In what ways does a methyl group differ chemically from the other six important chemical groups shown in Figure 4.9 ?
Answers
The methyl group is different as it is not reactive and is nonpolar. The remaining six groups, referred to as functional groups, can take part in chemical processes. These functional groups, with the exception of the sulfhydryl group, are hydrophilic, increasing the solubility of organic molecules in water.
What is methyl group?In organic chemistry, the methyl group is an alkyl produced from methane that has the chemical formula CH3, one carbon atom bound to three hydrogen atoms. The group's name is frequently shortened to Me in formulas. In numerous organic molecules, this hydrocarbon group can be found. In the majority of compounds, it is a very stable group.
Methyl groups, which have a core carbon atom linked to three hydrogen atoms, are very stable. Even in the presence of extremely potent acids or bases, the functional group itself is often non-reactive.
In conclusion, in methyl group is different as it is not reactive and is nonpolar. The remaining six groups, referred to as functional groups, can take part in chemical processes.
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Related Questions
you want to calibrate your microscope in order to take photos with in scale measurements of the organisms that you are viewing. the second dot on the calibration slide is 0.75mm to how many µm does that equate?
Answers
The value in micrometers is 7.5 * 10^2 µm.
What is the value in µm?We know that it is possible to convert from one unit to another by the use of conversion factors. The conversion factor must be dimensionally correct in order to work and help us to make the required conversions.
Now we must first convert from millimeter to meter using;
0.75 mm * 1 m/1000 mm
Then we have the value as 7.5 * 10^-4 m
Then we convert to micrometer
7.5 * 10^-4 m * 1 * 10^6 µm/1 m
=7.5 * 10^2 µm
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About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds. True or false?.
Answers
Answer:
False
Explanation:
Cell organelles and water make up most of a living cell's volume.
Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) gather each winter near Baja California to give birth. How might such behavior make it easier for ecologists to estimate birth and death rates for the species?
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Ecologists might theoretically estimate birth rates by measuring the number of children born each year, and mortality rates by observing how the number of people fluctuates year after year.
What does a ecologist do ?Ecologists examine these interactions between species and ecosystems of all sizes, from minuscule bacteria living in a fish tank to the complex interactions between thousands of plant, animal, and other groups found in a desert. Ecologists investigate a wide range of habitats.
What is an example of mortality ?Mortality is the condition of having to die one day or the rate of failure or loss. All animals will die eventually, which is an illustration of mortality. The amount of high school pupils who do not graduate is one illustration of mortality.
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How does the Bohr shift help deliver O₂ to very active tissues?
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The condition of the active tissues permits the Bohr effect to efficiently enhance the offloading of oxygen to functional tissues. The active tissues exhibit localized elevated partial pressure, resulting in increased carbon dioxide and decreased pH.
The amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen is determined by the ventilation's rate and depth. Compared to oxygen, carbon dioxide has a lower affinity for hemoglobin.PaCO₂ represents the plasma's dissolved carbon dioxide. When both are present, the hemoglobin binds to oxygen instead of carbon dioxide due to affinities. Near the cells, the carbon dioxide concentration is high.Reduced blood pH or higher carbon dioxide levels result in a weaker affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin.The Bohr effect is the decrease in hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen caused by an increase in carbon dioxide's partial pressure. A change in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve results from this action.The functioning of the active tissues, such as the skeletal muscles, requires a constant supply of oxygen. The localized partial pressure of carbon dioxide rises as a result of the tissue's continuous activity.The blood's pH level drops when carbon dioxide levels rise, which lessens hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. Therefore, the Bohr effect occurs when tissues are more active, and increased carbon dioxide liberation results in a drop in blood pH and increased oxygen unloading.Learn more about the Bohr shift with the help of the given link:
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Is it necessary to have sugar in our body?
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Answer:
It is necessary.
Explanation:
We need sugar to put in our cells. The insulin breaks the sugar from our blood to do so. Sugar is very important that's why people with diabetes type 1 eat a little bit more than others because they need the sugar, but too much sugar is also bad, so you need a control of it.
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Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? a. stomach-protein digestion b. large intestine-bile production c. small intestine-nutrient absorption d. pancreas-enzyme production
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The correct option is (b) Large intestine-bile production
Bile production if from liver and not from large intestine.
Bile, which is created in the liver and kept in the gallbladder, is released when chyme enters the duodenum due to hormonal reactions. By emulsifying lipids, particularly triglycerides, bile facilitates their digestion. Large lipid globules are split up into a number of smaller lipid globules by a process called emulsification. In the chyme, these tiny globules are more evenly dispersed than they are in larger aggregates. Since lipids are hydrophobic molecules, they will group together to form globules in order to reduce their exposure to water. Bile salts, which include both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components, are amphipathic and are found in bile. As a result, the hydrophilic side of bile salts can interact with water on one side and lipids on the other. Bile salts do this by breaking down large lipid globules into smaller lipid globules.Learn more about the lipid digestion with the help of the given link:
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Life has profoundly changed the Earth." Explain whether or not these experimental results support this statement.
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The results show that the early nonvascular plants could have be caused enough chemical weathering of the rock and to reduce the atmospheric CO2 levels.
The Chemical weathering involves the interaction of the rock with the mineral solutions (chemicals) to change the composition of the rocks. In this process, the water interacts with the minerals to create the various chemical reactions and to transform the rocks. the Chemical Weathering Chemical weathering changes the molecular structure of the rocks and the soil. For instance, the carbon dioxide from the air or to soil sometimes that combines with water in a process called carbonation. This produces a weak acid, as called carbonic acid, that can also dissolve rock.
This is incomplete question the complete question is:
How do these experimental results and models demonstrate that life has profoundly changed the Earth?
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The signal to make new proteins can sometimes be an external signal the order of events are as follows:________
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Cell signaling can divided into the 3 stages.
Reception: A cell detects the signaling molecule from the outside of the cell. the Transduction: When the signaling molecule was binds the receptor it can changes the receptor protein in some way. the Response: Finally, the signal was triggers with a specific cellular response. The process by which the cell responds to the substances outside the cell through the signaling molecules found on the surface of the and inside the cell.
The Cells typically receive signals in chemical form via the various signaling molecules. When the signaling molecule joins with the appropriate receptor on the cell surface, this binding was triggers a chain of events that was not only carries the signal to the cell interior, also but amplifies it as well.
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water and ion balance - bony fish (pick the incorrect statement) fresh water fish produce large volumes of dilute urine and actively transport cl- from the environment into the ecf through chloride cells in the gills. salt water fish, drink large volumes of salt water and actively transport ions into the ecf across the wall of the gut. to conserve water, salt water fish produce urine that is hyperosmotic with respect to the ecf. when salmon migrate from from fresh water to salt water they generate new chloride cells in their gills that actively transport cl- from the ecf to the environment.
Answers
To conserve water, salt water fish produce urine that is hypertonic with respect to the ECF) is INCORRECT.
What is meant by hypertonic?Hypertonic an infant with extreme tone or tension hypertonic bladder having a higher osmotic pressure than the environment or a comparable fluid. When cells are hypertonic, RVI is the immediate response.
It leads in a high intracellular inorganic salt concentration that can disrupt cellular function and structure while also increasing the intake of inorganic salts and the osmotic input of water.
What is a hypertonic example?A hypertonic solution is one that has more dissolved particles than normal cells and blood do, including salt and other electrolytes. For instance, hypertonic solutions are used to soak wounds.
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he process of makes a protein from an mrna. the protein is made by the which catalyzes the peptide bond between each amino acid.
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The process of translation makes a protein from an mRNA. The protein is made by the peptidyl transferase which catalyzes the peptide bond between each amino acid.
The process of translation converts the information carried by messenger RNA from DNA into a sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three main phases of translation. The enzyme peptidyl transferase is in charge of creating peptide bonds while protein synthesis is taking place. This enzyme activity catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond from an ester bond between the amino group of the aminoacyl-tRNA in the A site and the carboxyl carbon of the peptidyl-tRNA in the P site.
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the large surface area in the gut directly facilitates . the large surface area in the gut directly facilitates . secretion absorption filtration temperature regulation
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The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates is absorption
Why does digestion require a vast surface area?As surface area grows, so does the pace of digestion. The process that facilitates and supports the quantity of digestive enzymes provides an explanation for this. And it is one of the enzymes types whose activity is enhanced on bigger surfaces.
Microvilli, which resemble tiny hairlike structures, are abundantly present in the villi's cells. Each cell can receive more nutrients as a result of this increase in cell surface area.
The villi and microvilli enhance the surface area available for nutrient absorption in the intestinal lumen.
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What are some variables that weren't controlled for in this experiment that could be explored in a follow-up study?
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The correct answer is Age and gender are two factors that were not taken into account in this study and may be further examined in future work.
Researchers looked at the amounts of ACTH in 20 people's bodies as they woke up from sleep. The researchers employed a short, long, and one surprise approach to establish the mean plasma ACTH level in the body.
The researchers analyzed samples from when subjects were awakened and samples taken 30 minutes later to ascertain the change in ACTH levels post-waking.
ADH enters the circulation and then travels throughout the body. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and cortisol from the adrenal glands regulate the generation of ACTH.
Cortisol levels increase as a result of adrenocorticotropic hormone overproduction.
The researchers controlled time as one of the parameters in the experiment because the level of ACTH is determined by the individual's time of awakening. There were certain variables in the experiment, though, that were totally independent.
Age and gender were the only two that were not under control, in part because it is irrelevant what gender a person is as long as they are in good health and fall within a certain age range.
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The walls of alveoli contain elastic fibers that allow the alveoli to expand and contract with each breath. If the alveoli lost their elasticity, how would that affect gas exchange in the lungs?
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Some elastic and collagen fibres can be found in the alveoli. The alveoli may extend when they fill up with air during inhalation thanks to the elastic fibres.
What occurs when the alveoli become less elastic?The lungs also enlarge inside the chest cage due to the loss of elastic tissue from the walls of the damaged alveoli. Small bronchi are compressed by the enlarged lungs, which raises airflow resistance.
Reduced alveolar elastic fibres will result in less elastic rebound, but diminished alveolar attachments to the airways will result in diminished support for the small airways and increased constriction of the small airways during expiration.
The air sacs' inner walls deteriorate and tear with time, resulting in the creation of fewer, bigger air gaps as opposed to more, smaller ones.
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves the use of specific proteins in the cell membrane. true false
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves the use of specific proteins in the cell membrane is true.
The import of iron into a mammalian cell is another instance of receptor-mediated endocytosis. In general, iron is not imported into the cell by itself, similar to how serum cholesterol is. Instead, it is bonded to the serum protein apotransferrin, which binds two Fe3+ ions.
By the inward budding of the plasma membrane, a process known as receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also known as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, cells can absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins, and occasionally viruses (invagination).
This process, which is solely mediated by receptors on the cell surface, creates vesicles containing the ingested chemicals. This procedure only allows chemicals that are receptor-specific to enter the cell.
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Decide whether the following pairs of structures more likely represents analogy or homology, and explain your reasoning:
(c) an owl's wing and a hornet's wing.
Answers
Analogous structures accomplish the same function. However, they have different embryological origin, the elements composing them are different, and individuals carrying them are not closely related. ANALOGY.
What are homologous and analogous structure?
Homologous characters are structures that have
The same basic elements. Their position in the body and the relations with adjacent structures are also the same in different organisms.They share the same embryological development.These structures might show variations between the organisms exhibiting them. Variations might be related to their function and the environment in which the organism lives. Their function is not necessarily the same in all the organisms involved.
These homologous characters are present in organisms related that share a common ancestor.
Analogous structures are those body parts of different organisms that accomplish the same function, but they are originated from different areas.
These structures do not share the same embryological origin.
According to this information, an owl's wing and a hornet's wing are analogous structures.
These species do not share a common ancestor.The structure and elements composing the wings are very different.The embryological origin of these structures is different.Both of them have the same function.This example respresents ANALOGY.
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All cells come from cells it’s a 7 letter word what is it?
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decided 19 × 1080 add that to 2097 + flip
The production of offspring
Answers
Answer: The production of offspring is reproduction
Explanation:
When creatures reproduce, offspring is the outcome.
In 1847 , the German biologist Christian Bergmann noted that mammals and birds living at higher latitudes (farther from the equator) are on average larger and bulkier than related species found at lower latitudes. Suggest an evolutionary hypothesis to explain this observation.
Answers
Creatures that are bigger and heavier have a lower surface to volume ratio than smaller animals. As a result, larger animals lose heat more slowly than smaller ones.
Christian Bergmann Hypothesis
Bears living in warmer regions, polar bears have massive, compact bodies that provide a smaller relative surface area (relative to volume) for heat loss.
Why hunting is more suited for larger animals in cold climates?Compared to smaller animals, larger and heavier animals are more suited for hunting. It has a significant evolutionary benefit in cold climates, which are frequent at higher latitudes and where plant food is scarce. Smaller animals, on the other hand, primarily eat plant food, which is more prevalent in lower latitudes.
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mendel crossed plants with one trait variant with the alternate and produced , which are offspring that inherit a different gene variant from each parent. multiple choice question.
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mendel crossed plants with one trait variant with the alternate and produced hybrid plant , which are offspring that inherit a different gene variant from each parent.
A cross that involves a single trait and where the self-crossed plants are hybrids is known as monohybrid crossIn a monohybrid cross, the F2 generation was in the ratio where two-thirds of the progeny exhibiting dominant trait were non-true-breeding, and one-third were true-breedingHybrids hide one expression of a trait that reappears when hybrids are self-crossed because paired sets of elementen separate as gametes form, and when gametes join at fertilization, the elementen combined a newIn the context of Mendel's experiments, one trait that masks another is dominant.To know more about monohybrid cross visit : https://brainly.com/question/15314052
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What are the three types of interactions between organisms in an ecosystem? a. competition, mutualism, and predation b. territoriality, predation, and symbiosis c. competition, predation, and symbiosis d. commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answers
Competition, predation, and symbiosis are the three types of interactions that occur between organisms in an ecosystem. Therefore option c is the correct choice.
Competition occurs when organisms are competing for the same resources. It can be between organisms of the same species (intraspecific competition) or different species (interspecific competition). The act of eating all or a portion of the body of another organism, the prey, is known as predation. A relationship or interaction between two separate organisms that live in the same habitat is referred to as symbiosis. Three different forms of behavior, known as mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, are seen in symbiotic interactions.
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How does the flow of a fluid in a closed circulatory system differ from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force?
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The heart serves as a pump for the circulatory system, which is essentially a network of cylindrical arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Blood is contained inside blood vessels in a closed circulatory system and travels unidirectionally from the heart around the systemic circulatory pathway before returning to the heart.In a closed circulatory system, a muscle pump powered by ATP typically transports fluids on a scale of millimeters to meters in a single direction. Diffusion, which involves the random movement of molecules, is the mechanism by which cells exchange information with their surroundings. On a scale of 1 mm or less, molecule concentration gradients across exchange surfaces can trigger fast net diffusion.Learn more about the closed circulatory system with the help of the given link:
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What would be the advantage of introducing genes into germ cells rather than somatic cells?
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The advantage of introducing genes into germ cells rather than somatic cells is germ cells would be passed on to gametes and future generations.
What are germ cells?
Any biological cell that develops into gametes in a sexually reproducing organism is referred to as a germ cell. Many animals have germ cells that begin in the primitive streak and go through the gut of the growing embryo to the gonads. There, they go through meiosis and then differentiate into mature gametes—eggs or sperm—via cellular processes. Plants do not identify germ cells throughout early development, in contrast to animals. Instead, somatic adult cells, like the floral meristem of flowering plants, can give rise to germ cells.
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drag the correct description into each white box to show your understanding of the five is of microbiology.
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The Microbiology Sector is responsible for the cultivation, isolation and identification of bacteria, fungi and yeasts that cause diseases in animals.
What is done in the microbiology laboratory?The microbiology laboratory acts to isolate the microorganisms and is designated for studies, such as for and extension. Therefore, it must contain equipment with technology, in addition to the support of essential technique for the work and quality materials.
With this information, we can conclude that equipment widely used in microbiology laboratories is the optical microscope, a device that allows professionals in the field to visualize atoms and cells that are invisible to the eye with greater clarity.
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Are differences in migratory orientation within a species genetically determined?
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Genetic variations account for a sizable portion of variation in migratory behaviour as well as in physiological and morphological adaptations to migration. Comparative research indicates that various lineages have separately and quickly evolved migratory behaviour.
How does migration impact a species' ability to evolve?In evolutionary time, migration will often quickly converge gene frequencies among populations. Migration is a powerful mechanism for balancing the gene frequencies of subpopulations in a species in the absence of selection. Gene frequencies will ultimately equalise if the migration rate is larger than zero.
Animals move across habitats in a pattern called migration in pursuit of food, better living conditions, or reproductive requirements.
An intrinsic activity known as migration is the long-distance seasonal travel.
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in 1939, heinrich klüver and paul bucy surgically lesioned a structure called the in the brain's limbic system, thereby eliminating defensive responses in various mammal species.
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In 1939, Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy surgically lesioned a structure called the amygdala in the brain's limbic system, thereby eliminating defensive responses in various mammal species.
What is Brain?This is referred to as the central organ of the nervous system and contain millions of nerve cells which transmits signals to it from various sensory organs for processing. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system and have their various functions.
The amygdala is referred to a part of the brain which is primarily responsible for decision making and emotional responses and was lesioned in an experiment by some scientists.
This led to the elimination of defensive responses due to a lack of emotion being encountered by the set of mammals which were used for this procedure and is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium channels to remain inactivated longer after an action potential. How would this affect the frequency at which action potentials could be generated? Explain.
Answers
If the sodium-gated channels are inactivated, the refractory period will be longer due to a drop in maximum frequency.
What are gated sodium channels?The fast depolarization that underpins the upstroke of action potentials in neurons is caused by voltage-gated sodium channels, which are transmembrane proteins and hence essential for the transmission of nerve impulses. Voltage-gated sodium channels play a critical role in electrogenesis, and variables that reduce their activity can have a significant impact on axonal conduction. In fact, numerous distinct therapeutically beneficial medications, including local anesthetics and anticonvulsants, reduce neuronal excitability by inhibiting the activation of voltage-gated sodium channels.
Therefore, the inactivation of sodium-gated channels would result in a longer refractory period due to a drop in maximum frequency.
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What concept explains the attitude people are to have toward their call to dominate creation?
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The concept that explains the attitude people are to have toward their call to dominate creation is that Men are to exercise their stewardship. To act as responsible caretakers of the aspect of creation that God has given to them.
What is the Creation Mandate in the Bible?The Creation Mandate is known to be a term that is often called the the dominion mandate or simply the cultural mandate.
This is known to be a term that connote or tell God's words that were given to Adam and Eve in Genesis 1 telling them the way that they can be a good stewards of His creation.
Note that when we think of a mandate, we are said to think of a God's command as well as his divine blessing to man
Therefore, The concept that explains the attitude people are to have toward their call to dominate creation is that Men are to exercise their stewardship. To act as responsible caretakers of the aspect of creation that God has given to them.
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Many geologic features are associated with various plate boundaries. Which of the
following geologic features is associated with a HOT SPOT (Select the 1 that applies)
Answers
Option E: long linear chain of mountains on the sea floor is associated with a HOT SPOT.
A hot spot develops volcanoes on the sea floor due to the presence of melted mantle there. Volcanoes are like mountain-like fissures in the crust of the earth through which gases, lava, and volcanic ash can escape. Pressure from dissolved gases contributes to the force of some volcanic eruptions.
A hot spot is a region of the Earth's mantle that is extremely hot. The hot spot's heat source is located quite deep into the planet. The mantle in that area melts as a result of this heat. A volcano is created when molten magma rises and penetrates the crust.
According to a competing plate theory, the crust above a hotspot is particularly weak or thin, not abnormally hot, and this allows the lithospheric extension to passively cause melt to rise from shallow depths. The geologic features associated with various plate boundaries include deep ocean trenches, Island arcs, volcanoes, submarine mountain ranges, and fault lines.
As the hot spots do not involve geological features like trenches, Island arcs, won't valleys, and mountain ranges with high plateaus, but are the features of plate boundaries. Option E is the correct answer.
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You have just sequenced a new protein found in mice and observe that sulfur-containing cysteine amino acids occur at regular intervals. What is the significance of this finding in regards to tertiary structure?.
Answers
Answer:
Disulfide bridges, which aid in the formation of the protein's tertiary structure, require cysteine residues.
Explanation:
A singular peptide chain and protein secondary structural features make up a protein's three dimensional or tertiary structure. A protein's tertiary structure is controlled by side chain connections and bonding.
Disulfide bridges, which are created by cysteine, join the pieces of a polypeptide chain together. Regarding their fundamental structure, such fragments can frequently be found at great distances from one another. Therefore, a protein's three-dimensional form is its tertiary structure.
Disulfide bridges are crucial for keeping the protein's three-dimensional- dimensional or tertiary structure. In an oxidizing atmosphere, disulfide production is promoted, but in a reductive environment, this disulfide bridge might be destroyed.
WHAT MAKES CYSTEINE DIFFERENT?
since its side chain contains a highly reactive sulfhydryl component. As a result, cysteine occupies a unique location and cannot be taken by another amino acid because the disulfide bridges that cysteine residues create are a constant part of the core structure of proteins.
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What information is needed to calibrate a molecular clock and use it to estimate the time that has passed since two species shared a common ancestor?
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The gene sequences for both of the taxa plus those of several related taxa is needed to calibrate a molecular clock and use it to estimate the time that has passed since two species shared a common ancestor.
The molecular clock is a figurative time period for a way that makes use of the mutation fee of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory at the same time as two or extra lifestyles office work diverged. The biomolecular statistics used for such calculations are generally nucleotide sequences for DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences for proteins.
In choice to measuring seconds, minutes and hours, says Hedges, Penn nation professor of biology, the molecular clock measures the huge style of changes, or mutations, which acquire in the gene sequences of diverse species through the years.
An ideal molecular clock has a number of capabilities fee fidelity via time, fee homogeneity throughout lineages, taxonomic breadth and applicability, and accessibility of the statistics. Characters which have superior at a exceedingly steady fee are the maximum appropriate for molecular.
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