Answer:
0.25 grams
Explanation:
mass = (concentration x volume) / 100
The concentration of ketamine is 10.0%w/v and the volume is 2.50 ml.
mass = (10 x 2.50) / 100
mass = 0.25 g
So, there is 0.25 grams of ketamine in 2.50 ml of a 10.0% (w/v) solution.
a mixture containing equimolar amounts of benzene(1), toluene(2), and ethylbenzene(3) is flashed to conditions t and p. for one of the following conditions, determine the equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases for
The equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases can be determined using the Raoult's law and the ideal gas law.
Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a component in a liquid mixture is equal to the product of its mole fraction and its pure component vapor pressure. P = xi * Pi .The ideal gas law relates the pressure, temperature, and molar amount of a gas. PV = nRT . To determine the equilibrium mole fractions {xi} and {yi} of the liquid and vapor phases, we would need more information about the conditions T and P, such as the pressure, temperature and the vapor pressures of each component at the given temperature. Also the vapor pressures of each component at the given temperature are needed. It's also important to note that the vapor pressures of each component at the given temperature are needed. With the vapor pressures and the mole fractions, we can use the Raoult's law to find the vapor pressures of each component, and use the ideal gas law to find the mole fractions {yi} in the vapor phase. And then by using the mole fractions in vapor and liquid phases, the mole fractions of the liquid phase {xi} can be calculated.
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when sulfur dioxide (so2) combines with other nitrogen compounds, droplets of sulfuric acid (h2so4) are formed that precipitate and fall to earth as
A chemical reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with other nitrogen compounds which form sulfuric acid (H2SO4), will fall to the earth as acid rain.
How does acid rain form?Acid rain is any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere. This can include rain, snow, fog, or even acidic dust.
Acid rain results from SO2 and NOx which react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These mix with water and other materials in the air before falling to the ground.
The chemical reaction of acid rain is as follows.
[tex]SO_{3} + H_{2} O -- > H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] (sulfuric acid)
[tex]NO_{x} + H_{2} O -- > 2HNO_{3}[/tex] (nitric acid)
A source of SO2 and NOx that cause acid rain comes from burning fossil fuels, vehicles, manufacturing, and volcanoes.
Thus, acid rain can happen as there are interactions between SO2 and NOx with water, forming sulfuric or nitric acid.
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Rank in order of acidity (1= most acidic)
The rank order of acidity is para nitro phenol > meta nitro phenol > phenol > Para amino phenol.
What does acidity order mean?'The nitro group is a powerful electron withdrawing group. As a result, by removing electron density from the carboxylate ion, it increases the acidity of benzoic acid. This effect is strongest when the nitro group is in the ortho position (the effect is known as ortho effect).
The chemical structure of an acid can be used to predict its relative strength. An acid is generally stronger when the H-A bond is more polar. When the H-A bond is weaker and the conjugate base, A, is more stable, acidity increases.
Thus, The rank order of acidity is para nitro phenol > meta nitro phenol > phenol > Para amino phenol.
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does a complex carbohydrate molecule have more or less atoms than a glucose molecule?
The carbohydrate molecule would have more atoms than the glucose molecule.
What is Glucose molecule?We need to know what is a monomer and what is a polymer. It is important to note that the polymer is made from the agglomeration of the small units of the compound that combine together.
We ought to know that glucose is a monomer and that carbohydrate is the polymer. The monomer is composed of a few atoms but there are many more atoms in the polymer as the atoms join together. This is because the carbohydrate is made up of many atoms much more than glucose.
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Hot coffee is poured into a mug. It slowly cools, releasing heat to the environment. If we consider the coffee to be the system, which of the following are part of the surroundings? Select all that apply.
The mug, the air in the room, and the table underneath the mug.
The mug is filled with warm coffee. As it gently cools, heat is released into the surroundings. The cup, the underneath of the room, and the table this was resting on.
Where do we use the ground below?You could use the word "underneath," which is often used to express that something is beneath or covered by another object, in the example of the boxes. You might also say "below," although we generally use that term to refer to objects that belong in the same category.
What clothing do you have put underneath meaning?Because of this, when somebody asks you whether you're wearing anything below your shirt, they're likely referring to the clothing you're wearing on the inside rather than the bottom half, as they would if they used the word under t shirt you wearing.
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n the following atomic model, where does the strong nuclear force happen? A diagram of an atom has three rings, labeled from outside to inside A, B, and C. A and B each carry two electrons. Inside ring C are 4 protons and 5 neutrons. outside A between A and B between B and C inside C
Option (D) is the appropriate response. Three rings make up an atom's diagram, and they are labelled A, B, and C from outside to inside.
Each of the two electrons in A and B. There are 4 protons and 5 neutrons inside ring C. In the atomic model shown below, C is where the strong nuclear force manifests itself.
Describe the atomic hypothesis.According to the atomic hypothesis, atoms make up the building blocks of matter. The scientific theory is that of atoms.
As a result of the foregoing conclusion, we can state that a diagram of an atom contains three rings, each of which is designated A, B, and C from outside to inside. Each of the two electrons in A and B. There are 4 protons and 5 neutrons inside ring C.
In the atomic model shown below, C is where the strong nuclear force manifests itself.
Option (D) is the appropriate response, thus.
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A cube of metallic lead that is 2.500 cm on a side has a mass of 177.34 g at 25° C. What is
the mass (kilograms) of lead in a cylinder that has a diameter of 5.00 cm and a length of
172.4 cm? The volume of a cylinder is V=pi r 2 h. Round to one decimal place.
Answer:
The mass of the lead in the cylinder would be 24.4 kg. To calculate this, you need to first calculate the volume of the cylinder, using V=pi r2 h. With a diameter of 5 cm, the radius is 2.5 cm, and the height is 172.4 cm. Thus, the volume of the cylinder is 435.3 cm3. Then, to find the mass, you need to multiply the volume by the density of lead, which is 7.37 g/cm3 at 25° C. This gives you a mass of 24.4 kg.
On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has
an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59.
It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these
probably have…… A. about 80 neutrons each. B. fewer than 80 neutrons each. C. more than 80 neutrons each. D. more electrons than neutrons.
On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have more than 80 neutrons each
What are isotopes?Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons or atomic umber, but differing numbers of neutrons. They differ in mass, which affects their physical characteristics even if they have nearly identical chemical properties.
There is no elemental decay in stable isotopes. In contrast, unstable radioactive isotopes, like 14C, will decay into other elements.
Since number of proton and neutron makes the mass number which is 200.59. and number of proton is already 80 hence number of neutron should be above 80 to meet up with the 200.59
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in a period of 1.0 s, 5.0 3 1023 nitrogen molecules strike a wall of area 8.0 cm2 . if the molecules move at 3.00 3 102 m/s and strike the wall head-on in a perfectly elastic collision, find the pressure exerted on the wall. (the mass of one n2 molecule is 4.68 3 10226 kg.)
P=17.4 KPa is the pressure exerted on the wall.
A t = 1.00s
A = 8x10" m²,
N = 5x10^23 molecules
ΔV = 300 m/s
P=?
As, Momentum for I molecule is 2 MΔV
N molecules is 2N MΔV
Force exerted on the wall = Momentum/Δt
Also, So, Pressure exented on the wall
P= F /A = 2NMΔV/AΔt=2×5×10^23×4.65×10^-26×300/8×10^-4×1
P=17.4 KPa
What do pressure units mean?
The standard unit of pressure is a pascal (Pa). Given that a pascal is a very small unit of pressure, the kilopascal is the most appropriate measurement for commonplace gas pressures (kPa). 1000 pascals make up one kilopascal. The atmosphere is another frequently used measurement of pressure (atm).
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Distinguish between the differential rate law and the integrated ratelaw. Which of these is often called just the "rate law"? What is k in a rate law, and what are orders in a rate law? Explain.
Differential rate law describes the rate of reaction as a function of reactant concentrations, changing with time. Integrated rate law describes the change in reactant concentration over time and is often used to find the half-life of a reaction.
The term "rate law" is commonly used to refer to the integrated rate law. K in a rate law is the rate constant, a value specific to each reaction that determines the rate of reaction. Orders in a rate law describe the dependency of the reaction rate on the concentration of each reactant, with each reactant having its own order. The overall reaction order is the sum of the individual orders, which can be determined through experiments.
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Polar covalent bond is said to have a dipole, which exists whenever opposite charges are separated from each other
The polarity of the bond expressed in terms of the dipole moment. which is given the symbol mu and which will takes into account not only the electronegativity difference between the two bonded elements but also for the distance between their centers.
A polar covalent bond is meant to have the dipole, which exists whenever the opposite charges are separated from the each other.
The polarity of the bond will be expressed in terms of the dipole moment, which is given the symbol mu and which will takes into the account not only for the electronegativity difference between the two bonded elements but also for the distance between their centers. The Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of the electrons between the two atoms. The molecule with the dipole moment zero are non polar molecule.
The question is incomplete, the complete question is :
A polar covalent bond is said to have a dipole, which exists whenever opposite charges are separated from each other. The polarity of the bond can be expressed in terms of a dipole _____, which is given the symbol "mu" and which takes into account not only the ___ difference between the two bonded elements but also the ____ between their centers.
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Give the number of d electrons for the central metal ion in the following compounds:
(a) [Cr(H2O)6](ClO3)2
(b) [Mn(CN)6]^2-
(c) [Ru(NO)(en)2Cl]Br
(d) [Ru(NH3)5Cl]SO4
(e) Na2[Os(CN)6]
(f) [Co(NH3)4CO3I]Â
(a) Chromium in the compound Cr(H2O)62 has 6d electrons.
(b) Manganese in the compound [Mn(CN)6]^2- has 5d electrons.
(c) Ruthenium in the compound [Ru(NO)(en)2Cl]Br has 8 d electrons.
(d) Ruthenium in the compound [Ru(NH3)5Cl]SO4 has 8 d electrons.
(e) Osmium in the compound Na2[Os(CN)6] has 8 d electrons.
(f) Cobalt in the compound [Co(NH3)4CO3I] has 9 d electrons.
Chromium in the compound Cr(H2O)62 has 6d electrons. Chromium is a transition metal, and it is in the +3 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Cr in the +3 state is [Ar] 3d3. This means that the 3d sub-shell of the Chromium atom is occupied by 3 electrons, and the remaining 3 electrons are present in the 4s sub-shell.
Manganese in the compound [Mn(CN)6]^2- has 5d electrons. Manganese is a transition metal, and it is in the +2 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Mn in the +2 state is [Ar] 3d5. This means that the 3d sub-shell of the Manganese atom is occupied by 5 electrons, and the remaining 2 electrons are present in the 4s sub-shell.
Ruthenium in the compound [Ru(NO)(en)2Cl]Br has 8d electrons. Ruthenium is a transition metal, and it is in the +3 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Ru in the +3 state is [Kr] 4d8. This means that the 4d sub-shell of the Ruthenium atom is occupied by 8 electrons.
Ruthenium in the compound [Ru(NH3)5Cl]SO4 has 8 d electrons. Ruthenium is a transition metal, and it is in the +3 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Ru in the +3 state is [Kr] 4d8. This means that the 4d sub-shell of the Ruthenium atom is occupied by 8 electrons.
Osmium in the compound Na2[Os(CN)6] has 8 d electrons. Osmium is a transition metal, and it is in the +4 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Os in the +4 state is [Xe] 4f14 5d8. This means that the 5d sub-shell of the Osmium atom is occupied by 8 electrons.
Cobalt in the compound [Co(NH3)4CO3I] has 9 d electrons. Cobalt is a transition metal, and it is in the +3 oxidation state in this compound. The electronic configuration of Co in the +3 state is [Ar] 3d7 4s2. This means that the 3d sub-shell of the Cobalt atom is occupied by 7 electrons, and the remaining 2 electrons are present in the 4s sub-shell.
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the average shot piece is a cylinder with a diameter of 7.5 mm, a height of 2.0 mm, and a mass of .40 g. The average zinc granule is a sphere with a diameter of .84 mm. Using these formulas calculate the total surface area for .40 g of each form of zinc.
Surface are of a cylinder= 2(pi)r2 +2(pi)rh Volume of a sphere = 4/3(pi)r3
Surface area of a sphere= 4(pi)r2 Volume of a cylinder= (pi)r2h
Density of zinc= 7.141g/ml
Answer:
The surface area of a shot piece of zinc would be 4.01 cm2, while the surface area of a zinc granule would be 0.30 cm2. To calculate the surface area of a cylinder, you would use the formula 2(pi)r2 + 2(pi)rh, where r is the radius of the cylinder and h is its height. For a shot piece of zinc, with a diameter of 7.5 mm and a height of 2.0 mm, the radius is 3.75 mm and the surface area is 4.01 cm2. For a zinc granule, with a diameter of .84 mm, the radius is .42 mm and the surface area is 0.30 cm2.
g draw a peptide bond and describe its conformation and its role in polypeptide sequences. indicate the n- and c-terminal residues in peptides.
A peptide bond is a covalent link produced by one amino acid's carboxyl group (-COOH) and another amino acid's amino group (-NH2). A condensation process.
between the two groups produces a molecule of water (H2O) and a peptide bond (-CO-NH-). The peptide bond has a planar, partial double bond structure. This signifies that the electrons in the bond are distributed evenly across the two atoms, although not all orbitals are involved in bonding. In the creation of polypeptide sequences, the peptide bond is critical. It connects individual amino acids to form a chain of amino acids capable of folding into specified three-dimensional structures. The function of these structures is determined by them.The polypeptide is a kind of protein. The peptide bond also permits the polypeptide to be flexible, which is necessary for its proper activity.The initial amino acid in a peptide is known as the N-terminal (NH2) residue, while the last amino acid is known as the C-termina.
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a child is 3 feet 5 inches tall how tall is the child in meters?
Answer: 0.889 meters
Explanation:
measurements and significant figures a. calculate the density of a substance weighing 0.100 g and occupying 10.00 ml. b. calculate the molar mass of ag2o. c. the following buret measurements were collected for a titration experiment.
a. To calculate the density of a substance, divide its mass by its volume. In this case, the density would be:
0.100 g / 10.00 ml = 0.01 g/ml
The density has two significant figures, as it was given in the question.
b. To calculate the molar mass of Ag2O, you would need to know the atomic masses of silver (Ag) and oxygen (O) and multiply them by the number of atoms of each element in the compound. Ag2O is made up of 2 atoms of silver and 1 atom of oxygen, so the molar mass would be:
(2 x 107.87 g/mol) + (1 x 16.00 g/mol) = 231.87 g/mol
The molar mass has four significant figures, as it was calculated using the given atomic masses.
c. The following burette measurements were collected for a titration experiment:
Initial burette reading: 0.300 ml.
Final burette reading: 23.45 ml.
The volume of solution used in the titration would be the difference between the final and initial burette readings, which is:
23.45 ml - 0.300 ml = 23.15 ml
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when sodium chloride, n a c l , dissolves in water, the solution contains choose... in addition to the water solvent. the partial charges in water help dissolve the compound as the hydrogen end of water is attracted to the choose... and the oxygen end is attracted to the choose... .
The fill in the blanks is as follows :
a) Sodium and chloride ions
b) Chloride ions
c) Sodium ions
a) When sodium chloride, NaCl , dissolves in the water, the solution contains sodium and chloride ions in the addition to the water solvent.
b) The partial charges in the water help to dissolve the compound as the hydrogen end of the water is attracted to the chloride ions and the oxygen end is attracted to the sodium ions.
The Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound. The sodium chloride is formed by the ionic bond. the ionic bond is formed between the negatively charged ion and the positively charged ion.
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The Toxic Substances Control Act requires firms to retain records of employee exposure to toxic chemicals:
Yes, the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) requires firms to keep and maintain records of employee exposure to toxic chemicals.
What is toxic chemicals?Toxic chemicals are chemical compounds that are harmful to humans, animals and the environment. They can be found in food, water, air, soil, and consumer products.
Employers must also ensure that these records are made available to workers and their representatives, as well as to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The records must be kept for at least 30 years and must include information such as the names of all employees exposed to the toxic chemicals, the chemicals to which they were exposed, the duration of their exposure, and the results of any tests that have been conducted. Additionally, firms must have a system in place to notify employees of any health risks associated with their exposure to the toxic chemicals.
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based on the information given above, which of the following is the strongest acid? responses hx (aq) hx ( aq ) y-(aq)
(B)Y−(aq). based on the information given above, the following is the strongest acid The Y- (aq) symbol represents aqueous Yions. In aqueous solutions, Yions are hydrated ions.
meaning they are surrounded by water molecules. Aqueous solutions are solutions in which water is the solvent, and the solute is a compound that is dissolved in the water. In the case of Y-, the solute is Y ions. Y can be a variety of elements, including but not limited to metals, non-metals, and metalloids. The properties of Y- (aq) will depend on the identity of Y, as well as the concentration of the ions in the solution. For example, highly concentrated solutions of Y- (aq) can be acidic, while dilute solutions may be neutral. Aqueous solutions of Y- (aq) play a crucial role in many natural and industrial processes, such as biochemical reactions, electrochemical processes, and in the production of fertilizers and batteries.
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the above plot shows how the volume of a 1.0-g sample of compound 1 in the gaseous state varies with temperature at constant pressure. where on the graphic would a similar plot of a 1.0-g sample of compound 2 appear?
The graphic would have a similar plot of a 1.0-g sample of compound 2 appear because compound 2 has a higher molecular weight than compound 1.
The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas.
The ideal gas law is written in an empirical form:
PV = nRT -> V = nRT/P -> V = (nR/P) x T
Pressure is constant, so it is only dependent on moles.
since compound 2 has a greater mass, it will also have a smaller number of moles, which means the slope will be smaller and located below the compound.
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A student obtains a mixture of the liquids hexane and octane, which are miscible in all proportions. Which of the following techniques would be best for separating the two components of the mixture, and why?
A. Filtration, because the different densities of the liquids would allow one to pass through the filter paper while the other would not.
B. Paper chromatography, because the liquids would move along the stationary phase at different rates owning to the difference in polarity of their molecules.
C. Column chromatography, because the higher molar mass of octane would cause it to move down the column faster than hexane.
D. Distillation, because the liquids would boil at different temperatures owning to the difference in strength of their intermolecular forces.
D. Distillation, because the liquids would boil at different temperatures owing to the difference in the strength of their intermolecular forces.
Key points:
Distillation is a separation technique that utilizes differences in boiling points of the components in a mixture.Hexane and octane have different boiling points, therefore they can be separated by distillation.The liquid mixture is heated and the component with the lower boiling point vaporizes first and is condensed and collected as a separate fraction.This process can be repeated to obtain other fractions as well.Distillation is a very common and efficient method for separating volatile components with large differences in boiling points.Learn more about Distillation here:
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Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?
4
Electrons are shared unequally between two atoms.
Electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
O Electrons are transferred from one atom to another to generate oppositely charged ions that are attracted to one another.
O Brief fluctuations in electron density create oppositely charged regions in two atoms that then attract one another
Electrons are shared unequally between two atoms in polar covalent bond.
What is covalent bond?A covalent bond contains the mutual sharing of one/more pairs of electrons between two atoms. A covalent bond is formed when the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is too small for electrons to move to form an ion.A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which electrons are shared to form electron pairs between atoms. These pairs of electrons are known as shared pairs or bond pairs. A stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when sharing electrons is called a covalent bond. A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms.An ionic bond is formed when two or more ions come together and are held together by a difference in charge.to learn more about covalent bond from the given link:
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which of the following is the strongest nucleophile? which of the following is the strongest nucleophile? meo- ch3- nh3 meoh
The strongest nucleophile is C: NH3.
The strongest nucleophile is the compound that can donate its electrons the most effectively to form a covalent bond with an electron-deficient species (electrophile).
Out of the compounds listed, NH3 is the strongest nucleophile. This is because nitrogen atoms in NH3 have an unshared pair of electrons that are highly polarized and readily available for bonding.
Methoxide (MeO-) is a nucleophile, but it is less basic than NH3 because the oxygen atom is an electron-withdrawing group and is less able to donate electrons.
Methanol (MeOH) is not a nucleophile, as it does not have a lone pair of electrons that can be used for bonding.
Methyl (Me-) is not a nucleophile as it is not a compound, a methyl is just a functional group that can be bound to various atoms or molecules, but it doesn't have any electron pair to donate.
So NH3 is the strongest nucleophile.
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Which of the following best explains how these layers can become rock over many years?
The element magnesium occurs naturally in the following isotopic forms magnesium 24 with a mass of 23.99
amu and an abundance of 78.70%, Magnesium 25 with a mass of 24.99 amu and an abundance pf 10.13%,
and Magnesium 26 with a mass of 25.98 amu and an abundance of 11.17%. What is the average atomic mass?
Considering the definition of atomic mass, isotopes and atomic mass of an element, the average atomic mass of magnesium is 24.31 amu.
Definition of atomic massThe number of protons and neutrons determine the mass number of an element.
Definition of isotopeAn isotope is an atom that belongs to the same chemical element as another. Isotopes have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
Definition of atomic massThe atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of its natural isotopes.
In other words, the atomic masses of chemical elements are usually calculated as the weighted average of the masses of the different isotopes of each element, taking into account the relative abundance of each of them.
Atomic mass of the element in this caseIn this case, you know:
Magnesium 24 has a mass of 23.99 amu and an abundance of 78.70%. Magnesium 25 has a mass of 24.99 amu and an abundance of 10.13%.Magnesium 26 has a mass of 25.98 amu and an abundance of 11.17%The average atomic mass of magnesium is calculated as:
Average atomic mass= 23.99 amu×0.787 + 24.99 amu×0.1013 + 25.98 amu×0.1117
Average atomic mass= 24.31 amu
Finally, the average atomic mass is 24.31 amu.
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write a balanced equation for the important atmospheric reaction depicted below (carbon is black; oxygen is red): e.g. 2n2 2o2 goes to 4no (no spaces between coefficient and compound and the , spaces between goes to)
The balanced equation for the important atmospheric reaction depicted below is:
C + O2 -> CO2
This reaction represents the combustion of carbon (C) with oxygen (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2). In this reaction, one molecule of carbon combines with one molecule of oxygen to form one molecule of carbon dioxide. This reaction is important in the atmosphere because it is one of the main ways that carbon is removed from the atmosphere and stored in the form of carbon dioxide. This reaction also plays a key role in the global carbon cycle and is a major contributor to climate change.
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A group of engineers has just conducted an experimental trial on a shoe designed to help people suffering from a painful foot disorder. During the trial the show proved effective for only 5% of the test subjects. What should the engineers do next
The engineers do next to find out if the sole of the shoe can be redesigned. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is the effect of a trial experiment?The trial experiment is defined as the application of the research product to a specific population before it is introduced to the market.
The effect of the research to the greater percentage of the subject made the product to the market.
The engineering shoe product was only effective for a small percentage of the population, making it less effective. It has been discovered that the knee problem is related to the shoe sole.
Thus, option B is correct.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably your question was
A group of engineers has just conducted an experimental trial on a shoe
designed to help people suffering from a painful foot disorder. During the trial,
the shoe proved effective for only 5% of the test subjects. What should the
engineers do next?
A. Use a cheaper material to make the shoe more profitable.
O
B. Find out if the sole of the shoe can be redesigned
O
C. Begin to market this new shoe to patients and doctors.
D. Conduct the test again.
g devise a detailed mechanism for formation of the major product of the substitution reaction below. h3c ots nabr dmfdraw curved arrows to show electron reorganization for the mechanism step below. make the ends of your arrows specify the origin and destination of reorganizing electrons. arrow-pushing instructions
OTs is a functional group formed by losing hydrogen of p-toluene sulphonic acid. This is a good leaving group, because of the presence of a stable resonance structure.
Here when CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OTs reacts with NaBr, a substitution reaction happens. The OTs group is substituted by Br and tosylate is released. DMF or dimethyl formamide used as solvent in such reactions. The main reaction of substitution of bromine to tosylate group is that the conjugate base is quite stable because of the three resonance structures.
Alcohols usually are not prone to substitution reactions. So it is converted to a tosyl or mesyl substitute, so that it is easier to convert it into an alkyl halide. The main benefit of such reactions is that it can be carried out without drastic pH conditions.
So, tosylate acts as a good leaving group in halide substitution reactions.
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you work for a plastics manufacturer. the company wants to expand into producing plastic syringes, catheters, and other medical devices that must be packaged inside sterile wrappers. the items cannot be in contact with a liquid or high heat when they are sterilized. which of these disinfectants would be best used to sterilize your new product line? ethylene oxide 70% solution of isopropyl alcohol phenol derivatives a cationic detergent
Syringes, catheters, and other items that cannot tolerate high heat or contact with liquids during the sterilization process are frequently sterilized using ethylene oxide (EtO).
What is ethylene oxide?The chemical compound ethylene oxide, also known as EO or EtO, has the formula C2H4O. It is a tasteless, ether-like gas that is combustible and colorless.
Packaging can be penetrated by ethylene oxide gas, which can also sanitize contents without endangering them. Although it is a liquid, 70% isopropyl alcohol solution is also used to sterilize medical devices; however, this solution is often sprayed on surfaces outside of the packaging. It is uncommon to sterilize medical equipment using phenol derivatives or cationic detergent. It is crucial to remember that EtO is a hazardous gas and should only be handled by qualified individuals in an environment with adequate ventilation.
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Write the balanced chemical equation when lead(II) nitrate reacts with potassium chromate.
Answer:
Pb(NO3)2+K2CrO4=2KNO3+PbCrO4