how might efflux pumps increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria

True.Gas exchange indeed takes place across moist membranes.

Moisture is essential for efficient gas exchange because gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, dissolve in water. In various organisms, including humans and many other animals, gas exchange occurs across specialized structures such as the respiratory surfaces of the lungs or gills, which are lined with moist membranes. These moist membranes allow gases to diffuse across them, enabling the exchange of oxygen from the external environment to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be released from the bloodstream to the external environment. The presence of moisture helps maintain the necessary conditions for gas exchange and facilitates the dissolution and diffusion of gases across these membranes.

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Bacterial DNA from one strain can give a related strain new genetic characteristics. Bacterial DNA was transferred from one strain into a related strain.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that belong to the domain Bacteria. They are prokaryotic organisms, lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria exhibit diverse shapes, including spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals (spirilla). They are found in various environments, such as soil, water, and the human body. Bacteria play crucial roles in ecological processes, including nutrient cycling and decomposition. While some bacteria are beneficial, such as those involved in digestion or nitrogen fixation, others can cause diseases. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission, allowing for rapid population growth. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities and contribute to various aspects of human life, including industry, medicine, and food production.

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The three basic parts of the circulatory system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is responsible for the transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of three main components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest cavity. It acts as a pump that continuously contracts and relaxes to propel blood throughout the body. The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The atria receive blood from various parts of the body, while the ventricles pump blood out to the rest of the body.

Blood vessels are the network of tubes that carry blood to and from different parts of the body. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body tissues, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels that connect arteries and veins and allow for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Blood is a vital fluid that circulates throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products. It is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen, while white blood cells are responsible for the immune response and fighting infections. Platelets help in blood clotting, and plasma is a yellowish fluid that carries various substances such as hormones, nutrients, and waste products.

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The frontal and temporal lobes are associated with semantics and syntax in brain imaging studies.


Semantics refers to the meaning of language and syntax refers to the structure or grammar of language. Brain imaging studies have shown that the frontal lobe, which is responsible for executive functions like decision making and problem solving, is also involved in language processing and syntax. The temporal lobe, which is involved in auditory perception and memory, is associated with semantics and the meaning of language.


Therefore, the correct answer to the question is b. The frontal and temporal lobes are associated with semantics and syntax in brain imaging studies.

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The worst kind of mutations are arguably the deleterious mutations.

Deleterious mutations are mutations that have harmful effects on an organism. These mutations can lead to functional changes or disruptions in essential genes, resulting in negative impacts on the organism's phenotype, health, or survival. Deleterious mutations can occur in various forms, including point mutations (single base changes), insertions, deletions, or chromosomal rearrangements.

Deleterious mutations can have different levels of severity. Some mutations may cause mild or moderate functional impairment, while others can lead to severe diseases or developmental abnormalities. The effects of deleterious mutations can be influenced by various factors such as the location of the mutation within a gene, the type of mutation, and the interaction with other genetic or environmental factors.

In evolutionary terms, deleterious mutations are generally selected against as they reduce the fitness of an organism. Natural selection favors individuals with beneficial or neutral mutations that confer advantages or have no significant impact on survival and reproduction. However, deleterious mutations can still persist in a population through genetic drift or in cases where the negative effects are not strongly selective.

Understanding deleterious mutations and their consequences is important in fields such as genetics, medicine, and evolutionary biology. Researchers and healthcare professionals study these mutations to better understand disease development, genetic disorders, and the overall functioning of genes and proteins. Additionally, identifying deleterious mutations can help in genetic counseling, early disease detection, and the development of targeted therapies or interventions.

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Answer:

B. Because their biodiversity could lead to the discovery of new medicines.

Explanation:

A good reason for preserving the earths rainforests is because their biodiversity could lead to the discovery of new medicines.

Hope this helps!

One good reason for preserving the earth's rainforests is because of their biodiversity, which could lead to the discovery of new medicines.

Many plants and animals found in rainforests have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries and have the potential to provide even more valuable treatments for diseases in the future.

By protecting these habitats, we can ensure that these valuable resources are not lost forever.

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The movement of bicarbonate ions from an erythrocyte into the plasma occurs due to concentration gradients and diffusion, and this process does not alter the electrical charge of the erythrocyte and the blood because of the exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride ions.

To understand how bicarbonate ions can move from an erythrocyte into the plasma without any changes in the electrical charge of the erythrocyte and the blood, we need to first understand the role of erythrocytes in carbon dioxide transport in the blood. Erythrocytes contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid. This carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate ions are then transported out of the erythrocyte into the plasma in exchange for chloride ions, a process known as the chloride shift.
The movement of bicarbonate ions from the erythrocyte into the plasma occurs because of concentration gradients and the process of diffusion. Bicarbonate ions are more concentrated in the erythrocyte compared to the plasma, and as a result, they move down their concentration gradient from the erythrocyte into the plasma. This movement of bicarbonate ions does not change the electrical charge of the erythrocyte and the blood because the exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride ions maintains the balance of electrical charges.
In summary, the movement of bicarbonate ions from an erythrocyte into the plasma occurs due to concentration gradients and diffusion, and this process does not alter the electrical charge of the erythrocyte and the blood because of the exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride ions.

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Factors affecting the level of oxyhemoglobin include increased partial pressure of oxygen (Po), decreased pH, decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco), and increased temperature.

Each of these factors affects oxyhemoglobin levels differently.

1. Increased Po: When the partial pressure of oxygen increases, more oxygen binds to hemoglobin, resulting in an increase in oxyhemoglobin levels.

2. Decreased pH: A decrease in pH indicates a more acidic environment, which weakens the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen. As a result, oxyhemoglobin levels decrease.

3. Decreased Pco: When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases, leading to an increase in oxyhemoglobin levels.

4. Increased temperature: An increase in temperature weakens the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen, resulting in a decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels.

The factors mentioned above can either increase or decrease oxyhemoglobin levels depending on their impact on the bonding between oxygen and hemoglobin. Increased Po and decreased Pco typically increase oxyhemoglobin levels, while decreased pH and increased temperature generally decrease oxyhemoglobin levels.

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Esotropia is a type of strabismus that is characterized by an inward turning of one or both eyes. In patients with esotropia and normal retinal correspondence, the angle of anomaly is typically greater than zero. This means that the eyes are not aligned in their primary position of gaze, but rather one or both eyes are deviated inward.

Cover tests and Maddox rod testing are commonly used to diagnose and measure the angle of deviation in patients with esotropia. These tests can produce different results, depending on the specific characteristics of the patient's condition.

Patients with esotropia and normal retinal correspondence typically experience a single fused image, as the brain works to merge the images from both eyes. This can lead to confusion and difficulty with depth perception, as the brain struggles to reconcile the differences between the two images.

Finally, it is important to note that in patients with normal retinal correspondence, the fovea - the area of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision - is typically corresponding to point zero. This means that the area of greatest visual acuity is aligned with the point of fixation, even if the eyes are not perfectly aligned.

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tendons and ligaments are connective tissues that provide structural support and facilitate movement, while bursae help to reduce friction and absorb shock in joints.

The  compare and contrast the functions of tendons, ligaments, and bursae.
1. Tendons: Tendons are strong, fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones. Their primary function is to transmit the force generated by muscle contraction, allowing for joint movement and providing stability during movement.
2. Ligaments: Ligaments are also fibrous connective tissues, but they connect bones to other bones. Their primary function is to provide stability to joints by preventing excessive movement and maintaining proper alignment of bones within a joint.
3. Bursae: Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs that are found near joints. Their primary function is to provide cushioning and reduce friction between bones, tendons, and ligaments during movement.
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The revolutionary relationship delineated in diagram 3 cannot be upheld by the information displayed within the stem cross areas of diagram 1 due to a few reasons.

Hence, the irregularities between the information in diagram 1 and the revolutionary relationship in diagram 3 propose a need of bolster for the last mentioned.

Explanation:

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The plant from which this narcotic derives is Erythroxylum coca. Therefore, option A is correct.

Erythroxylum coca is the plant commonly known as the coca plant. It is native to South America and is well-known for its association with the production of cocaine. The leaves of the Erythroxylum coca plant contain alkaloids, including cocaine, which is a powerful stimulant and narcotic.

The leaves of the coca plant are traditionally chewed or processed to extract cocaine for various purposes. The use of cocaine is addictive and has harmful effects.

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The process of using observation, data, and inference to form a testable explanation or prediction in the field of science is known as the scientific method.

It is a systematic approach that involves several key steps. First, observations are made to identify a phenomenon or problem. Then, data is collected through experiments, surveys, or other research methods. Based on these observations and data, scientists develop hypotheses or proposed explanations.

These hypotheses are tested through further experimentation or analysis, generating results that can either support or refute the initial explanation. The scientific method allows for the formulation of reliable and objective knowledge in various scientific disciplines.

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Full Question: What is the process of using observation, data, and inference to form a testable explanation or prediction in the field of science?  

Cellular respiration could evolve only after photosynthesis had evolved because photosynthesis provides the essential reactants for cellular respiration.

During photosynthesis, plants and some other organisms use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Glucose is then broken down through cellular respiration to release energy that cells can use to carry out their functions. Without the organic molecules produced by photosynthesis, cellular respiration would not have the fuel it needs to function. Therefore, the evolution of cellular respiration was dependent on the evolution of photosynthesis to provide the necessary organic molecules for energy production.

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in cellular respiration to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency for cells. The evolution of photosynthesis created an environment with abundant resources for cellular respiration to evolve and thrive.

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The Net Filtration Pressure can be calculated by subtracting the sum of the Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure and the Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure from the Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure. Based on the given values, the Net Filtration Pressure is 20 mm Hg (option d).

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) represents the overall pressure gradient that drives the filtration of fluid across the glomerular capillaries in the kidneys. It can be calculated by subtracting the sum of the Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) and the Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) from the Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP).

Given the values:

BCOP = 10 mm Hg

GBHP = 55 mm Hg

CHP = 25 mm Hg

To calculate NFP:

NFP = GBHP - (BCOP + CHP)

   = 55 mm Hg - (10 mm Hg + 25 mm Hg)

   = 55 mm Hg - 35 mm Hg

   = 20 mm Hg

Therefore, the Net Filtration Pressure is 20 mm Hg, which corresponds to option d. The other answer options (a, b, c, and e) do not match the calculated value of NFP based on the given parameters.

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Plants employ the process of photosynthesis to transform water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen.

Light energy is absorbed by the plant during photosynthesis and transformed into chemical energy. The oxygen is released into the environment, while the water and carbon dioxide are disintegrated into their component elements.

In the plant, the sugars are kept for future use. It is possible to write the photosynthesis equation as follows:

Light energy + water + carbon dioxide →  sugars + oxygen.

Light energy → chemical energy can be used to describe the energy transformation equation.

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During transcription, the RNA polymerase holoenzyme initially binds to the promoter region of the DNA and includes the sigma factor subunit. The correct answer is b) sigma factor.

The sigma factor helps to recognize and bind to the promoter region. However, once transcription begins and the RNA polymerase has moved past the promoter region, the sigma factor is released and plays no further role in the chain elongation process. The RNA polymerase core enzyme, which consists of several subunits including the catalytic subunit, is responsible for the actual chain elongation by adding nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. Therefore, the correct answer is b) sigma factor.

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The correct answer is C) maintain estrogen secretion in the face of falling FSH levels.

During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, multiple follicles begin to develop due to the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the pituitary gland. However, as the cycle progresses, the levels of FSH begin to decline, and only one follicle (the dominant follicle) continues to develop. This is because the cells in the dominant follicle are able to maintain estrogen secretion even as FSH levels fall.

The dominant follicle in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle continues to develop because its cells maintain estrogen secretion in the face of falling FSH levels.

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Option (c) Glucose is the correct option .

In an extended fast, the body breaks down muscle tissue to manufacture glucose through gluconeogenesis to meet the energy needs of glucose-dependent tissues.

During an extended fast, the body's primary source of energy shifts from glucose derived from carbohydrates to stored fat. Initially, the body depletes its glycogen stores, which are polysaccharides made up of glucose molecules. Once glycogen stores are exhausted, the body starts breaking down stored fat through a process called lipolysis to produce energy. Fatty acids released from fat stores can be converted to ketone bodies in the liver, which can provide energy to various organs, including the brain.

However, certain tissues, such as red blood cells, certain parts of the kidney, and the central nervous system, require a constant supply of glucose as their primary energy source. As a result, during an extended fast, the body needs to manufacture glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis to sustain these glucose-dependent tissues.

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources, including amino acids derived from the breakdown of muscle tissue. When the body runs low on stored glucose and glycogen, it starts breaking down muscle protein to obtain amino acids that can be converted to glucose.

In an extended fast, the body breaks down muscle tissue to manufacture glucose through gluconeogenesis to meet the energy needs of glucose-dependent tissues. This process is necessary because certain tissues rely on a constant supply of glucose, which cannot be made directly from fat or glycerol.

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Answer:

the body is an organ

Explanation:

organ

The major plant association described is a type of ecosystem characterized by a diverse array of very low plants, such as grasses, forbs, small shrubs, mosses, and lichens, but lacking in trees.

The described plant association represents a specific type of ecosystem known as a "grassland" or "prairie." Grasslands are characterized by their vast expanses of grasses, along with a mixture of other low-growing plants like forbs (flowering plants), small shrubs, mosses, and lichens. These ecosystems are typically found in regions where environmental conditions, such as rainfall and temperature, are not favorable for the growth of trees.

Grasslands play a crucial role in supporting diverse wildlife, as the open terrain provides habitat for a variety of animals, including grazers like bison and antelope, as well as burrowing mammals and ground-nesting birds. The absence of trees in this plant association Tundra ecosystem allows for greater visibility across the landscape, facilitating interactions between organisms and offering unique ecological advantages.

Grasslands are found in different parts of the world, such as the prairies of North America, the savannas of Africa, and the steppes of Eurasia. They are important ecosystems for both biodiversity conservation and human activities like agriculture and grazing.

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Answer:

Monomers are small, individual molecules that can join together to form larger, chain-like structures called polymers. Here are some examples of monomers and their corresponding polymers:

Monomer: Ethylene

Polymer: Polyethylene

Monomer: Propylene

Polymer: Polypropylene

Monomer: Vinyl chloride

Polymer: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Monomer: Styrene

Polymer: Polystyrene

Monomer: Ethylene terephthalate

Polymer: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Monomer: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Polymer: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Monomer: Amino acids

Polymer: Proteins

Monomer: Glucose

Polymer: Starch, cellulose

These are just a few examples, as there are numerous monomers and polymers found in various materials, substances, and biological structures.

Explanation:

The price of wheat will rise by 50% due to the reduced quantity of wheat grown caused by drought and the given price elasticity of demand.

The given scenario states that drought cuts the quantity of wheat grown by a certain percentage. Let's assume this percentage is x%. Additionally, the price elasticity of demand for wheat is given as 0.5. Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. In this case, the elasticity value of 0.5 indicates an inelastic demand for wheat.

To determine the change in price, we can use the formula for price elasticity of demand: Elasticity = (% change in quantity demanded) / (% change in price). Since the demand for wheat is inelastic (elasticity = 0.5), we know that the percentage change in quantity demanded will be smaller than the percentage change in price.

Given that drought cuts the quantity of wheat grown by x%, the percentage change in quantity demanded is also x%. Therefore, the percentage change in price will be double that of the percentage change in quantity demanded, resulting in a 2x% increase in price.

Since x% represents the quantity reduction due to drought, the price of wheat will rise by 2x% or 2 * x%. In this case, if the quantity of wheat grown is reduced by, for example, 10%, the price of wheat will rise by 20%.

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Spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum is called testicular torsion.

Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord, which provides blood flow to the testicle, twists and cuts off blood supply to the testicle. This can be a medical emergency as it can lead to tissue death and infertility if left untreated. Symptoms of testicular torsion include sudden onset of severe pain, swelling, and nausea. Treatment for testicular torsion typically involves surgery to untwist the cord and secure the testicle to prevent future twisting. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if testicular torsion is suspected.

Spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum is called "testicular torsion." This condition occurs when the spermatic cord, which provides blood flow to the testicle, rotates and becomes twisted. This can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the testicle, causing pain and swelling. Testicular torsion is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to prevent permanent damage to the testicle.

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The spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum is called testicular torsion.

What is testicular torsion?

Testicular torsion is a severe condition in which a testicle (testis) turns or twists on the spermatic cord that transports blood to the testicle. If the flow of blood to the testicle is entirely interrupted, the testicle will become damaged and may die. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

A person with testicular torsion typically experiences severe pain, swelling, and redness in the affected testicle. The scrotum might also become swollen, and the individual may feel nauseous and vomit. If the condition is not treated promptly, the individual may suffer permanent damage to the testicle.

Testicular torsion is most commonly found in young men and newborn babies. It can occur spontaneously, or it can be caused by trauma to the testicles.

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Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, Single covalent, Double covalent, Triple covalent

The ranking of chemical bonds in terms of strength, from weakest to strongest, is as follows:

Hydrogen bonds: Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak compared to other chemical bonds. They form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a highly electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) in a different molecule or within the same molecule.

Single covalent bonds: Single covalent bonds involve the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms. They are stronger than hydrogen bonds but weaker than multiple covalent bonds.

Double covalent bonds: Double covalent bonds involve the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms. They are stronger than single covalent bonds due to the increased electron sharing.

Triple covalent bonds: Triple covalent bonds involve the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms. They are the strongest type of covalent bond and require the highest amount of energy to break.

Ionic bonds: Ionic bonds are formed when there is a complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. Ionic bonds are typically stronger than covalent bonds but weaker than metallic bonds. However, the strength of ionic bonds can vary depending on the specific ions involved.

(Rank the following chemical bonds according to their strength.

Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, Single covalent, Double covalent, Triple covalent)

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E) heterozygotes for sickle cell anemia have some resistance to malaria.

The connection between sickle cell anemia and malaria is that heterozygotes for sickle cell anemia have some resistance to malaria. This is because individuals who carry one copy of the sickle cell gene and one normal gene have a different shaped red blood cell than individuals with two normal genes. This different shaped red blood cell makes it more difficult for the malaria parasite to survive and replicate within the cell. Therefore, individuals who are heterozygous for sickle cell anemia are less likely to develop severe malaria. It is important to note that sickle cell anemia is not dominant or X-linked, but rather an autosomal recessive disorder.

This occurs because the presence of sickle-shaped red blood cells makes it harder for the malaria parasite to infect the cells and reproduce. As a result, heterozygous individuals have a survival advantage in regions where malaria is prevalent, which explains the higher frequency of the sickle cell trait in such areas.

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The restriction-modification system is a defense mechanism used by bacteria to protect themselves against foreign DNA, such as viral genomes.

The system includes two components: a restriction enzyme, or restrictase, and a modification enzyme. The modification enzyme adds a methyl group to the bacterial DNA at specific recognition sites, protecting it from being cut by the restrictase. However, if foreign DNA lacking these methyl groups enters the cell, the restrictase will recognize and cleave it, preventing it from replicating. Therefore, an event in the restriction-modification system that would result in a restriction of host DNA by the host restrictase would be a failure of the modification enzyme to methylate the host DNA at its recognition sites, leading the restrictase to recognize and cleave it as foreign DNA.

In the restriction-modification system, the event that would result in a restriction of host DNA by the host restrictase is the failure of methylation. When the host DNA is not properly methylated by the host methylase, the host restrictase will recognize it as foreign DNA and cleave it, resulting in restriction. Proper methylation is crucial for protecting host DNA from being degraded by its own restriction enzymes.

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The energy required to ionize a hydrogen atom in its ground state is 13.6 electron volts (eV).

The ionization of a hydrogen atom occurs when an electron in the atom is completely removed, resulting in a positively charged hydrogen ion (H+). To accomplish this, energy must be supplied to overcome the attractive force between the proton in the nucleus and the electron.

The energy required to ionize a hydrogen atom can be calculated using the formula:

Ionization energy = Rydberg constant × [tex]\frac{1}{(n_{intial})^{2} } - \frac{1}{(n_{final})^{2} }[/tex]

In the case of hydrogen in its ground state, the initial energy level is 1, and the final energy level is infinity since the electron is completely removed. Plugging these values into the equation, we find that the ionization energy of a hydrogen atom in its ground state is approximately 13.6 eV.

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The processes that would occur at higher rates in the fed (absorptive) state than in the fasted (postabsorptive) state are:

- Conversion of glycogen to glucose in muscle cells

- Synthesis of protein by muscle cells

- Oxidation of glucose by muscle cells

The conversion of glycogen to glucose in muscle cells occurs during the absorptive state as glucose is taken up from the bloodstream and stored as glycogen in the muscle cells. In the postabsorptive state, glycogen is broken down into glucose to maintain blood glucose levels.

Synthesis of protein by muscle cells also occurs during the absorptive state when there are high levels of amino acids available from dietary protein. In the postabsorptive state, protein breakdown may occur to provide amino acids for energy.

Oxidation of glucose by muscle cells is also higher during the absorptive state as glucose is readily available from the diet. In the postabsorptive state, glucose levels may be lower, and alternative fuel sources like fatty acids may be used for energy instead.

The other processes mentioned, conversion of triglycerides into glycerol phosphate and fatty acids in adipocytes, and oxidation of lipids by liver cells, are more likely to occur during the postabsorptive state when stored energy sources like fat are used for fuel.

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The following is NOT associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) : D.) Adrenal medulla. Hence option D) is the correct answer.

The adrenal medulla is linked with the sympathetic division, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response in emergency situations.

Adrenal medulla is associated with sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and not the parasympathetic division. The adrenal medulla releases hormones like adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) in the bloodstream as part of the body's response to stress or any emergency situations, which is the characteristic of sympathetic action.

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