food through the digestive tract.
The nervous system and endocrine system combine signals coming from many body systems and the environment. The endocrine system also creates effector molecules, such as hormones, that can cause the body to react appropriately in order to maintain homeostasis.
More red blood cells are formed by the body's long-term endocrine responses to lower blood pressure and volume. The bone marrow produces erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the kidneys that both alerts and promotes the survival of already created red blood cells.
The endocrine system is a meticulously planned process that keeps hormone levels and effects in check. One method to do this is to use "feedback loops." supplementary hormones, proteins, or neural. The hormones released are controlled by impulses. Other organs then experience the effects of the hormone.
The brain and endocrine system control digestion. The brain controls the feelings of hunger and fullness. The endocrine system controls the release of hormones and enzymes necessary for food digestion in the digestive tract.
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why should we care about maintaining biodiversity in our various ecosystems?
The systems that sustain all life on Earth, including humans, depend on biodiversity. We cannot have the healthy ecosystems that we depend on to give us the air we breathe and the food we consume without a diverse variety of animals, plants, and microorganisms.
An ecosystem is a region where a bubble of life is created by plants, animals, and other organisms interacting with the weather, environment, and other factors. Abiotic variables, or nonliving components, coexist with biotic components in ecosystems. Plants, animals, and other species are biotic factors. Along with rocks, temperature and humidity are abiotic variables.
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All life on Earth, including humans, depends on processes made possible by biodiversity.
We cannot have the robust ecosystems that we depend on to give us the oxygen we breathe and the food we consume without a diverse variety of animals, plants, and microbes.
The natural world itself is also valued by people. Our whole system of supporting human and animal existence would fail without biodiversity. We depend on nature to give us food and clean water, to make many medications, to stop flooding, and to protect us from other adverse impacts of harsh weather.
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the process by which energy is released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen is
Answer:
Fermentation.
Explanation:
Fermentation releases energy from food molecules and produces ATP in the absence of Oxygen. This is a kind of anaerobic respiration process.
***
2.what are the main differences between modern climate changes and the ones that occurred in the past
Answer:
Today's climate change is different from past climate change in several important ways:
Explanation:
Natural causes are not responsible. None of the natural causes of climate change, including variations in the sun's energy and the Earth's orbit, can fully explain the climate changes we are seeing today.
Which of the following is true about science?
Answer:
science is tentative and changes with new data
in the entire process of fermentation, how many atp molecules are made?
During the process of fermentation, the number of ATP molecules produced varies depending on the type of fermentation being performed.
In alcoholic fermentation, which occurs in yeast and certain bacteria, a total of 2 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule. In lactic acid fermentation, which occurs in certain bacteria and animal muscle cells, a total of 2 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule. In the case of the citric acid cycle, which is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, a total of 2 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule. Therefore, the number of ATP molecules produced during fermentation can range from 2 to 36, depending on the type of fermentation and the metabolic pathway being used.
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During fermentation, the number of ATP molecules produced varies depending on the type of fermentation. In alcoholic fermentation, 2 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule. In lactic acid fermentation, 1 ATP molecule is produced per glucose molecule.
A metabolic process called fermentation breaks down organic substances, often sugars, into simpler ones. It is an anaerobic process, which means oxygen is not needed. Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation are the two basic forms of fermentation.
The fermentation of alcohol produces ethanol and carbon dioxide from glucose. Some bacteria and yeasts carry out this procedure. The general formula for the fermentation of alcohol is:
C6H12O6 (glucose) → 2C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2CO2 (carbon dioxide)
The process generates 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
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what happens when two dna fragments with complementary sticky ends join? how does the activity of dna ligase ensure that the join is permanent?
When two DNA fragments with complementary sticky ends join the fragments combine to form a single, intact piece of DNA.
By pairing complementary bases, the two pieces' sticky ends adhere to one another. At the junction points where the DNA of the gene and the DNA of the plasmid meet, there are still gaps in the sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA double helix. The fragments combine with one another using ligase to form one continuous piece of intact DNA.
A phosphodiester bond is created between the nucleotides on one strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule as a result of DNA ligase's catalytic action. The 5' phosphate group of one chain and the nearby 3' -OH group of another can be joined together covalently by DNA ligase.
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Electromagnetic spectrum lab report
astronomical bodies hypothesis.
The electromagnetic spectrum, or EM spectrum, is the name given to the collection of all electromagnetic radiation present in the universe.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum in astronomy?The electromagnetic spectrum explains all the kinds of light, including those the human eye, can't see. In fact, spectrum most of the light in the universe is invisible to our eyes. The light we can see, built up of the separate colors of the rainbow, represents only a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Astronomers use the whole electromagnetic spectrum to notice a variety of things. Radio waves and microwaves are the longest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum comprising much more than visible light. It involves wavelengths of energy that human eyes can't perceive.
So we can conclude that The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of density of electromagnetic radiation. From long to short wavelengths, the EM spectrum
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The electromagnetic spectrum, or EM spectrum, is the name given to the collection of all electromagnetic radiation present in the universe.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum in astronomy?
The electromagnetic spectrum explains all the kinds of light, including those the human eye, can't see. In fact, spectrum most of the light in the universe is invisible to our eyes. The light we can see, built up of the separate colors of the rainbow, represents only a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Astronomers use the whole electromagnetic spectrum to notice a variety of things. Radio waves and microwaves are the longest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum comprising much more than visible light. It involves wavelengths of energy that human eyes can't perceive.
So we can conclude that The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of density of electromagnetic radiation. From long to short wavelengths, the EM spectrum
EQUINE SCIENCE: COLORS AND MARKINGS OF HORSES
what are the differences among gray horses, white horses, and blue roan horses?
How can you tell the difference between a dark brown horse and a black horse?
Color and Marking of horses depend on their hair color. Gray horses are typically born with a gray coat color that may appear to be black, dark bay, or chestnut.
The most obvious way to tell the difference between a dark brown horse and a black horse is to look at the coat color.
What is Color and Marking of horses?White horses are born with white coats that can range from a light cream to a dark ivory color. Blue roan horses are born with a coat that combines white and black hairs, giving it a bluish, or roan, color are the difference among them.Horses come in a wide variety of colors and markings.Common colors are bay, black, chestnut, dun, gray, palomino, roan, and white. Common Color and Marking of horses are star, snip, stripe, blaze, and white socks or stockings. There are also many rarer colors and markings, such as appaloosa, champagne, cream, dapple, paint, pinto, sabino, and silver dapple.Color and Marking of horses typically appear as distinct white spots against a dark base coat color. The majority of horses have some markings, which aid in recognising the horse as a particular person. The horse is born with certain markings, and these remain constant throughout its life. While certain faint markings may occasionally contain white hair without any underlying pink skin, the majority of markings have pink skin underneath the majority of the white hairs. When a horse grows or loses its winter coat, markings may seem to shift slightly, but this difference is only due to the length of the hair coat color; the underlying pattern remains unchanged.To learn more about Color and Marking of horses from the given link
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1. Charles Darwin came to understand that_____
plant and animal populations that were isolated on islands became extinct within a few generations
plant and animal populations consist of individuals that are clones of one another
individuals with advantageous mutations stayed alive long enough to reproduce and pass on their traits
individuals with any type of mutation did not function the same way and quickly became extinct
Charles Darwin came to understand that individuals with advantageous mutations stayed alive long enough to reproduce and pass on their traits which is therefore denoted as option C.
What is Mutation?This is referred to as a change in the DNA sequence of an organism and in some cases it is advantageous as it helps organisms survive certain harsh environmental conditions.
Darwin discovered that individuals with advantageous mutations stayed alive long enough to reproduce and pass on their traits which helps to prevent the extinction of the species which is why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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If a pea plant having round seeds is crossed with a pea plant having wrinkled seeds, then, what will be the percentage of plants in F2 generation that will have wrinkled seeds?
Answer:
If a pea plant having round seeds (R) is crossed with a pea plant having wrinkled seeds (r), the F1 generation will be composed of heterozygous plants (Rr) that will all have round seeds.
in a study of tadpole coloration, you noticed that a certain percentage of tadpoles in a population displayed a decreased ability to shift from dark coloration at night to light coloration during the day. these individuals were studied and found to have the normal number of melanophores and these melanophores produced normal amounts of melanin pigment granules. you remember reading that pigment granule transport in melanophores involves the cytoskeleton.
Microtubules part of the cytoskeleton would you suggest investigating as a potential source of the faulty color adjustment in these tadpoles.
Tadpole development is divided into seven distinct phases. Eggs, hatching, free swimming, teeth, legs, froglet, and frog are some of these stages. Large groups of eggs are laid, and after being fertilised by males, they develop into zygotes.
Aquatic larval stage of frogs and toads is known as a tadpole, sometimes known as a polliwog. Tadpoles differ from salamander larvae in that they are shorter, oval-shaped, have broad tails, small mouths, and no external gills. An operculum, which is a covering, protects the internal gills.
The colour of tadpoles can range from dark brown to olive green, occasionally with flecking and a creamy white underbelly.
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The complete question is:
In a study of tadpole coloration, you noticed that a certain percentage of tadpoles in a population displayed a decreased ability to shift from dark coloration at night to light coloration during the day. These individuals were studied and found to have the normal number of melanophores and these melanophores produced normal amounts of melanin pigment granules. You remember reading that pigment granule transport in melanophores involves the cytoskeleton.
1.) Which part of the cytoskeleton would you suggest investigating as a potential source of the faulty color adjustment in these tadpoles?
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
Microtubules are some portion of the cytoskeleton would you recommend researching as a possible wellspring of the defective variety change in these tadpoles.
Fledgling improvement is partitioned into seven unmistakable stages. Eggs bring forth, free swimming, teeth, legs, froglet, and frog are a portion of these stages. Enormous gatherings of eggs are laid, and in the wake of being prepared by guys, they form into zygotes.
Sea-going larval phase of frogs and amphibians is known as a fledgling, some of the time known as a polliwog. Fledglings contrast from lizard hatchlings in that they are more limited, oval-molded, have expansive tails, little mouths, and no outside gills. An operculum, which is a covering, safeguards the interior gills.
The shade of fledglings can go from dull brown to olive green, once in a while with flecking and a velvety white underside.
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how does the cell membrane aid the cell in maintaining homeostasis? a. the cell membrane controls all cellular activities in response to changes in the external environment. b. the cell membrane allows certain materials to pass into or out of the cell. c. the cell membrane assists with maintaining the correct temperature by absorbing energy. d. the cell membrane extracts energy from food when the cell is low on energy.
b. The cell membrane allows certain materials to pass into or out of the cell. There are three basic ways that the cell membrane preserves homeostasis: making it possible for the membrane to move fluidly.
Osmosis, or the flow of water from a high concentration to a low concentration, can be controlled. keeping certain ion concentrations constant.
The function of the cell membrane is to control the flow of substances into and out of the cell. The membrane of the cell must be passed through for any materials to enter or exit. Based on what is thought to be the ideal concentration level for that material, the membrane determines whether that material will be permitted passage. The concentration of water and other ions is typically the main factor on which the cell membrane depends.
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1) Currently, which event having the greatest effect on the entire interconnected ocean ecosystem?(1 point)
A tsunami
B hurricane
C plastic pollution **
D oil drilling
2 )) Of the following disturbances, which can only be categorized as extreme (i. E. , could not be considered small or medium in scale)?(1 point)
A hurricane flooding in several cities in Texas
B volcanic eruption in the middle of the ocean
C rapid glacial retreat due to climate change
D wildfire across several counties in California **
The answer to the given question 1 is option c) plastic pollution and question 2 is option d) wildfire across several counties in California
Plastic toxicity The buildup of plastic objects and particles in the environment that negatively impacts people, wildlife, and their habitat is known as plastic pollution. Depending on its size, plastic garbage is separated into micro, meso, and macro trash. An unplanned, uncontrolled, and unpredictable fire in an area of flammable vegetation is known by several names, including wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire, and rural fire. A wildfire may be more precisely referred to as a bushfire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire, depending on the type of vegetation that is present. Several natural forest ecosystems depend on wildfire. Wildfires are separate from managed burning, which is a good human use of wildland fire, even though controlled burns have the potential to turn into wildfires.
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The answer to the given question 1 is option c) plastic pollution and question 2 is option d) wildfire across several counties in California Plastic toxicity The buildup of plastic.
wildfire objects and particles in the environment that negatively impacts people, wildlife, and their habitat is known as plastic pollution. Depending on its size, plastic garbage is separated into micro, meso, and macro trash. An unplanned, uncontrolled, and unpredictable fire in an area of flammable vegetation is known by several names, including wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire, and rural fire. A wildfire may be more precisely referred to as a bushfire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire, depending on the type of vegetation that is present. Several natural forest ecosystems depend on wildfire. Wildfires are separate from managed burning, which is a good human use of wildland fire, even though controlled burns have the potential to turn into wildfires.
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explain what you think is the most important innovation found in eukaryotic gene regulation as compared to that of prokaryotes?
While eukaryotic control is based on limiting the levels of transcription, prokaryotic control regulates gene expression.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, where gene expression is controlled at the epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, linear motion, & post-translational levels, prokaryotes primarily regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level (although some epigenetic and post-translational regulation is also present). Although all phases of expression of genes can be controlled, transcription is often the key factor. Only the quantity of transcription can be managed by prokaryotic organisms in order to influence gene expression. The intricacy of the regulating gene expression increased as eukaryotic cells developed. For instance, compartmentalization of significant cell functions and cellular activities resulted from the emergence of eukaryotic cells. Why is multicellular eukaryotic gene regulation more complicated than that of prokaryotes? Greater pieces of Dna are found in eukaryotic cells, and so this DNA is linked.
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Prokaryotic control controls gene expression, whereas eukaryotic control focuses on regulating transcription levels.
Prokaryotes mainly control gene expression at the transcriptional level, in contrast to eukaryotic cells, which do it at the epigenetic, post-transcriptional, motion, and post-translational (although epigenetic and post-translational regulation is also present). Transcription is frequently the deciding factor, even though all stages of gene expression can be managed.
Prokaryotic organisms can only control the volume of transcription in order to affect gene expression. As eukaryotic cells evolved, the complexity of controlling gene expression increased. For instance, the formation of eukaryotic cells led to the compartmentalization of important cell processes and cellular activities. Why is multicellular eukaryotic gene regulation more difficult than that of prokaryotes.
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Explain the process of tooth decay.
Answer:
Explanation:
Tooth decay happens when decay-causing bacteria in your mouth make acids that attack the tooth's surface or enamel. This can lead to a small hole in a tooth, called a cavity. If tooth decay isn't treated, it can cause pain, infection, and even tooth loss.
What would be expected offspring if the F1 plant from above were test crossed to red parent?
This monohybrid cross's F1 generation would all have the dominant phenotype and a heterozygous (Tt) genotype.
Why is parent significant?A parent is defined as a person who raises and takes care of another by Merriam-Webster. The biological transmission of your genes to a kid does not, however, guarantee that you are a parent. A parent can take on various roles, including stepparent, grandparent, guardian, or a combination of these.
Whom do we refer to as parents?Mother or father are both parents. Your parents are your mom and dad, and one of their responsibilities is to raise you. All of us have biological parents, and a large number of us also have stepparents, foster parents, or adoptive parents who raise us.
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Explain how the release of one hormone triggers the release of a hormone cascade
Answer:
Hormone cascade
Explanation:
It produces the needed hormone. To manage the body and it's emotions.
when sasha, a russian inmate, first took antibiotics for his tb infection many of the bacteria were killed off. most of the tb bacteria that were not killed off were those that were the most susceptible to the drugs. true false
It's true that many of the bacteria were wiped off when Sasha, a Russian prisoner, first started taking antibiotics for his tuberculosis. The majority of the tb disease that were resistant to the medications were ones that were not completely eradicated.
One of the most pressing and challenging issues facing global TB control is the ongoing spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, or forms of the disease resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, are essentially incurable by first-line conventional therapy. MDR-TB caused around 450,000 new cases and 170,000 deaths in 2012. Fluoroquinolone and second-line injectable drug-resistant MDR-TB strains are referred to as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. Weak healthcare systems, inappropriate treatment that amplifies resistance patterns, and transmission in communities and facilities are the key contributors to the spread of resistant tuberculosis.
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what is the simplest explanation for this inheritance pattern?
The single gene inheritance is the simplest explanation for this inheritance pattern.
A single gene and its variants control a trait in single gene inheritance. One allele, or version, of the gene—of which there are two or more—is inherited from each parent. The various versions of the characteristic are determined by the variations in the alleles. The recessive allele does not express its trait, but the dominant allele does. Mendelian Inheritance is another name for this pattern, which was first identified by Gregor Mendel in the 19th century.
Inheritance studies help to generate pedigree maps that can help to trace disease and various traits transfer among people.
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The simplest explanation for this inheritance pattern is single gene inheritance.
In single gene inheritance, a single gene and its variants control a trait. Each parent inherits one allele, or version, of the gene (there are two or more). The variations in the alleles determine the various versions of the characteristic. The trait is not expressed by the recessive allele, but it is by the dominant allele. Mendelian Inheritance is another name for this pattern, which was discovered in the nineteenth century by Gregor Mendel. Inheritance studies aid in the creation of pedigree maps, which can be used to track disease and trait transmission.
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Describe how the membrane of an amoeba acts when it is eating
another unicellular organism.
Help me please
Science
When an amoeba eats another unicellular organism, the membrane of the amoeba plays a crucial role in the process.
The first step is the amoeba extending its pseudopodia (false feet) towards the prey, which is usually a smaller unicellular organism such as a bacteria or a protozoan. The pseudopodia engulf the prey and bring it into contact with the plasma membrane of the amoeba.
Once the prey is in contact with the amoeba's plasma membrane, the membrane begins to engulf the prey by forming a small invagination, or "pocket" in the membrane. This invagination eventually surrounds the prey, forming a membrane-bound vesicle called a food vacuole.
What is an amoeba?Once the prey is inside the food vacuole, enzymes are released from lysosomes, which are organelles within the amoeba, to break down the prey's cell wall and membrane. The broken down materials are then absorbed into the amoeba.
The food vacuole then fuses with the plasma membrane, expelling the undigested material out of the amoeba. This process is called endocytosis and it is used by many cells to take in materials from the environment.
In all, the membrane of an amoeba acts as a selective barrier that allows the amoeba to engulf and digest prey while keeping its own contents separate. Additionally, the membrane allows the amoeba to use endocytosis in order to take in nutrients from its environment.
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which blood sample contained the universal recipient?
Being able to receive blood of any type makes type AB-positive blood known as the "universal recipient" type. Because they don't have any attacking antibodies, people with type AB blood are universal recipient. Anyone with type O blood has neither A nor B markers.
Only 3.4% of people in the population have AB+ blood. The term "AB Plasma" refers to a form of plasma that can be administered to any patient, regardless of their blood type. This blood type is capable of receiving AB-, AB+, B-, B+, A+, A-, and O-, O+. While other blood kinds (A and B) only carry one or neither of the A or B antigens, respectively, on the surface of the red blood cells, AB+ blood has both of these antigens (group O).
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AB positive blood group is called the Universal recipient. AB+ blood group types are universal acceptors because they do not have A, B antibodies in plasma.
This can be also an example of codominance too. Antigens are said to be protein molecules that are usually found on the surface of red blood cells. Similarly antibodies can be defined as the proteins found on the plasma.
Blood group A – It generally has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
Blood group B – It has B antigens on the red blood cells with anti-A antibodies in the plasma.
Blood group O – It has no antigens on the red blood cells, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
Blood group AB – It has both A and B antigens on the red blood cells, but no antibodies.
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35. Cause and Effect Even a very small difference in
a person's DNA can have a dramatic influence on
their health. Use the example of cystic fibrosis to
illustrate this point.
A person's DNA can determine their risk of developing certain diseases, which can have a major genetic impact on their health.
What is DNA?DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides twisted together in a double helix formation and contains the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.The molecule of information is DNA. It holds the blueprints needed to create genetic proteins, which are other big molecules. Each of your cells contains these instructions, which are dispersed throughout 46 lengthy structures known as chromosomes. Numerous smaller DNA fragments known as genes make up each of these chromosomes.To learn more about DNA from the given link
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