Fertilization calcium waves are introduced, and evidence is presented that allows us to infer the general mechanism of these waves.
Two major classes of hypotheses submitted to explain the generation of fertilization calcium waves are presented, and the triggering of fertilization calcium waves in inverted animals can most commonly be explained by the mechanism by which activators enter the oviduct. I conclude.
Activates the egg by stimulating activation of phospholipase C via the src family kinase pathway and, in mammals, by diffusion of sperm-specific phospholipase C from sperm to egg in sperm-egg fusion. Waves are placed in the context of cell cycle control to investigate the mechanism of repetitive calcium spikes in mammalian eggs.
The evidence that calcium signaling controls early embryonic cell division is reviewed, and it is concluded that calcium signaling is essential in all three stages of early embryonic cell division. Evidence is contemplated that the Phosphoinositide signaling pathway controls meiotic resumption during oocyte maturation. Overall, the evidence is concluded to indicate a requirement for phosphoinositide/calcium signaling during meiosis resumption.
During meiosis, changes in the calcium signaling machinery occur, resulting in the generation of a calcium surge when a mature oocyte is fertilized. We review evidence that the shape and structure of the endoplasmic reticulum change dynamically during maturation and after fertilization, and discuss the link between endoplasmic reticulum dynamics and the cytoskeleton.
There is evidence that calcium signaling plays an important role in the development of early embryonic patterns. We briefly describe the morphogenesis of sea squirt, frog, and zebrafish embryos and describe the developmental context in which calcium signaling functions.
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The nucleophile of the first step of spliceosome-mediated pre-mrna splicing is the?
The nucleophile of the first step of the spliceosome-mediated pre-mRNA splicing is the: A. 2' hydroxyl of the branch to point adenosine.
The spliceosome is the large RNA-protein that complex that catalyses the removal of the introns from the nuclear pre-mRNA. A wide range of the biochemical and the genetical studies shows that the spliceosome was comprises three major form of RNA-protein subunits, the U1, U2 and [U4/U6. Most of the splicing occurs in between the exons on the single the RNA transcript, but they occasionally trans-splicing occurs, in which the exons on the different pre-mRNAs are they ligated together. The splicing is process that occurs in the cellular machines called as spliceosomes, in which the snRNPs are to be found along with additional proteins.
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The data in Jost's experiment could be explained if some aspect of the surgery other than gonad removal caused female genitalia to develop. If you were to repeat Jost's experiment, how might you test the validity of such an explanation?
If some aspect of the surgery other than gonad removal caused female genitalia to develop, then to test the validity of such an explanation we could perform a sham surgery on embryos.
The information got from Jost's experiment could likewise be made sense of by carrying out a sham surgery on the embryonic gonad cells. This speculation can be tried by basically analyzing and opening the embryo without eliminating the gonadal tissues.
Genitalia: The organs which comprise the reproductive arrangement of the mammalian body are altogether indicated with the term genitalia. It contains the outer and inside reproductive organs and is different in the account of females and males.
Among these designs, the gamete-producing organs of the reproductive framework are signified as gametes.
By an elective clarification, female genitalia may likewise create without eliminating the gonads on the off chance that the undeveloped gonadal cells are exposed to sham surgery (a careful technique wherein a few remedial advances are skipped).
The speculation of farce a sham surgery can be approved by testing a few embryos in which, rather than eliminating the gonadal cells, these are recently taken apart and left open.
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consuming high levels of provitamin a carotenoids, which come from plant sources, does not lead to vitamin a toxicity.
Consuming high levels of pro vitamin A carotenoid, which come from plant sources, does not lead to vitamin A toxicity. This statement is true.
Vitamin A is obtained mainly from the food products we eat, but it is also synthesized in our body via pro vitamin A carotenoids like beta-carotene. When high amounts of pro vitamin A carotene are consumed in the diet of a person they are converted very slowly and naturally in our body into vitamin A in the intestine.
Vitamin A has many benefits including defense from pathogens, strengthening immune system, improving vision, and also improving overall growth and development of the body etc.
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How is it possible for all three states of water to coexist on earth at the same time?
Answer:
Different temperatures.
Explanation:
AT room temperature water is liquid, at 32 degrees f it freezes, and at 212 degrees f, it boils, or becomes a gas.
Since these tempretures all exist on earth, water exists in all of these forms
Gargle with warm and salt water kills the tonsils germs and prevent from them from leaking into lungs do you believe in the pieces of information?
Answer:
Yes I believe this information to be true.
Explanation:
It is believed that saline (salt water) can help you get over a cold faster.
inmicroglial inflammatory signaling orchestrates the hypothalamic immune response to dietary excess and mediates obesity susceptibility.valdearcos m, douglass jd, robblee mm, dorfman md, stifler dr, bennett ml, gerritse i, fasnacht r, barres ba, thaler jp, koliwad sk.cell metab. 2018 jun 5;27(6):1356. doi: 10.1016/j.cm
A hypothalamic immune response is directed by microbial inflammatory signaling stimulated by dietary excess.
Pro-inflammatory microglia accumulation in Mediobasal hypothalamus is due to excess diet. But its side effects are uncertain. A study was conducted on mice to know if the immunological response of MBH is determined by microbial inflammatory signaling. Microgliosis was decreased by either selectively depressing microglia NF -κB-dependent or pharmacologically decreasing microglia.
An effect was observed that restricted the weight gain and hyperphagia and entry of MBH by myeloid cells. But when negative NF-κB regulator A20 was induced to activate microbial, effects such as weight gain, less energy expenditure, and cellular infiltration were observed even in the absence of excess diet.
Therefore, a hypothalamic immune response is directed by microbial inflammatory signaling stimulated by dietary excess.
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Explain how people can become obese even if their intake of dietary fat is relatively low compared with carbohydrate intake.
Let's assume that dietary fat consumption is lower than that of carbohydrates. People will then be more likely to be overweight or obese since a low-carbohydrate diet that derives less than 47% of its energy from carbohydrates increases the risk of obesity.
The body stores extra calories as body fat and stores the remaining energy as glycogen or fat in the muscles, liver, and other organs for later use.Following a meal with too many calories, which could lead to weight gain or being overweight, this body fat is extended over time. Foods that are high in fat, carbohydrates, or proteins can provide the extra calories.Obesity and the expansion and enlargement of cells are both possible outcomes of the buildup of excessive adipose tissue.Obesity may occur from an excessive triacylglycerol buildup. When eating less and exercising more to lose weight, calorie fat must be produced in order to reduce the quantity of stored fat in cells.The excess fat is stored as body fat and is deposited in the muscles and liver. If too many calories are ingested over an extended period of time, the body fat can increase, leading to obesity or overweight.Learn more about the carbohydrate with the help of the given link:
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Unrelated males are most likely to be found in what sort of coalition? in other words, unrelated males have the best chance of a fitness benefit in which type of coalition?
Unrelated males are most likely to be found in a kinship sort of coalition.
Kinship coalition does not describe aptitude benefit because it suggests that this man has both parents and has received their traits from them. It is the connection between adopter and adopted, as well as between persons who are descended from the same trunk or from other trunks.
With this knowledge, we can draw the conclusion that Men without kin are unlikely to be discovered because, according to the definition of kinship, a man is considered to be kin if he has a father and a mother and has inherited their traits; therefore, kinship does not necessarily define an advantage in terms of aptitude.
Male reproductive coalitions are best understood as a particular instance of cooperative competition within the context of traditional male-male conflict.
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which of the following statements regarding darwin's theory of adaptation by natural selection are accurate?
Beneficial traits are passed down from parents to offspring, and organisms must compete with other population members for resources.
Describe the Darwin theory:Darwin claimed that all species share a common origin, that species can change through time, and that new species develop from existing ones. According to this theory, each species has a distinct set of heritable (genetic) differences from the common ancestor that have developed gradually over extremely long time periods.
Why was Darwin's theory so important?The origin and adaptations of organisms entered the scientific canon with Darwin's discovery of natural selection. Now, it is possible to explain the adaptive characteristics of animals as the consequence of natural processes, similar to how the phenomena of the inanimate world are described.
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When a someone falls to the floor after drinking too much alcohol the organelle that will best help them to detoxify will be_________. nucleus
When a someone falls to the floor after drinking too much alcohol the organelle that will best help them to detoxify will be smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle of eukaryotic cells that, unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum, does not have ribosomes attached to it. This organelle will be abundant in cells that are responsible for lipid metabolism and detoxification. It will play a role in cellular transport, in the synthesis of lipids and in the purification of alcohol since it will have enzymes that metabolize alcohol.
Therefore, we can confirm that when a someone falls to the floor after drinking too much alcohol the organelle that will best help them to detoxify will be smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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What mechanisms have evolved in animals with
b. internal fertilization that help ensure that offspring survive to adulthood?
Complete Question-
What mechanisms have evolved in animals with
(a) external fertilization and
(b) internal fertilization that help ensure that offspring survive to adulthood?
Mechanisms have evolved in animals with is In internal fertilization, the eggs are either grown in a secure reproductive canal or are protected when laid by a shell, a defense mechanism exhibited by animals like mammals, reptiles, and birds.
When gametes combine inside the female body, this process is known as internal fertilization. The female reproductive system receives the male gamete, which then swims to the egg to fertilize it.
Either the mother feeds the eggs or they are placed with a hard covering to protect them from environmental risks. These systems aid species like birds, reptiles, and mammals in boosting the survival of their progeny.
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I need info about heck cattle
Answer:
Heck cattle originated in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s in an attempt to breed back domestic cattle to their ancestral form: the aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius).[2] In the first years of the Weimar Republic, the brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck independently started their extensive breeding-back programmes.[3]
Their motivation was to rescue the aurochs from oblivion because it was constantly confused with the European bison, the other large bovine of Holocene Europe. The Heck brothers believed that creating a look-alike and showing both species next to each other would help to show the difference between the two species to a broader public. Apart from that, they believed they were able to reconstruct the species and therefore to correct the mistake man made when killing the species off.[4]
Heinz was the director of the Hellabrunn Zoological Gardens in Munich and Lutz of the Berlin Zoological Gardens. Only eleven years after they started their breeding experiments, just as the Weimar Republic was drawing to a close, they each announced success.[5][6]
Lutz Heck used Spanish Fighting Bulls for his breed, some of which were released in the Polish Romincka Forest, but survived until the late 1940s when they were killed during the end of the Second World War.[7] Rewilding Lutz Heck's cattle breed was met with objection since the beginnings of this project, as these cattle were aggressive and their ecological impact on the native fauna was considered to be unpredictable. Later rewilding attempts in Poland were rejected.[8]
Lutz Heck's cattle were exterminated at the end of the Second World war. Heinz Heck used a different set of breeds, all of the living Heck cattle go back to his stock.[1] The ancestral breeds used by Heinz Heck include:
Hungarian Grey Cattle
Highland Cattle
Corsican Cattle
Murnau-Werdenfels Cattle
Angeln cattle
Black-pied lowland cattle
White Park Cattle
Brown Swiss
In 1932 the first bull that Heinz Heck believed to resemble the aurochs was born and named Glachl. He was a 75% Corsican and 25% (Gray cattle × Lowland × Highland × Angeln) cross. This bull and his father were subsequently bred into further breeds to increase weight.[1] As a consequence most modern Heck cattle go back to Central European dairy and beef cattle that were supplemented by cattle from other regions.[9] Advocates of Heck cattle often claim that Heinz′ and Lutz′ breeding results looked largely identically, thus ″proving the success″ of their experiment. However Berlin and Munich Heck cattle did not look very similar.[1]
Distribution
There are about 2000 Heck cattle in Europe and few elsewhere. Heck cattle are found in German zoos because of the erroneous claim by the Heck brothers that these cattle represent resurrected aurochs and are suitable for conservation projects today. In Oostvaardersplassen in Flevoland (Netherlands), about 600 Heck cattle roam freely. Weak animals are shot by hunters in order to prevent unnecessary suffering.[10] Others are at the Falkenthaler Rieselfelder near Berlin, at the Nesseaue nature reserve near Jena, Thuringia and at the Grubenfelder Leonie nature reserve in Auerbach, Bavaria. About 100 were registered in France in 2000. The introduction of Heck cattle into nature reserves in order to restore ancient landscapes inspired Rewilding Europe.[11] The way of no interference in the Oostvaardersplassen, however, was terminated in 2018, as large numbers of cattle died of starvation during the cold winters of 2005 and 2010, which caused a loss of public support.[12]
Criticism
The process by which continuous exposure to a stimulus affects the comprehension of and response to the stimulus is known as _____.
The process by which continuous exposure to a stimulus affects the comprehension of and response to the stimulus is known as habituation.
What is a stimulus?A stimulus is a factor, substance or event which produces a response in an organ or tissue or even cell of living organisms.
Stimulus are received by specialized receptors present in cells which then send the stimulus to he brain for processing resulting in a response to the stimulus.
Continuous exposure to a stimulus will affects the comprehension of and response to the stimulus. This phenomenon is known as habituation.
In conclusion, the response of the body to stimulus can be affected by the frequency of exposure to the stimulus.
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What is the name given to the smallest group of atoms, ions, or molecules that form the building block of a mineral?.
Would all life on Earth be completely destroyed if the Sun were to stop shining? (Ignore the fact
that the world would completely freeze over.) Explain.
Answer:
Yes
Explanation
As we know that photosynthesis in plants take place in the prescence of sunlight. No photosynthesis means no plants and no food for all beings on the earth as all food chains start from plants. Therefore stopping sun from shining would mean destroying all life on the earth
Roses are a type of C3 plant. You decide to send live rose bushes to some friends across the country as a gift. You send one rose bush to a friend in Arizona (which has a hot, dry climate), and you send one rose bush to a friend in Seattle, Washington (which has a cool, wet climate). You send the same instructions for growing and watering with each plant. Which plant do you predict will grow worse?
A The rose bush sent to Seattle.
B The rose bush sent to Arizona
B. The rose bush sent to Arizona will grow worse.
The Rose plant is the type of C3 plant which have the property photorespiration which dedicated as the necessary evil for the C3 plant.
Because photorespiration reduces plant output, it is detrimental for C3 plants and is sometimes referred to as the wasteful process. Many higher plants use a respiratory mechanism called photorespiration. The carbon cycle, oxidative photosynthetic process, and C2 photosynthesis are further names for this.
C3 plants begin to photorespirate when the CO2 level falls to around 50 ppm. The primary enzyme responsible for fixing carbon is called RuBisCO, and at low levels of CO2 it starts to fix oxygen instead.
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When a signal transduction pathway in wolves a phosphorylation cascade, how does the cell's response get turned off?
Protein phosphates reverse the effects of kinases, and unless the signaling molecule is at such a high concentration that it is constantly rebinding the receptor, phosphatases will revert back all kinase molecules to their inactive states.
A phosphorylation cascade is a series of signaling pathway events that occur when one enzyme phosphorylates another, resulting in a chain reaction that phosphorylates thousands of proteins. This can be seen in the signaling of hormone messages.
A signaling pathway starts at the cell surface, where a protein or hormone binds to an Extracellular matrix receptor.
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Why does acute renal failure occur in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Identify the variables in this hypothesis. if an object's mass is increased, then the object's acceleration will decrease, because the object will be more resistant to change in motion. the independent variable is . the dependent variable is .
a) The independent variable is mass.
b) The dependent variable is acceleration.
Variables in research are any characteristics that can have several values. To examine cause-and-effect correlations, researchers often modify or measure independent and dependent variables in experiments.
The variable that can be manipulated or changed in an experimental study to examine its effects is known as an independent variable. It is unaffected by any other variables in the study. Hence, mass is an independent variable because it is unaffected by acceleration.
Similarly, the variable that changes as a result of the modification of the independent variable is known as a dependent variable. It is the outcome that is being measured, and its value "depends" on the independent variable. Hence, acceleration is a dependent variable because its value depends on the mass.
Therefore, in the stated hypothesis, mass is the independent variable and acceleration is the dependent variable.
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Identify the variables in this hypothesis
If an object's mass is increased, then the object's acceleration will decrease, because the object will be more resistant to change in motion.
a) The independent variable is _____
- mass
- acceleration
- motion
b) The dependent variable is _____
- mass
- acceleration
- motion
Morgan's mitochondrial myopathy is due to a genetic defect. Which of the
following statements provides evidence that this is a hereditary disorder?
O A. Morgan is not capable of synthesizing glucose in her
mitochondria due to the absence of cristae.
OB. Morgan does not produce enough ATP due to infection by a
parasite.
C. Morgan's cells do not produce a protein needed for optimal
mitochondrial function.
D. Morgan's condition is temporary, and her mitochondria will
eventually return to normal function.
The statement Morgan's cells do not produce a protein needed for optimal mitochondrial function provides evidence that this is a hereditary disorder (Option c).
What is a hereditary disorder?A hereditary disorder is a type of disease transmitted across generations based on defective genetic information, which leads to faulty protein synthesis.
In conclusion, the statement Morgan's cells do not produce a protein needed for optimal mitochondrial function provides evidence that this is a hereditary disorder (Option c).
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estimating the probability of illness due to swimming in recreational water with a mixture of human- and gull-associated microbial source tracking markers
Numerous sources of feces frequently pollute beaches. Raw and processed wastewater from humans and wildlife, such seagulls, are examples of animal sources.
Different sources of pollution are expected to pose different health risks to swimmers. Genetic Microbial Source Tracking (MST) markers can be used to detect bacteria associated with various animal sources, but the health risks associated with admixture of MST markers are unknown. In this study, we show how to predict these health risks using markers associated with humans and seagulls as examples. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is performed using MST markers as indicators. We find that the risks associated with exposure to specific concentrations of human-associated MST (HF) markers are greater when the HF sources are raw and untreated wastewater. We also found a risk-based threshold for HF from untreated beach wastewater to fall below his predicted disease risk of 3 per 100 swimmers, a function of seagull-associated MST marker (CAT) concentration. It also provides values.
However, using a combination of human- and gull-associated microbial source tracking markers to calculate the likelihood of sickness brought on by swimming in recreational water.
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The watery medium that surrounds any living cell is known as ____ or ______
The watery medium that surrounds any living cell is known as extracellular fluid or tissue fluid.
What is extracellular fluid?Extracellular fluid is defined as the fluid that baths the cells which are not found within a cell but surrounds the cell.
The known extracellular fluids in the body include the following:
blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph and transcellular fluid which includes cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humour, serous fluid and gut fluid.The functions of the extracellular fluid in the body include the following:
Aids in delivering of oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body.it helps in the elimination of waste products from cell.Extracellular fluid is also called tissue fluid because it is found within a tissue but outside a cell.
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27. Compare and Contrast Describe the structures and
functions of starch and cellulose. How are the molecules
similar? How are they different?
Answer:
Starch is the storage carbohydrate found in plants. Cellulose is a structural component of the cell wall in plants. Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate and is the source of energy for fungi and animals.
Cellulose and starch are both common polymers of glucose. Structurally, they are very similar, Starch is found as alpha glucose and has 1,4 glycosidic bonds in amylose and 1,6 glycosidic bonds in amylopectin, cellulose is found as beta glucose and has 1,4 glycosidic bonds between monomers, glycogen is used as alpha glucose and has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds between monomers.
The difference is how they are oriented. Starch is oriented with every glucose molecule pointing in the same direction,
Explanation:
sorry if its long, but hope it helps!
The scientist whose work provided the foundation for later understandings of genetics was?
Answer:
Charles Darwin.
Explanation:
phospholipids tend to group together so that their polar parts face the surrounding aqueous environment, while their hydrophobic tails face each other. the resulting structures are called .
Fatty acids from glycolipids and phospholipids, which have two hydrophobic chains, are too large to form micelles that are spherical in shape. However, when the lipids combine to form micelles, the hydrophobic tails engage in intermolecular interactions rather than water.
What is hydrophobic?A substance's ability to reject water is referred to as hydrophobic. It alludes to having a weak preference for water and a propensity to resist or not absorb it. Most hydrophobic molecules are non-polar and tend to cluster. Fats and oils repel water.
Describe a hydrophobic example:The hydrophobic molecules include those found in alkanes, oils, fats, and generally greasy compounds. Hydrophobic materials are used in oil removal from water, oil spill cleanup, and chemical separation techniques to separate polar chemicals from non-polar ones.
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Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called.
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called feature detectors.
What are feature detectors?Detection of the characteristics of objects is important for the brain to know how to classify stimuli and can obtain signals that may be important by eliminating signals that do not contribute anything. The feature detectors are a group of neurons found in the brain which carry out this activity, filtering out important stimuli. It does this by inputting information through the sensory pathway.
Therefore, we can confirm that neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called feature detectors.
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Nucleotides are the building blocks for
a.fats
b.proteins
c. nucleic acids
d.carbohydrates
Natural selection is best described as _______. a. disruptive selection b. stabilizing selection c. a mechanism of evolution d. directional selection please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer: it is C I am absolutely positive!
Explanation:
natural selection is a mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. This process causes species to change and diverge over time.
estimating the probability of illness due to swimming in recreational water with a mixture of human- and gull-associated microbial source tracking markers
Various sources of faces frequently contaminate beaches. Raw and processed wastewater from humans and wildlife, such seagulls, are examples of animal sources.
What do you mean by wastewater?Water that has been tainted by human activity and runoff from the rain is called wastewater. Sewage is another name for it. Typically, it is classified according to how it is produced, such as home sewage, industrial sewage, or storm sewage (stormwater).
What causes a problem with water waste?Groundwater and reservoir depletion pose major risks to water supplies, public health, and the environment. Higher quantities of contaminants produced by humans or the environment may be a result of lower water levels. More efficient water use helps to maintain supplies at reasonable levels, protecting the environment and public health.
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what structure in the heart transfers the electrical signal from the sinoatrial (sa) node to the atrioventricular (av) node?
The internodal pathways are responsible for the transfer of electrical signals from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node.
There are three internodal pathways according to the anatomical evidence; anterior Bachman's bundle, middle Wenkebach's bundle, and posterior Thorell's bundle. Due to this the impulse is delayed for a very short period. The upper heart chambers contract as a result of an electrical signal produced by the (SA) sinoatrial node. The signal is subsequently transmitted by the AV (atrioventricular) node, which causes the lower heart chambers i.e. the ventricles to contract or pump. The heart's pacemaker is regarded to be the SA node.
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