List the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites: A. secreting histaminase; B. secreting histamine; C. producing hydrogen peroxide; D. producing superoxide anion
E. producing hydrogen peroxide; F. producing superoxide anion

1. The analogy can be completed as:

b. barge: exported waste

2. The analogy can be completed as:

a. vent pipes: methane

3. The analogy can be completed as:

c. paper: recyclable

4. The analogy can be completed as:

d. plastic bags: paper bags

6. The analogy can be completed as:

b. available land: decreasing

7. The analogy can be completed as:

e. Superfund site cleanup: the federal government

8. The analogy can be completed as:

a. increased demand: recycling

An analogy is a comparison between two things that highlights their similarities or relationships based on certain shared characteristics or properties. It involves identifying a relationship between a pair of terms and applying that relationship to another pair of terms. Analogies are often presented in the form of a statement or question with a specific structure.

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Damage to the greater trochanter, which is the bony prominence on the side of the hip, can hinder the function of some muscles of the buttock, thigh, and hip abduction.

The greater trochanter serves as an attachment site for several important muscles, including the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and piriformis muscles. These muscles are responsible for stabilizing the pelvis during walking and running, and also for abducting the hip (moving it away from the midline of the body).

If the greater trochanter is damaged, these muscles may not be able to function properly, leading to difficulty with hip abduction and possibly even a limp.

Additionally, damage to the greater trochanter may also affect some muscles of the buttock and spine, as they too may have attachment points on the bone. Pain and weakness in these muscles may result from damage to the greater trochanter.

In contrast, damage to the greater trochanter is unlikely to affect the function of muscles in the foot, as these muscles are located in the lower leg and ankle and are not directly attached to the hip bone. Similarly, damage to the greater trochanter is also unlikely to affect hip adduction, as this motion is primarily controlled by muscles located on the inside of the thigh.

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Influenza viruses are classified according to their hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins, option (d) is correct.

Influenza viruses are classified based on their hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, which are key components of the viral surface. Hemagglutinin allows the virus to attach to host cells by binding to sialic acid receptors on their surfaces. It plays a vital role in viral entry and fusion with the host cell membrane.

Neuraminidase, on the other hand, helps release newly formed viruses from infected cells by cleaving the sialic acid residues on the cell surface. This enzyme facilitates the spread of the virus within the respiratory tract and the transmission to other individuals, option (d) is correct.

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The correct question is:

Influenza viruses are classified according to their hemagglutin and __________ proteins.

a) nucleic

b) amphiphilic

c) polymorphic

d) neuraminidase

e) arabinose

The cloud form classification associated with a thunderstorm is cumulonimbus. Cumulonimbus clouds are large, vertically developed clouds that are often associated with thunderstorms, heavy rain, lightning, and sometimes hail.

These clouds have a towering appearance with a flat anvil-shaped top and a dark base. They form due to strong updrafts of moist air that condenses and rises rapidly in the atmosphere. Cumulonimbus clouds are known for their turbulent nature and can produce severe weather conditions, including strong winds, heavy rainfall, thunder, lightning, and even tornadoes.

They are a result of strong convective activity and are typically found in regions with unstable atmospheric conditions conducive to thunderstorm development.

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Statement number 2: the arterial system is a high-pressure system.

Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

The arterial system is considered a high-pressure system because blood is being pumped from the heart into the arteries with a high force, which can cause the arterial walls to stretch and recoil with each heartbeat. This high pressure allows the blood to reach the capillaries, where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the tissues, before returning to the heart through the veins.

Summary: The arterial system is a high-pressure system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. Statement number 2 is the true statement regarding the arterial system.

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The technique described in the question is called protoplast fusion.

Protoplast fusion is a technique that is used to promote genetic variability in microorganisms and plant cells. In this technique, the cells are grown in an isotonic solution with cell wall-degrading enzymes, which breaks down the cell walls and releases the protoplasts. The protoplasts are then incubated together, which allows them to fuse and form a hybrid cell with a new combination of genetic material.

                                   This technique is useful for creating new strains of microorganisms or plants with desirable traits. The process requires careful control of the conditions to ensure that the protoplasts fuse correctly and that the resulting cells are viable. Overall, protoplast fusion is an important tool for genetic research and the development of new strains with improved characteristics.

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Brown raisins get their color, from: B and C are correct

Brown raisins get their color primarily through a combination of Maillard reactions and enzymatic browning. Maillard reactions occur between amino acids and reducing sugars during heating or drying processes, resulting in the formation of brown pigments. These reactions contribute to the rich brown color of raisins.

Enzymatic browning, facilitated by an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase (PPO), is another process that leads to the browning of raisins. PPO naturally occurs in grapes and other fruits. When grapes are harvested and dried to make raisins, the PPO enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds present in the grapes, leading to enzymatic browning and the development of a deeper brown color.

Option A (Caramel is added as a colorant) is incorrect because brown raisins do not typically have caramel added as a colorant. Their color is derived from natural processes, as described above.

Therefore, the correct answer is B and C: Maillard reactions form brown pigments, and polyphenol oxidase naturally found in grapes causes enzymatic browning. Option D (A, B, and C are correct) is incorrect as option A is not accurate for the coloration of brown raisins.

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Answer:

D) Energy is transferred from producers to consumers

Answer:

I think it is the last one

The following are thought to be two key adaptations for running in humans: c. loose shoulders and big buttocks.

Loose shoulders allow for a greater range of motion and rotational movement, which is crucial for maintaining balance while running. The swinging motion of the arms counterbalances the rotation generated by the legs, enhancing stability and preventing energy loss. Additionally, the presence of larger buttock muscles, specifically the gluteus maximus, plays a significant role in running efficiency. These muscles help stabilize the trunk and provide powerful propulsion during each stride, increasing overall running speed and endurance.

While other mentioned adaptations, such as a four-chambered heart, binocular vision, and tetrapod body design, do play essential roles in human evolution and various functions, they are not considered as key adaptations specifically for running. Knees and elbows do contribute to locomotion but are not unique adaptations for running. Hence, the most relevant adaptations for human running ability are loose shoulders and larger buttocks muscles. Hence

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Answer: c. Oogonia

Explanation:

During fetal development, the cells that give rise to primary oocytes are "Oogonia".

During fetal development, oogonia are the precursor cells that give rise to primary oocytes. Oogonia are diploid cells that undergo mitotic divisions to proliferate in the developing ovaries of a female fetus. These divisions increase the number of oogonia. Eventually, some of these oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes.

The primary oocytes are then arrested in prophase I of meiosis until puberty. At puberty, one primary oocyte per month is stimulated to resume meiosis and undergo further development, leading to the formation of a secondary oocyte, which is released during ovulation.

Spermatogonia, on the other hand, are the precursor cells that give rise to sperm cells in the testes. Secondary oocytes are formed after the completion of the first meiotic division. Granulosa cells are somatic cells found in the ovary that provide support to developing oocytes. Luteal cells are formed in the ovary after ovulation and are involved in the formation of the corpus luteum, which produces hormones necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy.

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The fusion of a sperm cell and secondary oocyte is known as fertilization. During fertilization, the genetic material from the sperm cell and the secondary oocyte combine to form a zygote, which will eventually develop into an embryo.

The fertilization process typically occurs in the fallopian tubes and is initiated by the release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary during ovulation. Sperm cells then swim up the fallopian tubes to reach the secondary oocyte. Once a sperm cell successfully penetrates the secondary oocyte, a series of biochemical events occur that prevent other sperm cells from entering and trigger the fusion of the sperm cell and secondary oocyte.

The resulting zygote contains a unique combination of genetic material from both parents and marks the beginning of a new individual.

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The thin muscle cells located within the muscle spindle are called intrafusal muscle fibers.

These are modified muscle fibers, which are embedded in the connective tissue capsule of the muscle spindle They are also known as the intrafusal fibers, because they lie within the spindle and are shorter than the extrafusal fibers, which form the rest of the skeletal muscle.The intrafusal fibers are classified into two types: nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers. Both of these types of fibers have a sensory and motor innervation.The sensory innervation of the intrafusal fibers is provided by the type Ia and type II afferent fibers, which are located at the poles of the spindle.

These fibers detect the changes in muscle length and velocity, and transmit this information to the central nervous system.The motor innervation of the intrafusal fibers is provided by the gamma motor neurons, which are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. These neurons regulate the sensitivity of the intrafusal fibers to stretch, and thus regulate the overall sensitivity of the muscle spindle to changes in muscle length and velocity.

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Damage to the 8th cranial nerve caused by a drug or chemical resulting in temporary or permanent hearing loss or disturbances in balance is termed ototoxicity.

Ototoxicity can be caused by various drugs and chemicals such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, chemotherapy agents, and certain solvents.

These substances can damage the hair cells in the inner ear, leading to hearing loss or balance problems. In some cases, the effects of ototoxicity can be temporary and reversible, while in others they can be permanent.

In summary, ototoxicity refers to the damage to the 8th cranial nerve caused by certain drugs or chemicals that can result in hearing loss or disturbances in balance.

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Respiratory distress changes to respiratory failure when, (B). When the respiratory challenge continues, the systems cannot keep up with the demand, and skin color and mental status change.

Respiratory distress refers to a state in which breathing becomes difficult, and the body is working harder to maintain adequate oxygenation. It is a warning sign that the respiratory system is being challenged. If the respiratory challenge persists and the body's compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed, it can progress to respiratory failure.

Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to meet the body's oxygenation and ventilation needs. In this stage, the body's oxygen levels become critically low, and carbon dioxide levels rise. Skin color may change, often turning pale or bluish due to inadequate oxygenation. Mental status can also be affected, with the person becoming confused or disoriented.

Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe the transition from respiratory distress to respiratory failure. Option A describes signs of severe respiratory distress but does not necessarily indicate the transition to respiratory failure. Option C describes the progression to cardiac arrest, which is a different medical emergency. Option D describes a sudden improvement in respiratory symptoms, which is not indicative of respiratory failure.

The correct answer is B. When the respiratory challenge continues, the systems cannot keep up with the demand, and skin color and mental status change.

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Corneal damage can be caused by trauma or disease. Trauma to the eye can come from blunt force such as a fist or an object, or from a sharp object such as a pencil or blade.

Disease related damage to the cornea can be caused by infection, inflammation, or degenerative conditions. Infections can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, and can cause the cornea to become swollen, cloudy, and painful. Inflammation can be caused by allergies or autoimmune conditions, and can lead to swelling and scarring.

Degenerative conditions such as keratoconus and Fuchs dystrophy can cause the cornea to thin or bulge, leading to blurred vision and light sensitivity. Treatment for corneal damage varies depending on the cause, but can include antibiotics, steroids, and sometimes surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if you have any signs of corneal damage, as it can lead to permanent vision loss if left untreated.

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complete question is :

if the cornea is damaged through trauma or disease, what would happen?

The initial effect most likely caused by a change in pH due to taking an antacid tablet would be a decrease in the activity of lipase.

Lipase is an enzyme that functions optimally in an acidic environment. When the pH is increased to around 7 by an antacid, it moves away from the optimal pH range for lipase activity. As a result, the change in pH would lead to a decrease in the enzymatic activity of lipase.

This can impact the efficient breakdown of lipids in the digestive system, potentially leading to decreased lipid digestion and absorption. The subsequent reduction in lipase activity can have implications for overall digestion and nutrient absorption in the body.

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Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms which ingest their food and digest it internally in specialized organs such as stomachs or intestines.

This process allows animals to break down complex molecules into smaller, more easily absorbed nutrients that can be used for energy and growth. The digestive system of animals is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste.

                               This process involves a series of intricate chemical and physical processes that rely on enzymes and other digestive juices to break down food into its component parts. Overall, the digestive system is essential for the survival and growth of animals, allowing them to extract the nutrients they need from the food they consume.

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A missense mutation that prevents the a1 protein from interacting with the alpha2 protein would result in sterility – inability to mate with either cell type. This is because in a diploid MATA/MATalpha yeast strain, the a1 and alpha2 proteins are necessary for proper mating. The a1 and alpha2 proteins interact with each other to form a repressor complex that prevents the expression of haploid-specific genes. Without this interaction, the repressor complex cannot form and haploid-specific genes would be expressed, resulting in sterility.

In summary, a missense mutation that prevents the a1 protein from interacting with the alpha2 protein would result in the inability of the diploid MATA/MATalpha yeast strain to mate with either cell type due to the lack of a repressor complex that prevents the expression of haploid-specific genes.

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The cervical and lumbosacral enlargements of the spinal cord are due to the increased number of nerve cells (neurons) that are needed to control the limbs and organs in these regions of the body.

The cervical enlargement, which is located in the neck region, contains neurons that control the upper limbs, while the lumbosacral enlargement, located in the lower back, contains neurons that control the lower limbs and organs. These regions require more neurons because they have a larger number of muscles and organs that need to be controlled, and the nerves that originate in these regions need to travel a longer distance to reach their targets. As a result, the spinal cord expands in these regions to accommodate the increased number of neurons and the larger size of the nerves.

The spinal cord has two major enlargements - the cervical enlargement and the lumbosacral enlargement. These enlargements are due to a higher concentration of neurons in these areas, which correspond to the regions responsible for controlling the movement and sensation of the upper and lower limbs, respectively.
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4 ATP molecules would need to be linked to the biosynthetic process that requires a total of 25 kcal/mol.

option is B.

To determine the number of ATP molecules needed for a biosynthetic process that requires 25 kcal/mol of energy, we need to calculate the ratio of the released energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to the energy required by the biosynthetic process.

Given that 7.3 kcal/mol of free energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate, we can set up the following proportion:

7.3 kcal/mol ATP / 1 ATP = 25 kcal/mol process / x ATP

Cross-multiplying, we get:

7.3 kcal/mol ATP * x ATP = 1 ATP * 25 kcal/mol process

7.3x = 25

x = 25 / 7.3

x ≈ 3.42

Since we need to have at least a whole number of ATP molecules, we round up to the nearest whole number, which is 4.

Therefore, at least 4 ATP molecules would need to be linked to the biosynthetic process that requires a total of 25 kcal/mol.

A biosynthetic process refers to the biochemical process through which living organisms produce complex molecules necessary for their growth, development, and functioning.

It involves the synthesis of various biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

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The great diversity observed among living things is the result of evolution, which is the process by which species change over time in response to changes in their environment.

Evolution is driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and non-random mating. These mechanisms can cause genetic variation within populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection or other forces to produce new species or changes in the characteristics of existing species. Over millions of years, this process has led to the incredible diversity of life we see on Earth today, from bacteria to humans and everything in between. The study of evolution and its mechanisms is a fundamental part of biology and helps us understand the history and diversity of life on our planet.

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In a fetal pig, the gallbladder is located in the abdominal cavity, just below the right lobe of the liver.

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that is connected to the liver and the small intestine by a series of ducts.

In the fetal pig, as in other mammals, the gallbladder plays an important role in digestion by storing and releasing bile, a substance that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.

During digestion, bile flows from the liver through the common hepatic duct into the gallbladder, where it is stored and concentrated.

When fatty foods are eaten, the gallbladder contracts, releasing bile through the common bile duct into the small intestine to aid in digestion.

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Carbon is reduced and NADPH is oxidized during the Calvin cycle. This cycle is part of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

In this cycle, carbon dioxide is fixed into organic compounds, such as glucose, using energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. The reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose requires the oxidation of NADPH, which donates electrons to reduce carbon dioxide.

During the Calvin cycle, the following occurs:
1. Carbon dioxide is fixed into an organic molecule through a process called carbon fixation.
2. The fixed carbon is then reduced using electrons from NADPH, which is oxidized to NADP+ in the process.
3. ATP is used to provide the energy needed for these reactions, and it is converted to ADP and inorganic phosphate.

So, during the Calvin cycle, carbon is reduced, and NADPH is oxidized.

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Chondrocytes occupy spaces in the matrix called lacunae. Lacunae are small cavities or spaces within the extracellular matrix of cartilage where chondrocytes, the specialized cells responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilage matrix, reside.

Each chondrocyte is housed within its own lacuna. The lacunae provide a protected environment for the chondrocytes and allow for their proper functioning in maintaining the cartilage tissue.

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Chondrocytes occupy spaces in the matrix called lacunae. Chondrocytes are specialized cells found in cartilage. They are responsible for maintaining and producing the extracellular matrix of the cartilage tissue.

The extracellular matrix consists of various proteins, fibers, and ground substance, and it surrounds the chondrocytes.

Within the matrix, the chondrocytes reside in small cavities or spaces called lacunae. These lacunae provide a protective environment for the chondrocytes and allow for their metabolic activities.

The chondrocytes can produce and maintain the components of the extracellular matrix while residing within the lacunae. The lacunae are distributed throughout the cartilage tissue, separated by the matrix material.

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The cervical vertebrae are located most superiorly in the vertebral column.

There are seven cervical vertebrae in total, labeled C1 through C7, and they are situated in the neck region, immediately below the skull.

The cervical vertebrae are smaller and more mobile than the vertebrae in the thoracic and lumbar regions, allowing for a greater range of motion in the neck.

The first two cervical vertebrae, C1 (also called the atlas) and C2 (also called the axis), have unique shapes and functions that enable them to support the weight of the head and allow for rotation and flexion of the neck.

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The effect of alpha interferon on an uninfected cell is that : It causes the cell to produce antiviral proteins. This is because alpha interferon is a type of cytokine that is produced and released by infected cells in response to viral infections.

When an uninfected cell comes in contact with alpha interferon, it triggers a signaling pathway that leads to the activation of various genes within the cell.

One of the key genes that is activated is the one that produces antiviral proteins, which are capable of inhibiting the replication and spread of viruses within the body.

Therefore, the effect of alpha interferon on an uninfected cell is to enhance its ability to defend against viral infections.

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Plasma cells are the type of cells that secrete antibodies. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell derived from B lymphocytes (B cells).

When B cells are activated by an antigen, they differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized for antibody production. Plasma cells produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, into the bloodstream and body tissues. Antibodies play a crucial role in the immune response by binding to specific antigens, such as foreign pathogens or toxins, and marking them for destruction or neutralization. Each plasma cell produces and secretes antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen. On the other hand, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play different roles in the immune system. Helper T cells assist in the activation of other immune cells, cytotoxic T cells are involved in killing infected or abnormal cells, and antigen-presenting cells present antigens to activate other immune cells. While these cells are essential components of the immune system, they do not directly secrete antibodies like plasma cells do.

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The response to specific pathogens can improve with subsequent exposure due to the development of immunity through immunological memory. This process is the foundation for vaccines and is crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

The response to specific pathogens can improve with subsequent exposure due to the development of immunity. When the body is exposed to a pathogen for the first time, it may not have the necessary antibodies to fight it off. This can result in an infection and potentially severe symptoms. However, once the body has been exposed to the pathogen, it can develop a memory of how to fight it off, allowing for a quicker and more effective response if exposed again in the future.
This process is known as immunological memory and is the foundation for vaccines. By introducing a weakened or dead version of a pathogen into the body through a vaccine, the immune system can develop a memory of how to fight it off without the individual getting sick from the actual disease. This is why vaccines are so important in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
It is important to note that not all pathogens elicit the same response upon subsequent exposure. Some viruses, like the flu, mutate frequently, making it difficult for the immune system to develop lasting immunity. Other pathogens, like bacteria, can develop resistance to antibiotics, making it more challenging to fight off infections.

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The posterior inferior vena cava is indicated by the letter I.

The posterior inferior vena cava (PIVC) is a rare variation of the inferior vena cava, where it develops from the right sacrocardinal vein instead of the common iliac veins. In some anatomical illustrations and diagrams, the PIVC may be indicated by the letter "I" to differentiate it from the standard inferior vena cava (IVC), which is typically labeled as "H" or "G" depending on the specific illustration and labeling system used. The IVC is located in the posterior abdominal cavity, running parallel to the spine, and is formed by the merging of the right and left common iliac veins. It's worth noting that the PIVC is a relatively uncommon anatomical variation, occurring in approximately 0.2-3% of the population. Most people have a standard IVC that forms from the merging of the right and left common iliac veins.

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While the five distinct bands produced by your digest may represent fragments of similar size and/or composition, it is possible that some variation may be present within each band.

In general, the fragments within each band produced by a digest may not be identical in size or composition. This is because the process of digesting DNA with restriction enzymes can produce a range of fragment sizes and compositions depending on the specific sequence of the DNA being digested and the particular restriction enzyme used. Additionally, variations in the conditions of the digest, such as temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration, can also affect the size and composition of the resulting fragments.

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