Answers
Explanation:
Haloalkanes and other compounds with the halogen atom bonded to either sp3-hybridized or sp2-hybridized carbon atoms (aryl and vinyl halides) react with magnesium metal to yield organomagnesium halides called Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are usually prepared in diethyl ether (CH3CH2O─CH2CH3). An ether solvent is essential for the reaction. The French chemist Victor Grignard discovered this reaction in 1900, and it has been studied and used extensively ever since.
Grignard reagents form easily from 1°, 2°, and 3° alkyl halides, although their reactivities differ. Aryl and vinyl halides react somewhat more slowly, and the cyclic ether tetrahydrofuran (THF) is required to prepare Grignard reagents of these compounds. The higher boiling point of the cyclic ether provides more vigorous reaction conditions, but the rate of the reaction also increases because THF solvates the Grignard reagent better than diethyl ether.
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Molecular model of a complex of methyl-magnesium chloride, a Grignard reagent, in which two molecules of tetrahydrofuran, THF, are bound to magnesium. The model is based on the crystal structure.
The order of reactivity of the halogens in haloalkanes is I > Br > CI > > F. Organofluorides are so unreactive that they are never used to prepare Grignard reagents. Organohalogen compounds containing bromine and chlorine are readily available, and are commonly used to prepare Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are used synthetically to form new carbon–carbon bonds. A Grignard reagent has a very polar carbon–magnesium bond in which the carbon atom has a partial negative charge and the metal a partial positive charge.
The polarity of the carbon–magnesium bond is opposite that of the carbon–halogen bond of haloalkanes. Because the carbon atom in a Grignard reagent has a partial negative charge, it resembles a carbanion, and it reacts with electrophilic centers such as the carbonyl carbon atom of aldehydes, ketones, and esters. We will discuss this chemistry extensively in later chapters.
Grignard reagents react rapidly with acidic hydrogen atoms in molecules such as alcohols and water. When a Grignard reagent reacts with water, a proton replaces the halogen, and the product is an alkane. The Grignard reagent therefore provides a pathway for converting a haloalkane to an alkane in two steps.
Related Questions
Given the reaction below, which is the being oxidized? mg cl2 right arrow. mg2 2cl– 2ci– ci2 mg mg2
Answers
In the given decomposition reaction of MgCl₂, the oxidized species is magnesium.
What are oxidized species?Those species which goes through the oxidation process by the addition of oxygen or by the removal of hydrogen and electrons are known as oxidized species.
Given chemical reaction is:
MgCl₂ → Mg²⁺ + 2Cl⁻
In the above reaction oxidation of magnesium takes place as they losses electrons and reduction of chlorine takes place as they gain electrons.
Hence magnesium is the oxidized specie.
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Answer: B. Mg
Explanation:
E D G E
How many hybrid orbitals form when three atomic orbitals of a central atom mix?.
Answers
Answer:
three _ _E _ _ _
Explanation:
A small sample of methane burns, producing co2 and water vapor. as the hot gas mixture expands, it releases 120.0 kj of heat and does 830.0 kj of work pushing against a piston. what is the total amount of energy released in this reaction
Answers
A small sample of methane burns, releasing 120.0 kJ of heat and doing 830.0 kJ of work. The total energy released is -950.0 kJ.
What is energy?Energy is a property that is transferred to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.
A small sample of methane undergoes combustion. As the hot gas mixture expands, it releases energy (E).
It releases 120.0 kJ of heat. By convention, when heat is released, we assign it a negative sign. Thus, q = -120.0 kJ.It does 830.0 kJ of work. By convention, when the system does work on the surroundings, we assign it a negative sign. Thus, w = -830.0 kJ.The change in the energy is the sum of the heat released and the work done.
ΔE = q + w = -120.0 kJ + (-830.0 kJ) = -950.0 kJ
A small sample of methane burns, releasing 120.0 kJ of heat and doing 830.0 kJ of work. The total energy released is -950.0 kJ.
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How do you feel about GM food?
Answers
Answer: I think it's ok, but I have a neutral stance on it.
Explanation: Foods are genetically modified to preserve them and I've had my fair share of wasted money and bad expired food, so I'm a-ok on GM food.
Answer:
Well I think that we should use more for tride or give to our allies
Explanation:
How many electrons must a sulfur atom gain to achieve an octet in its valence shell?.
Answers
Answer:
Answers Anonymous answered Sulfur has 6 valence electrons so it needs 2 more for an octet and it will then have a charge of negative 2
Explanation:
what are the products for the following equation?
LiBr + F ->
Answers
[tex]\qquad\qquad\huge\underline{{\sf Answer}}♨[/tex]
Here's the balanced chemical equation for above reaction ~
[tex]\qquad \sf \:LiBr + F \rightarrow Li F + Br[/tex]
Here, fluorine is more more more reactive than Bromine, therefore it replaces Bromine from its compound and forms Lithium floride.
Calculate the concentration of
5 g of sugar dissolved in 20 cm of water
Answers
Answer:
25%
Explanation:
I assume you menat 20 cm^3 of water
5 gm / 20 gm = 25 %
This type of intermolecular force relates to the
big difference in the electronegativities. It exists
when N, O or F atom attracts with hydrogen
atom. Medium strength of attraction is
exhibited
Answers
The type of intermolecular force relates to the big difference in the electronegativities and is known as hydrogen bonding.
What are intermolecular forces?Intermolecular forces may be defined as the mechanism that mediates the interaction between the atoms of the molecules. It significantly includes the electromagnetic forces of attraction and repulsion between the atoms.
Some examples of intermolecular forces include London-dispersion force, dipole-dipole interaction, van der Waals interaction, hydrogen bonds, etc. Each one of them possesses a different set of characteristic properties distinctly. Some types of forces are also present in the body of living organisms.
Hydrogen bonding is a characteristic kind of interaction that remarkably includes dipole-dipole attraction between the most electronegative elements like Nitrogen, Oxygen, fluorine, etc., and the hydrogen atom.
Therefore, hydrogen bonding is a type of intermolecular force relates to the big difference in the electronegativities.
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Question 76 (1 point)
The volume of a gas is 4.00 liters at 293 K and constant
pressure. For the volume of the gas to become 3.00 liters,
the Kelvin temperature must be equal to
Oь
3.00 x 293
4.00
4.00 x 293
3.00
3.00 x 4.00
293
293
3.00 x 4.00
Ос
Od
Answers
Answer:
Yeah yeah i don't know what you want anybody to do with this question because you don't have all of your answers.
found as plankton in both marine and
freshwater environments and have a
single simple eye on top of their heads
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Copepods. The single eye gave them the nickname of "cyclops"
The Scotch broom is an invasive species in California, Oregon and Washington. These shrubs grow quickly after areas that have been cleared of
trees and inhibit reforestation by out-competing native seedling trees. These plants developed a mutation that causes their seed to burst from
their shell when touched by passing animals. As animals brush past these plants, the black dried pods of the Scotch broom explode with a sharp
pop, scattering seeds away from the parent plant.
Which statement below best explains why the Scotch broom is able to out-compete the native plants in that area?
A. Relying on animals to disperse the seeds always results in better reproductive success than other methods of seed dispersion.
B. Specialized seed pods allow seeds to be dispersed farther and into less crowded areas promoting reproductive success.
C. The crackling sound of seed pods exploding promotes reproductive success by attracting the animals that are responsible for scattering
seeds.
D. Genetic mutations have caused the plant to be more resistant to cold temperatures allowing them to survive and reproduce all year
long.
Answers
Based on the illustration, the statement that best explains why the Scotch broom is able to outcompete the native plants in the area would be the specialized seed pods that allow seeds to be dispersed farther and into the less crowded areas.
Reproductive successDifferent organisms have different ways of behaving to ensure the survival of their propagules or offsprings.
In the case of the Scotch broom, the ability of the pods holding the seeds to burst open and catapult the seeds far away from the parent plant is a reproductive strategy to ensure that their seeds are well dispersed.
By doing so, the propagules of the plant will reach new areas where they do not exist before and as such, able to spread quite quicker than the native plants.
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What is the pH of a 4.5 x 10^-3M HI solution?
A) 0.1
B) 4.8
C) 3.2
D) 2.4
Answers
chlorine water exposed to sunlight equation?
Answers
Answer:
Cl2 (aq) + 2H2 O HOCl(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O Equation 1 The hypochlorous acid dissociates almost immediately into hydrogen and hypochlorite ions (OCl-).
Explanation:
1. Set up a Bunsen burner on a heat-proof mat.
2. Take a small piece of magnesium ribbon and place it in some tongs
3. Hold the tongs at arm's length and place the magnesium ribbon in the Bunsen flame.
4. Once the magnesium is burning DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE FAME. Magnesium burns very brightly and the light could harm your eyes.
A1. Describe what has been formed
A2. Name the reactants in this chemical reaction.
A3. List all the safety precautions you need to take while carrying out this experiment
Answers
Answer:
MAKE ME BRAINLIEST TOOK TIME!!!!
Explanation:
A1) When magnesium reacts with oxygen, it produces light bright enough to blind you temporarily. Magnesium burns so bright because the reaction releases a lot of heat. As a result of this exothermic reaction, magnesium gives two electrons to oxygen, forming powdery magnesium oxide (MgO).
A2) magnesium oxide
A3) Do not return chemicals to their original packaging. An incompatible mixture may accidentally be formed.
Keep chemical containers closed. Dust and vapour may escape from an open container, while gases and suspended material may penetrate this, causing the nature of the chemical to change. This will also avoid unnecessary exposure.
Never use a wrong or an unmarked reagent. If you are unsure about the compound, do not use it. Instead, have it disposed of (see Disposal of Hazardous Waste).
Never put spatulas, stirrers or other objects into a storage container for chemicals. Remove the contents by pouring and rolling the contents of the glass into a beaker, glass container or other suitable equipment. Spatulas may be used with caution in laboratory reagent containers. Remember the labelling (see the Safety Rules for working in lab).
Once removed from the bottle or glass, cork stoppers must be placed on a clean surface (e.g. a watch glass or other suitable equipment) with the opening facing down. This is to avoid contamination of the compound and unnecessary exposure.
Chemical bottles must not be carried by the neck of the bottle, nor next to your body. Suitable carrying arrangements should be employed, e.g. buckets or trolleys.
When pouring from bottles, the label should always face upward to prevent any spillage from destroying the label.
Never put any chemicals in the bottle other than the one indicated on the label.
Special precautions should be taken when handling concentrated acids. Dilution of acids should be performed by pouring the acid into water and stirring continuously.
The element that doesn't occur in elemental state in nature is
Answers
Answer:
technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and plutonium, number 94.
Explanation:
Inside a car that was at STP, a 1.33L bottle warms up to 102.31oC. If the volume of the bottle remains constant, what is the pressure, in atm, inside the hot water bottle
Answers
so 68 + 83 is 182 easy done
If 40mL of 2.50M HCl neutralizes 500ml. of KOH, what is the molarity of the KOH?
Answers
The molarity of the 500 mL KOH solution needed to neutralize the 40 mL of 2.50 M HCl is 0.2 M
Balanced equationHCl + KOH —> KCl + H₂O
From the balanced equation above,
The mole ratio of the acid, HCl (nA) = 1
The mole ratio of the base, KOH (nB) = 1
How to determine the molarity of KOH Volume of acid, HCl (Va) = 40 mLMolarity of acid, HCl (Ma) = 2.5 MVolume of base, KOH (Vb) = 500 mL Molarity of base, KOH (Mb) =?MaVa / MbVb = nA / nB
(2.5 × 40) / (0.15 × Vb) = 1
100 / (Mb × 500) = 1
Cross multiply
Mb × 500 = 100
Divide both side by 500
Mb = 100 / 500
Mb = 0.2 M
Thus, the molarity of the KOH solution needed is 0.2 M
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A sealed flask contains 3.82 x 1024 molecules of CO, How many moles of Co, are in the flask?
Answers
Answer:
if you meant 3.82* 10^24, the answer is 6.34551495 moles
if you meant 3.28*1024, the answer is 6.49780731*10^-21 moles
since you're going from molecules to moles, you need to divide by Avogadro's number which is 6.02*10^23
What type of probes physically land on the surface of a planet or moon?
Answers
Answer:
Here are three types of probes that land on space physically. Interplantery, orbiters, and landers.
Explanation:
These are the ones that collect data and other stuff from space.
3. Which of the following statements is true?
a. A lithium ion has a 1+charge because it gained
one electron.
b. A magnesium ion has a 2-charge because it
lost two electrons.
c. A sulfide ion has a 2-charge because it gained
two electrons.
d. A chloride ion has a 1+ charge because it gained
one electron.
e. An aluminum ion has a 3-charge because it lost
three electrons.
Answers
c. A sulfide ion has 2- charge because it gaines two electrons
thia statement is true.
How many grams are in 2.3 moles of N?
Answers
Because there are 14.01 grams per mile of nitrogen atoms.
So…
14.01 x 2.3= 32.223
Hope this helps :)
Answer:
Therefore, 40.4 grams are contained in 2 moles of Neon.
Please help me and thank you and need this before Monday
How many grams of sodium metal is required to react with 0.950 grams of chlorine gas?
Answers
In a reaction involving sodium metal and chlorine gas, the amount of sodium metal required to react with 0.950 grams of chlorine gas would be 0.62 grams
Stoichiometric calculationFrom the balanced equation of the reaction:
2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) ---------> 2NaCl (s)
The mole ratio of Na to Cl2 is 2:1.
Mole of 0.950 grams of chlorine gas = 0.950/70.906
= 0.0134 moles
Equivalent mole of Na = 0.0134 x 2 = 0.0268 moles
Mass of 0.0268 moles Na = 0.0268 x 22.99
= 0.62 grams
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Why would 60g at 10C of NaCl in 200g of water would be unsaturated?
Answers
Answer:
The amount of substance needed to saturate water increases as the temperature increases.
Explanation:
A buffer solution is prepared by adding NH4Cl to a solution of NH3 (ammonia).
NH3(aq) + H2O(I) = NH4+(aq) +OH-(aq0
What happens if Ca(NO3)2 is added?
Shifts to reactants, remain the same, shifts to products.
Please HELP!
I watched the video, but I still don't get it!
I don't know how this works
Answers
Answer:
Remains the same
Explanation:
I just got it right on Acellus!
How may using sorbents to clean an oil spill be helpful to the ecosystem?
Answers
Answer:
Are sorbents good for the environment?
Natural Inorganic Sorbents
Second, sorbents that sink should not be used as they could be harmful to the environment. Sinking is a problem with many sorbents, such as untreated peat moss, most inorganic sorbents, and many wood products.
Its major result is to clean out some surface contaminants, which makes it simpler for oil to absorb. On the other hand, pyrolysis, a high-temperature thermal treatment, causes the sorbent to carbonise. In turn, this greatly improves the oil sorption capacity and oil to water selectivity.
What are the advantages of using sorbents?When recovering adsorbent materials that cause secondary contamination, lighter, less viscous oil is lost through the pores more readily than heavier, more viscous oils. Application is simple because sorbents can be applied automatically or manually to spills using blowers or fans.
The best sorbents for recovering oil are typically synthetic ones. In some circumstances, a weight ratio of 40:1 for oil to sorbent can be reached, as opposed to 10:1 for organic compounds and only 2:1 for inorganic materials.
A substance used to absorb or adsorb liquids or gases is known as a sorbent. Examples comprise: a substance that works via adsorption and is comparable to molecular sieve material (attracting molecules to its surface). It has strong thermal conductivity and a big interior surface area.
Thus, On the other hand, pyrolysis, a high-temperature thermal treatment, causes the sorbent to carbonise.
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what could you and your classmates do to reduce human impact on land
giving brainiest
Answers
Answer:
have controlled population!
Explanation:
Write a summary on how to use a light microscope
DUE TODAY PLEASE HELP.
Answers
Answer:
Step 1: Connect the light microscope to a power source. If your microscope uses a mirror instead of an illuminator, you can skip this step. Instead, find a place where natural light is easily accessible
Step 2: Turn the revolving nosepiece so the lowest objective lens is in position.
Step 3: Mount your specimen onto the stage. But before doing so, see to it that your specimen is adequately protected by placing a coverslip on top of it.
Step 4: Use the metal clips to keep your slide in place. Make sure the specimen is positioned in the center, right under the lowest objective lens.
Step 5: Look into the eyepiece and slowly rotate the coarse adjustment knob to bring your specimen to focus. See to it that the slide does not touch the lens.
Step 6: Adjust the condenser for the maximum amount of light. Since you're on the low power objective, you may have to decrease the illumination. Use the diaphragm under the stage to adjust.
Step 7: Now slowly rotate the fine adjustment knob until you obtain a clearer image of your specimen.
Step 8: Examine your specimen.
Step 9: After you're done viewing with the lowest power objective, switch to the medium power objective and re-adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob.
Step 10: Proceed to the high power objective once you have it focused.
What are the forms of energy that are transfer from the abiotic factors to the biotic factors and back to the abiotic factors of an ecosystem
Answers
Answer:
sunlight, light energy from the sun
Explanation:
energy is transferred from the sun to plants then animal's eat plants
Cyclohexane can be manufactured from hexane as shown in the equation.
C6H14 C6H12 + H2
Calculate the mass of cyclohexane that can be made from 258 g of hexane.
[Mr
of cyclohexane = 84
Answers
Mr Hexane = 86 g/mol
mol hexane = 258 : 86 = 3
mol cyclohexane = mol hexane = 3
mass cyclohexane = 3 x 84 = 252 g
1. Describe what the following terms mean
Temperature -
Heat -
Exothermic -
Endothermic -
Answers
Answer :
1- Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius.
2- the quality of being hot high temperature.
3-An exothermic process is one that gives off heat. This heat is transferred to the surroundings.
4- An endothermic process is one in which heat has to be supplied to the system from the surroundings