The main difference between anaphase 1 and 2 is that homologous chromosomes are segregated during anaphase 1, while sister chromatids are separated during anaphase 2.
What characterizes metaphase?Phase of mitosis that occurs between prophase and anaphase, with a shorter duration than prophase. Chromosomes reach maximum shortening during metaphase. The mitotic spindle is formed, with some fibers that go from pole to pole and others that are attached to the chromosomes by the centromeres.
How important is anaphase?Anaphase is the phase in which the sister chromatids of the duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart, pulled through the shortening of the microtubules that are attached to the kinetochores, and the degradation of the tubulin molecules that hold the sister chromatids together.
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which atp-producing process uses light energy? which term describes atp production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll? oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation dephosphorylation photophosphorylation
Photosynthesis is the atp-producing process which uses light energy.
Photophosphorylation is the term describes atp production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of sugars. Using light energy, oxygen is produced as a byproduct while carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose (or other sugars).
ADP is converted to ATP by the process of photophosphorylation using light energy from photosynthesis. Energy-dense ATP molecules are produced when the ADP molecule is lighted by transferring the phosphate group into it.
Two types of photophosphorylation exists:
1. Circular Photophosphorylation - For instantaneous energy for the cells, the electrons are moved from ADP to ATP throughout this procedure. This procedure typically uses Photosystem I and chlorophyll P700 and occurs in the thylakoid membrane. The cyclic movement of electrons during the synthesis of ATP molecules is known as cyclic photophosphorylation.
2. Non- cyclic Photophosphorylation - Utilizing the energy from excited electrons produced by Photosystem II, the process of photophosphorylation produces ATP molecules. Because the primary acceptor transports the electrons released by P700 before they are finally transferred to NADP, this process is not cyclic.
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help please i will give brainliest and 80 points!!
Throat to esophagus in humans deor ⇒Heart to lungs medial⇒ Throat to esophagus in cats anterior⇒Ear to eye dorsal⇒ Hair to skeletal muscle deep⇒ Abdomen to thorax inferior 4⇒ Thumb to ring finger superior.
What is the main function of skeletal muscle?The most common of the three forms of muscles in vertebrates is skeletal muscle, often called as voluntary muscle. Fibrous connective tissue that connects skeletal to the bones, and these muscles are also what move bodily parts in relation to one another.
What substances make up skeletal muscle?Millions of muscle fibers are wrapped in collagenous sheaths to form each skeletal muscle. Fasciculi are indeed the individual bundle of muscular fibers that make up skeletal muscles. The definition of the concept is indeed the outermost connective tissue sheath that encircles the entire muscle.
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The complete question is -
Use directional terminology to describe these relationships.
Throat to esophagus in humans_____________
Heart to lungs___________
Throat to esophagus in cats_____________
Ear to eye_______________
Hair to skeletal muscle_____________
Abdomen to thorax_____________
Thumb to ring finger___________
So when the throat meets the esophagus through the windpipe in your lower body parts, the answer does not come out
What is net productivity?
Answer:
it's the rate at which energy is stored as biomass by plants or other primary producers and made available to the consumers in the ecosystem.
Because diffusion depends upon random article movements substances diffuse across membrane with out requiring the cell to?c
Expansion diffusion, stimulation diffusion, and relocation diffusion are the three basic varieties of this phenomenon.
What is Diffusion ?Diffusion is the overall net movement of anything from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. A gradient in the Gibbs free energy or chemical potential drives diffusion.A substance diffuses when it moves from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration. When particles in liquids and gases randomly collide and disperse, diffusion takes place. For living things, diffusion is a crucial mechanism because it governs how molecules enter and exit cells.When a drug diffuses, it usually moves from a high concentration location to a low concentration area until the concentration is the same everywhere in the space.In order to achieve equilibrium, diffusion is the random movement of molecules with a net direction toward areas of lower concentration. When tiny molecules travel through the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane, simple passive diffusion takes place.To know more about Diffusion please click here ; https://brainly.com/question/94094
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i really need help.
(40 POINTS)
Answer:
1. The ice melts
2. The heat (radiation) causes it to turn into a liquid
3. solid-liquid
4. the melting point
Explanation:
Photosynthesis and cellularrespiration
Answer:
Both are processes within the cell which make chemical energy available for life. Photosynthesis transforms light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, and cellular respiration releases the energy from glucose to build ATP, which does the work of life.
Explanation:
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by- products and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process.
hope this help
the flour beetle has 10 chromosomes, roughly equal in size, and it also has eight hox genes. if the eight genes were randomly distributed throughout the genome of the beetle, what is the probability that all eight would land on the same chromosome?
First Hox can land on any chromosome
The probability second Hox lands on the same chromosome are 1/10.
Probability third lands on the same chromosome = 1/10, etc
Probability all eight land on same chromosome = (1/10)^7 = 0.0000001
When genes are close together on the same chromosome, it is called linkage. This means that alleles or gene versions that already exist together on the chromosome are more often inherited as a unit. These observations led to the concept of genetic linkage. This explains how her two closely related genes on the same chromosome are often inherited together.
The closer two genes are to each other on the chromosome the more likely they are to be inherited or linked together. Crossovers between two genes that are next to each other on the chromosome are very rare. If there is no crossover, the product is the parent gamete. A recombinant gamete is the result of a cross. Structural changes can occur in any cell during egg or sperm cell formation, during early fetal development, or after birth.
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A cell uses oxygen to break down molecules, generating energy.
A. cellular respiration
B. glycolysis
C. photosynthesis
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Of the four possible explanations for the origin of platyrrhines, which one is the most accepted currently?.
The earliest appearance of platyrrhines occur in fossil records comes from the late Oligocene in South America country is the currently most accepted of the four possible explanations for the origin of platyrrhines.
The Platyrrhine Fossil Record contains fossils of new world monkeys, which are few in comparison to the richness of Neotropical wildlife today and the generally strong fossil record for other South American animals. The late Oligocene in South America is when platyrrhines first emerge in the fossil record. 5-10 mya after the Fayum primate.
The earliest primates identified so far date from the Oligocene, although rodent remains from the late Eocene were recently uncovered in Chile, raising the possibility that there may be older monkey fossils in South America as well. These Patagonian fossils, like the early stem platyrrhines from Bolivia, are broadly connected to New World monkeys, though affinities to contemporary subfamilies are difficult to ascertain.
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plllssss help asap
A neutron strikes a plutonium-239 nucleus, starting a fission reaction. The products are a
strontium-96 nucleus, a barium-140 nucleus, and some neutrons. How many neutrons are in
the products of the reaction? (1 point)
O one
O four
O three
O two
Two neutrons are in the products of the reaction when a neutron strikes a plutonium-239 nucleus, starting a fission reaction.
What is fission reaction and how many neutrons are in the products of the reaction?Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei.Nuclear fission are the reactions in which the radioactive elements like uranium and thorium are used to generate power.When a neutron bombards into a larger atom, leading to excitement and splitting into smaller atoms.Hence when a neutron strikes a plutonium-239 nucleus, starting a fission reaction , the products are a strontium-96 and a barium-140.The number of neutrons released and are in the product of the reaction are two .To know more about fission reaction visit:
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Da. To which kingdom do moulds belong?
b. Name the two main parts of bread mould and identify their key role. Use a sketch
Bread Moulds or Rhizopus belong to The Fungi Kingdom.
The two main parts of bread mould are:
1. Rhizoids-
Rhizoids are branching structures that serve as anchors for the fungus in the substrate, allowing it to release digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients. When the environment is favorable, the sporangia, which contain a large number of haploid spores created by mitosis, release the spores into the surrounding air.
2. Sporangia-
Rhizopus produces sporangia at the ends of sporangiophores in order to reproduce asexually. Numerous sporangia open to discharge them. When two hyphae of different mating kinds ('+' and '-') come into contact on occasion, the right conditions will cause them to encourage each other to grow together to affect sexual reproduction.
What are the defining features of Kingdom Fungi?
Eukaryotic, non-vascular, immobile, heterotrophic creatures are fungi.They could be filamentous or unicellular.They spread spores to reproduce.The phenomena of generational alternation are seen in fungi.Since fungi lack chlorophyll, they are unable to carry out photosynthesis.Therefore, Moulds belong to the fungi kingdom.
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a muscle fiber is stimulated with increasing frequency individual twitches be to summate if no relaxation occurs between twitches the contraction is called
A muscle fiber is stimulated with increasing frequency individual twitches be to summate if no relaxation occurs between twitches the contraction is called Fused tetany .
Fused tetanus is when the muscle fibers are not relaxed between stimuli and it occurs during a high rate of stimulation. A fused tetanic contraction is measured as strongest single-unit twitch in contraction. When tetanized, the contracting tension in the muscle remains constant in a steady state.
Fused tetanus is caused by electrolyte imbalances most often low blood calcium levels. It's important to talk to your healthcare provider if you're experiencing tetany. They may require immediate medical treatment.
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What is the best definition of fossil range?
answer: The period of time when an organism first and last appears in the sedimentary record.
The best definition of fossil range: It is the period of time when the appearance of an organism is observed first as well as last in the sedimentary record.
The question is incomplete. The complete question is:-
What is the best definition of fossil range?
Hints:-
The diversity of organisms that can be observed in proximity in a rock unit.
Total number of contemporary organisms in the geological record.
The time when an organism goes extinct.
Period during which organisms first and last appear in the sedimentary record.
The geographic area over which an organisms thrives.
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Describe the digestion of protein in the alimentary canal
Answer: Starts with chewing in the mouth.
Explanation: Begins in the mouth by chewing. There are two enzymes in saliva called AMYLASE and LIPASE. These enzymes helps in breaking down of carbohydrates and fats. Then the HCl and enzymes called Proteases break it into smaller chains of amino acids and are then utiliesd by our body for metabolic requirements.
Kareem had a nervous habit of chewing on the inner lining of his lip and the
lip grew thicker and thicker. Kareem's dentist noticed his thickened lip and
suggested he have it checked. A biopsy revealed hyperplasia and scattered
areas of dysplasia, but no evidence of neoplasia. What do these terms mean?
Did Kareem have cancer of the mouth?
The terms that are related to the condition that kareem has are defined as: Hyperplasia is known as a form of cellular adaptation to noxa in which there is an increase in the number of cells in some organ or tissue and dysplasia as the change in cell appearance due to alterations in its maturation.
What are the definition of this terms?Hyperplasia is a form of adaptation that cells have in which there is an increase in their number, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue, in this case in the lip, resulting in an increase in thickness. In terms of dysplasia, it is an abnormality that occurs in their appearance due to the maturation that is taking place. Dysplasia can have different pathways such as being able to reach cellular adaptation through hyperplasia or transform into a neoplasia.
As for neoplasia, it is called an abnormal mass of tissue, usually related to the word tumor. A neoplasm can be benign, this is when the cells do not spread and the malignant ones spread to nearby tissues.
Kareem does not have cancer, since what was seen in the biopsy is nothing more than forms of adaptation that the cells have in the face of damage, but the dysplasia that can be noticed can end up in a neoplasm if the noxa continues for a long time
Therefore, we can confirm that hyperplasia and dysplasia are forms of adaptation and this are not signs of cancer.
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How did the scientific research that started the Green Revolution affect society?
The scientific research that started the green revolution affected society in such a way that (C) It resulted in increase food production, which improved peoples lives.
Green revolution, a significant rise in the production of food grains like wheat and rice, largely due to the introduction of new, high-yielding varieties into developing nations around the middle of the 20th century.
Mexico and the Indian subcontinent were its initial dramatic success. Concerns about cost and the potential for adverse effects on the environment stem from the fact that the new varieties necessitate a significant amount of pesticides and chemical fertilizers to achieve their high yields.
These grains have frequently yielded even lower yields than the older varieties, which were better suited to the local conditions and had some resistance to pests and diseases. Poor farmers cannot afford the fertilizers and pesticides.
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In eukaryotes, the oxygen-requiring reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur in cellular organelles called.
In eukaryotes, the oxygen-requiring reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur in cellular organelles called mitochondria.
The mitochondria are the organelles that are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because the process of energy formation of the cell takes place in this organelle.
Energy is derived by a cell for its functioning through the process of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria. In this process, glucose and oxygen react in order to release energy in the form of ATP.
The process of glycolysis is the stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytosol and it does not require oxygen. The oxygen-requiring process i.e the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria of a cell.
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In pea plants, colored seeds coats are dominant to white seed coats. A heterozygous plant is crossed with a white seed coat plant. What is the chance of homozygous dominant offspring? (5 pts)
Genotype: Phenotype:
(Create Punnett square pls)
If colored seed coats are dominant to white seed coats, and a cross between a heterozygous plant Cc and a cc white seed coat plant is produced, then the chance of obtaining a homozygous dominant offspring is equal to zero percent (0%).
What is a genetic cross?A genetic cross is a phenomenon when two individuals cross to produce offspring, which may be represented by a Punnet square.
In this case, the Punnet square is equal to:
C c
c Cc cc
c cc cc
Therefore, with this data, we can see that none of the offspring from this cross is dominant CC for the trait and they can be colored (Cc 25%) or white (cc 75%).
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When heart muscles cells are deprived of oxygen, the heart still pumps for some time. What must the heart cells be able to do?.
Answer:
derive sufficient energy from fermentation
When heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen, they can still continue pumping for a short period due to their ability to generate energy through anaerobic metabolism.
The heart cellsHeart muscle cells have the capacity to produce energy through anaerobic metabolism, which allows them to continue pumping for a brief amount of time when oxygen is not present. A limited quantity of energy is produced via anaerobic metabolism, a process that takes place without oxygen and supports temporary cellular processes.
Heart muscle cells predominantly utilise oxygen during aerobic metabolism (when oxygen is present) to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy for cells. Aerobic metabolism, however, cannot be maintained when the oxygen supply is insufficient, such as when a coronary artery suddenly blocks, resulting in a heart attack.
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Which feature forms when one plate is forced to bend and dive under the other?
Answer:
What feature forms when one plate is forced to bend and dive under the other? subduction When an ocean plate collides with another ocean plate or with a plate carrying continents one plate will bend and slide under the other.
Answer: The answer is a subduction zone at a convergent plate boundary.
Explanation: Convergent plate boundaries are where two tectonic plates collide. When one plate moves beneath the other plate it is called subduction. Deep trenches and earthquakes are common occurrences at subduction zone locations.
what is the equation for photosynthesis? what are the two steps and where do they occur in the chloroplast? what is photosystem 2 and what happens there? what happens while electrons are traveling between ps2 and ps1? how is atp generated? what is the role of ferredoxin? what happens to water at ps2? what is cyclic photophosphorylation? describe chemiosmosis what is the role of atp synthase?
The process of photosynthesis is commonly written as:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
The light-dependent and light-independent reactions are the two steps. The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membrane, whereas the dark reactions are located in the chloroplast stroma.
In higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, a membrane protein supercomplex called photosystem II (PSII) carries out the first step of photosynthesis. To accelerate a transmembrane charge separation, it absorbs sunlight.
To begin photosynthesis, a photon interacts with photosystem II's antenna pigments. The hydrogen ions are pumped into the interior of the thylakoid by the electron transport chain after the energy passes through the reaction center, which contains chlorophyll a. A significant ion concentration is created by this action.
During photosynthesis, it is the conversion of ADP to ATP utilizing solar energy. In the mitochondria of a cell, the process of cellular respiration also results in the formation of ATP.
Chloroplasts include ferredoxin (Fd), an enzyme that facilitates electron transport and has an iron-sulfur cluster. When being oxidized or reduced, its iron atoms accept or release electrons, which is how it participates in the photosynthesis process.
Hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, and electrons are separated from water. Within the thylakoid lumen, oxygen and protons created by the splitting of water are discharged.
Cyclic photophosphorylation, is described as the production of ATP related to electron transport that is only activated by Photosystem I (700 nm). The particular Photosystem II inhibitors CMU, DCMU, and orthophenanthroline have no impact on this process.
The enzyme that produces ATP via chemiosmosis is called ATP synthase. It permits protons to cross the membrane and generates ATP by phosphorylating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with the free energy difference. In addition to mitochondria and chloroplasts, most bacteria and archaea also produce ATP by chemiosmosis.
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in a dna double helix, adenine pairs with and guanine pairs with . a. cytosine... thymine b. uracil... cytosine c. guanine... adenine d. thymine... cytosine
In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with Thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
The nitrogenous bases present in DNA are purine (guanine and adenine) and pyrimidine (thymine and cytosine). The process to complementary base pairing rule, the number of purines in DNA is equal to the number of pyrimidines which means in DNA, adenine (A) forms a bond with thymine (T), and guanine (G) forms a bond with cytosine (C).
The number of bonds present between A–T is two ,on the other hand bond between G–C is three. Which means G–C bonds are very hard to break. Uracil is a nitrogenous base present in RNA (ribonucleic acid) and is absent in DNA.
Hence ,the correct option is d
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photosynthesis and cellular respiration both use electron transport chains. what is the source of electrons for photosynthesis and where do the electrons go at the end of aerobic cellular respiration?
Water serves as an electron source in the electron transport process of photosynthesis. The electron is extracted from water by using solar energy.
What is the electron transport chain's source of energy?
The electron transport chain uses the energy released by oxygen and reduced compound reactions such as cytochrome c and (indirectly) NADH and FADH2 to pump protons into the intermembranous space, producing the electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane.
In photosynthesis, water is split to produce electrons in the presence of sunlight, a process known as the photolysis of water. The electrons are finally transferred to NADP+ by the chloroplast electron transport chain, where they are reduced to NADPH.
Therefore, In aerobic respiration, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to oxygen by the mitochondrial electron transport chain to reduce oxygen in the water.
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when the membrane potential become more positive, changing for example from -70 mv to -50 mv, this is called . question 22 options: hyperpolarization nonpolarization depolarization repolarization
When the membrane potential becomes more positive, this is called depolarization.
When a stimulus reaches a resting neuron, depolarization happens. The gated sodium ion channels on the neuron's membrane suddenly open during the depolarization phase, allowing sodium ions (Na+) from outside the membrane to flood the cell.
What are the stages of nerve impulse transmission?
The action potential has three stages: depolarization, repolarization, and recovery. It moves swiftly down the neuron's axon as an electric current. At an electrical or chemical synapse, a nerve impulse is sent from one cell to another.
Therefore, when the membrane potential becomes more positive, this is called depolarization.
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Cilia and flagella move...
A) In opposite directions of the cell membrane
B) When the bending of microtubules is powered by ATP
C) In the same direction of the cell membrane
D) When the contractions of the basal body triplets are powered by ATP
E)When the central pair of microtubules produce ATP
Answer:
A in opposite direction of the membrane
under certain circumstances, the actin and myosin myofilaments can be extracted from muscle cells and placed in a beaker. they subsequently bind together to form long strands of actin and myosin. what substance could be added to the beaker to make the actin and myosin unbind? group of answer choices
Another ATP-binding site on myosin is where enzymatic activity converts ATP to ADP, releasing energy and an inorganic phosphate molecule. When ATP binding causes myosin to release actin.
What is the function myosin?The first molecular motor, myosin, is a protein that transforms chemical energy in the form of ATP into mechanical energy to produce force and movement.
What components make up myosin?A head, neck, and tail domain make up the majority of myosin molecules. With the exception of myosin VI, which moves toward the pointed (-) end of the filament, the head domain attaches the filamentous actin and produces force by ATP hydrolysis as it "walks" along the filament towards the barbed (+) end.
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zone with the largest biodiversity in oceon
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months
answer: 25 atoms
25 atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months.
Half life is the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half. When Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for one-half of the radioactive isotope to decay. The half-life of a specific radioactive isotope is constant.
The half-life of a reaction is the time required for the reactant concentration to decrease to one-half its initial value. The half-life of a first-order reaction is a constant that is related to the rate constant for the reaction: t1/2 = 0.693/k.
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The complimentary base pairs for ACT are
Chargaff's rule, also known as the complementary base pairing rule, states that DNA base pairs are always adenine with thymine (A-T) and cytosine with guanine (C-G). A purine always pairs with a pyrimidine and vice versa. However, A doesn't pair with C, despite that being a purine and a pyrimidine.
Explanation:Complementary base pairs refer to the nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. in a double strand of DNA, adenine will always pair with its complement thymine and cytosine will always pair with its complement guanine. This means that the two strands are complementary to each other. For example, a strand of DNA with a nucleotide sequence of AGTCATGA will have a complementary strand with the sequence TCAGTACT.
Answer:
cytosine with guanine
Explanation:
a plant cannot conduct light reaction if its cells do not contain
Answer:
firstly it doesn't conduct light , it absorbs it through the chlorphyll
In biology , you would need to use the correct and appropriate terminologies to get marked in a biology exam