Mutualism refers to the ecological interaction between two or more species in which each species benefits. It is one of the natural symbiotic relationships. Commensalism, parasitism, predation, cooperation, and competition are examples of common ecological interactions between or among species. One of the example for mutualism is the relationship between the bees and the flowering plant.
Bees fly from flower to flower collecting nectar, which they convert into food, which benefits the bees. The bees collect pollen on their hairy bodies when they land in a flower, and when they land in the next flower, some of the pollen from the first one rubs off, pollinating the plant. This is beneficial to the plants. The bees get to eat, and the flowering plants get to reproduce, due to this mutualistic relationship.
Hence, option A) is correct, as both the bee and the pant are benefitted.
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Could you please answer number 2a and b with number
3a and b as well I will mark as brainliest
Answer: I will just provide the answers together with the explanation.
Explanation:
1.a) Digestive enzymes breakdown large food molecules into smaller soluble forms.
b) Food needs to be absorbed into the blood in order for it to be carried into the cells through the blood and for this it needs to be soluble into the blood otherwise the cells will not get nutrition. Digestive enzymes breakdown the food into very small soluble form so that they are easily soluble in the blood
2.a) It accurately depicts the breakdown of a large object into smaller pieces
b) There are different enzymes for different substances. One enzyme cannot breakdown all substances like one scissor can cut different shapes.
Extra info: The substances broken down by enzymes are called substrates. If the shape of the substrate does not match with the active site (where the breakdown occurs) of the enzyme, the enzyme will not affect it at all.
3.a) The model clearly depicts that the enzymes need to match with the substrates like keys to a lock for it to affect the substrate. the mouth of the spanner is like the active site of the enzyme. It only works when the shape of the nuts matches with it.
b) It shows that the substance itself is not broken down but pieces of the substance is taken apart which enzymes do not do. Enzymes breaks down a substance completely into smaller parts.
which is not true? the uncoupling protein group of answer choices inhibits the formation of atp in mitochondria. is important for small mammals in cold climates. is a channel for protons like the atp synthase without the turbine part. occurs in all fat cells. is important for human newborns.
The uncoupling protein is important for human newborns. Option E is not correct.
The uncoupling protein inhibits the formation of ATP in mitochondria by dissipating the potential energy of the organelle. It results in the loss of heat and is important for small mammals in cold climates and occurs mainly in adipose tissues or fat cells. The proton electrochemical gradient produced by the respiratory chain complexes is reduced by uncoupling proteins. This, therefore, verifies that only option E is not correct out of the options given in the question, because UCP has no relation with newborns.
Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial transporter found in the inner membrane of mitochondria, separates substrate oxidation from ATP synthesis, allowing less ATP to be produced by the mitochondrial respiratory chain and causing the membrane potential energy to be lost.
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Systems function in cycles and consist of _____ that increase a process or component, and _____ that diminish a process or component.
O positive feedbacks, negative feedbacks
O open systems, closed systems
O throughputs, thresholds
O positive feedbacks, open systems
O balances, imbalances
Systems function in cycles and consist of positive feedbacks that increase a process or component, and negative feedbacks that diminish a process or component.
What makes a positive feedback?Positive feedback is a process in which an action's results prompt more of the same action to take place in a feedback loop. This makes the initial action stronger. Negative feedback, on the other hand, occurs when the outcomes of an action prevent that action from happening again.
What are some examples of positive feedbacks?Your contribution at the meeting today changed the course of this project.I am quite impressed by how you were able to accomplish each target you were given.Your greatest strength is your consistency.With today's presentation, you did a fantastic job.To know more about Positive feedback visit:
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How does reproductive isolation and extinction connected?
Answer:
Reproductive isolation is defined as processes that prevent individuals of different populations from mating, survival or producing fertile offspring. Reproductive isolation is critical for driving speciation and maintaining species identity,
Explanation:
isolation is known to contribute to divergent evolution, resulting in unique phenotypes. Oftentimes morphologically distinct populations are found to be interfertile while reproductive isolation is found to exist within nominal morphological species revealing the existence of cryptic species. These disparities can be difficult to predict or explain especially when they do not reflect an inferred history of common ancestry which suggests that environmental factors affect the nature of ecological divergence. A series of laboratory experiments and observational studies were used to address what role biogeographic factors may play in the ecological divergence of Hyalella amphipods. It was found that geographic isolation plays a key role in the evolution of reproductive isolation and divergent morphology and that divergence cannot be explained by molecular genetic variation.
during inspiration (more than one answer may apply) a. the alveolar pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure b. the intrapleural pressure becomes more negative c. the return of blood to the thoracic cavity increases d. the pco2 in the alveoli decreases
The air moves to the lungs during inspiration. The alveolar pressure must be lower than the atmospheric pressure for air to move to the lungs.
The lungs can take in air thanks to this difference in pressure. Inhaling, sometimes referred to as inspiration, is the initial phase. Inhalation causes the diaphragm to tighten and pull downward. The muscles in the space between the ribs tighten and pull upward. The thoracic cavity enlarges as a result, releasing internal pressure.
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The question was incomplete. Check below the complete question.
during inspiration (more than one answer may apply)
a. the alveolar pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure
b. the intrapleural pressure becomes more negative
c. the return of blood to the thoracic cavity increases
d. the pco2 in the alveoli decreases
23. List the layers of the Earth from most dense to least dense?
what's the layers of earth
Many of the drugs of abuse share the tendency to increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain?
Select one:
a.
Melatonin
b.
GABA
c.
Serotonin
d.
Dopamine
Answer: Dopamine
Explanation:
Drugs of abuse such as methamphetamine and morphine increase the levels of dopamine in the central nervous system. Dopamine has a variety of functions but functions mainly in motivation and reward mechanism. People doing drugs of abuse create a pleasurable sensation in which there is a dopamine surge every time they use drugs. In the absence of drugs, the body "looks" for the pleasure thereby causing the person to be drug-dependent and addicted.
Drugs of abuse that are commonly abused by people are alcohol, cocaine, MA, heroin, marijuana, nicotine.
Most of these drugs increase the level of dopamine in the brain.
Dopamine is an amine neurotransmitter which generates feelings of pleasure and thus creates a sense of euphoria.
Further, this neurotransmitter is also responsible for reward behavior and thus generates a feeling of satisfaction in the abuser.
Please give a thanks or 5 stars if this helped!
Answer: D. Dopamine
Explanation:
Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that has been classically associated with the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse and may have a key role in triggering the neurobiological changes associated with addiction.
0.researchers have identified a specific gene, called , that is thought to be responsible for sharply increasing children's risk for obesity. a.obe b.fto c.oto d.fta
FTO is the gene responsible for causing obesity in child .
obesity can be caused by many lifestyle issues like little activity and eating high mount of calories food and drinks . But this disease is also related to genetic and hormonal factors that might play an important role . many Studies have concluded that the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) genotype is associated with individual instability in weight loss with response to diet lifestyle interventions, but results are inconsistent.
Fto is mostly downregulated during fasting and upregulated during feeding, and that variation in Fto resulting in decreased expression or activity might provide a signal that promotes feeding and obesity.
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a mutation during dna replication causes a g to be inserted after the first base of the codon for tryptophan. how will this affect the growing polypeptide chain?
From this point on, the reading frame will be moved to the left, and the incorrect amino acids will be inserted.
Three bases make up a codon, which determines which amino acid will be put into the polypeptide chain. A codon is a section of the genetic code that forms the basis for the insertion of amino acids. Three RNA or DNA nucleotides make up this compound.
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Answer:
Explanation:
During DNA replication, a mutation results in the insertion of a g after the first base of the tryptophan codon and from this point on, the reading frame will be moved to the left, and the incorrect amino acids will be inserted.
How does the mutation change the order of amino acids?
Although a mutation at specific places, such as conserved residues, might affect both the protein’s structure and function, it is not always the case that a mutation in the amino acid sequence would modify a protein’s structure.
What impact do mutations have on the outcomes of DNA replication?
A DNA sequence mutation is an alteration.
Before DNA replication, mutations can be transmitted to daughter DNA molecules and subsequent cells.
Only one daughter copy will have the mutation and the other won't if the mutation only affects one strand of the parent molecule.
Which sort of mutation is brought on by the removal or addition of one or two DNA bases?
The insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in amounts that are not multiples of three is referred to as a frameshift mutation in a gene.
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Can someone help me pls, i have another 3 questions like this :s
Answer:
Explanation:
Convection: The process by which heat is transferred through movement of particles.
Steam from teapot
Magma towards earth's surface
Conduction: Process by which heat is transferred because objects are in contact. There is no movement of particles.
A person's skin after shower
Radiation: Heat transfer through waves or rays
Microwave oven boiling water
when the protein gramicidin is integrated into a membrane, an h channel forms and the membrane becomes very permeable to protons ( h ions). if gramicidin is added to an actively respiring muscle cell, how would it affect the various processes involved in cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation? (assume that gramicidin does not affect the production of nadh and fadh2 during the early stages of cellular respiration.)
Remains the same proton pumping rate electron transport rate, and rate of oxygen uptake. decreases or goes to zero rates of ATP synthesis, size of protein gradient.
Mechanistic studies have revealed that gramicidin A blocks ATP generation by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, leading to cellular energy loss and non-apoptotic cell death. Finally, gramicidin A effectively suppressed the growth of her RCC tumor xenografts in vivo.
Electron transport proton pumping and oxygen uptake are unaffected as they precede the proton gradient of oxidative phosphorylation. The proton gradient is reduced because protons flow back into the mitochondria via gramicidin rather than ATP synthase. Cellular respiration is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
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Q1.
Table 1 shows information about some food components in cow’s milk.
Table 1
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for a typical adult Energy in kJ 1046 8700
Fat in g 8.4 70.0
Salt in g 0.5 6.0
Calcium in mg 605 1000
Vitamin B-12 in μg 4.5 2.4
(a) How much more milk would a typical adult have to drink to get their RDA for calcium compared with the amount of milk needed to get their RDA for vitamin B-12?
Please show workings
A typical adult would have to drink 566.6 cm³ more milk to get their RDA for calcium compared with the amount of milk needed to get their RDA for vitamin B-12
What volume of milk is needed to meet the Recommended Daily Allowance for Calcium and Vitamin B-12?The volume of milk needed to meet the Recommended Daily Allowance for Calcium and Vitamin B-12 is calculated as follows:
RDA for calcium = 1000 mg
500 cm³ of milk contains 600 mg
Volume of milk required for RDA calcium = 1000 * 500 / 600
Volume of milk required for RDA calcium = 833.3 cm³
RDA for Vitamin B-12 = 2.4 µg
500 cm³ of milk contains 4.5 µg
Volume of milk required for RDA Vitamin B-12 = 2.4 * 500 / 4.5
Volume of milk required for RDA Vitamin B-12 = 266.7 cm³
Difference between the Volume of milk required for RDA calcium and RDA Vitamin B-12 = 833.3 cm³ - 266.7 cm³ = 566.6 cm³
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Compared to earths solar system the universe is inferred to be
Answer: Compared to earths solar system, the universe is inferred to be? older and larger.
Explanation:
Suppose there is a mutation in a laminin-binding integrin gene that causes a loss of function in the cytoplasmic domains of the integrin. Which one of the outcomes would you expect to observe as a result of this mutation?.
The integrin could no longer connect with intermediate filaments in hemidesmosomes, and the strength of tissues would decrease.
How do hemidesmosomes work?Hemidesmosomes are cell connections that can be found in various epithelia and are constantly subject to mechanical and abrasive stresses. Mechanical stress in these areas may lead to a separation of the epithelial cells from the underlying connective. The name "hemidesmosome" refers to this structure's apparent resemblance to half desmosomes.
How do hemidesmosomes affect cell adhesion?The functions of each component in cell adhesion are distinct. Hemidesmosomes' primary job is to help cells adhere to the basal lamina. The latter is a thin layer of the extracellular matrix that serves as a barrier between cells and epithelial tissue.
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Please help!!!!! I need an answer asap (before 5:00 pm at least)!
Answer:
C: Model A because the two strands of each parent molecule end up in seperate DNA molecules after each round of replication.
Explanation:
The semi-conservative model is shown in A because as the answer states, the two strands separate and are used to create new double stranded DNA separately.
how would the following changes influence the sensitivity of pcr primers for the target dna sequence in a pcr reaction? many mismatches between the target dna and primer sequences few mismatches between the target dna and primer sequences increase the annealing temperature decrease the extension temperature
The following changes influence the sensitivity of PCR primers for the target DNA sequence in a PCR reaction Increase.
The most effective way to improve specificity is to design primers that are nucleotides in length with a high annealing temperature of Tm. This is especially important when using genomic DNA or cDNA libraries as PCR templates. A pair of primers hybridizes with the sample DNA and defines the region to be amplified. The result is millions of copies in a very short time.
Primers are also used for DNA sequencing and other experimental procedures. A PCR primer refers to a short piece of single-stranded DNA used in a PCR reaction, and a sequencing primer refers to a short sequence of nucleotides used to initiate DNA synthesis in a sequencing reaction. Use the lowest possible concentration if necessary.
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which of the following statements is false? in its interaction with hemoglobin, oxygen is: i. reversibly bound. ii. a prosthetic group. iii. bound at the 6th coordination position of the fe(ii) ion in the heme. iv. homoallosteric effector. v. a ligand.
The statement "In its interaction with hemoglobin, oxygen is a prosthetic group." (i) is false.
Hemoglobin heme groups can contain four oxygen molecules because each iron atom has the potential to bond to one oxygen molecule. Hemoglobin can transport a maximum of four oxygen molecules because to the capacity of the iron atom in each heme group to attach one oxygen molecule.
Some proteins require a special non-protein component known as a prosthetic group in order to function. It is strongly bound to proteins. An organic lipid, vitamin, sugar, or an inorganic metal ion are examples of natural forms that a prosthetic group can take.
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how does bpg decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? i. bpg binding to hemoglobin stabilizes the deoxy conformation. ii. bpg binding to hemoglobin stabilizes the oxy conformation. iii. none of the other options. iv. bpg blocks the oxygen binding sites directly. v. bpg reacts with oxygen to produce bicarbonate.
BPG binding to hemoglobin stabilizes the deoxy conformation bpg decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
The correct option is (i).
What is the main cause of low hemoglobin?Low hemoglobin is most frequently caused by a diet that is inadequate in iron. Low hemoglobin levels can cause headaches, exhaustion, and pale complexion. Surgery, iron therapy, and iron supplementation are all options for treating low hemoglobin. It's also crucial to include more foods high in iron in your diet.
What level of hemoglobin is concerning?The cutoff point for a high hemoglobin count varies widely between medical specialties. Hemoglobin overload is often characterized as having more than 15.4 g/dL for women and more than 16.6 g/dL for men.
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cilia and flagella move...
In opposite directions of the cell membrane
When the bending of microtubules is powered by ATP
In the same direction of the cell membrane
When the contractions of the basal body triplets are powered by ATP
When the central pair of microtubules produce ATP
Cilia and flagella move when the bending of microtubules is powered by ATP. Option B.
What are cilia and flagella?Cilia and Flagella are mobile organs. They might vary in shape, length, and number, but their main function is the same. Cells use them to move in a liquid environment.
Notice that they can also have other functions, like being sensory structures and catching food.
Motion in Cilia and flagella produced by the sliding of some pairs of microtubules over others. The slides occur because of the provision of ATP from mitochondria.
Cilia and flagella move when the bending of microtubules is powered by ATP. Option B.
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Nítrates are converged into
Answer:
Denitrification is the process that converts nitrate to nitrogen gas, thus removing bioavailable nitrogen and returning it to the atmosphere.
what are some examples of mesophytes xerophytes
Answer:
Plants adapted to dry, hot and arid climates are considered xerophytes. Examples include the entire yucca family, acacia trees, and mesquite trees.
Since mesophytes prefer moist, well drained soils, most crops are mesophytes. Some examples are corn (maize), cucurbits, privet, lilac, goldenrod, clover, and oxeye daisy.
the percentage of homozygous recessive individuals (for one particular trait) in a population is found to be 49%. assuming the population is at hardy-weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the recessive allele? (allele frequencies are displayed as a number between 0-1. do not give a percentage).
The frequency of the recessive allele is 0.7.
As per the question, the percentage of homozygous recessive individuals = 49% or a frequency of 0.49. So, frequency of recessive allele is the square root of 0.49 = 0.7
The Hardy Weinberg rule states that in the absence of circumstances that promote evolution, the genotype and allele frequencies in a population remain constant. It claims that the binomial expansion of the square of the sum of p and q can be used to describe the total genotype frequencies. The binomial expression is as follows:
[tex](p+q)^{2}[/tex] = [tex]p^{2}[/tex] + [tex]q^{2}[/tex] + [tex]2pq^{}[/tex]
Here, p and q are the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles respectively.
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Multicellular organisms contain specialized masses or layers called tissues.
What are tissues made up of?
A. Many organs that do the same job
B. Many cells that do a variety of jobs
C. Many organs that do a variety of jobs
D. Many cells that do the same job
Tissues are made up of (D) Many cells that do the same job.
Tissues are the masses of cells. These cells work in a coordinated manner in order to perform the same function. There are several tissues inside the living body that perform variety of functions. There are different tissues in the plants and in the animals.
Cell is the most basic and fundamental unit of life. It is the building block of all the organisms. There are two types of cells: plant cell and animal cell. Plant cells are different from animal cells in that they contain the cell wall, chloroplast and a large vacuole.
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What effect does adding solute have on the solute potential component (Ys)
Answer:
Adding more solute will increase the solute potential and decrease water potential by making it more negative.
Explanation:
Atoms transfer from non living portions of our environment to the living part of our environment through the
Atoms transfer from non living portions of our environment to the living part of our environment through Food chain .
Physical and chemical processes move atoms through ecosystems. Organisms acquire the atoms they need from the ecosystem in which they live.
Plants consume nitrogen through their roots. Animals obtain nitrogen compounds when they eat the plants. When plants and animals die or when animals excrete wastes, the nitrogen compounds in the organic matter reenter the soil where they are broken down by microorganisms, known as decomposers. The nitrogen cycle involves three major steps nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification. It is a cycle within the biosphere which involves the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
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which of the macromolecules tested in this exercise (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) were formed by dehydration reactions? explain your answer by describing the structure of each macromolecule.
Large polymers are created during dehydration synthesis, which are typically referred to as biological macromolecules. These compounds include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
As a result, the dehydration reaction is responsible for the formation of protein, lipid, and nucleic acids.
1. Protein structure
Amino acid polymers form proteins. There are four different types of proteins, based on structure.The amino acid sequence of a protein is represented by its primary structure, which is a linear chain.The backbone (main chain) atoms of a polypeptide are arranged locally in space to form the protein's secondary structure.A polypeptide chain's whole three-dimensional structure is referred to as a protein's tertiary structure.The protein's quaternary structure, which is a three-dimensional arrangement of the subunits of a multi-subunit protein.2. Lipid structure is a crucial element of the cell membrane. The structure is mostly composed of a glycerol backbone, two hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and a hydrophilic phosphate group.
3. Nucleic acids' structure: Nucleotide polymers make up nucleic acids. Each nucleotide is made up of an aromatic base with a N-atom connected to a pentose sugar with five carbons, which is then joined to a phosphate group.
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A________ is a notable feature or quality (like eye color) that has different forms in a population.
O fertilization
O trait
O gamete
O pedigree
Answer:c gamete
Explanation:
What three organs and/or glands produce lipase to digest triglycerides in the gastrointestinal tract?.
Answer: Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Stomach
Explanation:
Although your body produces enough Pancreatic Lipase, if someone suffers underlying diseases such as Crohn's disease or Celiac disease, it can also be produced in the stomach and mouth.
you would like to produce a strain of wheat that has alleles for high gluten content by artificially selecting for high gluten in an existing population. from which population should you sample to maximize the likelihood that your new strain has alleles for high gluten?
(C) "Population that has variable gluten levels (high and low) regardless of soil quality" is where you should sample to maximize the likelihood that your new strain has alleles for high gluten.
The degree to which genetic variations among persons may adequately explain the variations in their attributes is known as heritability. Characteristics like height, eye color, and IQ are examples of traits, as are illnesses like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.
Heritability is to blame for it. Heritability is a measurement of the extent to which genetic variations contribute to the phenotypic variance of a characteristic in the progeny:
It is measured from 0 to 1
H2 = Vg/Vp
Vg = Genetic variation
Vp = Vg + Ve
Ve = Environmental variation
So if the environmental variation is low, Heritability will be high.
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Question correction:
You would like to produce a strain of wheat that has alleles for high gluten content by artificially selecting for high gluten in an existing population. From which population should you sample to maximize the likelihood that your new strain has alleles for high gluten?
A. Population with high gluten when grown with fertilizer, but low gluten when grown in normal soil.
B. Population that always has average gluten levels regardless of soil quality
C. Population that has variable gluten levels (high and low) regardless of soil quality
D. Population with low gluten levels regardless of soil quality.
in a population of lizards, the average tail length is selected against and the long and short tails are selected for in the population. which form of selection is best represented by this scenario?
Natural selection ensures that the fittest lizard survive by transferring the gene for survival to their offspring, preventing extinction.
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies lizards' method of selection?According to an article published published this week in Nature, lizards that can securely cling to bushes are often more likely to withstand hurricanes – an instance of natural processes at action.
Hurricanes and other natural catastrophes can have catastrophic effects on ecosystems and cause widespread fatalities. However, it is unclear whether hurricane deaths are random or if they favor those with particular physical characteristics, such the capacity to withstand gale-force winds.
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